https://aclweb.org/aclwiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=ChristianPietsch&feedformat=atomACL Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T09:18:43ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.2https://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Special_interest_groups&diff=9389Special interest groups2012-06-22T08:22:24Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* ACL Special Interest groups */ SIGHUM has been approved but does not seem to have a website</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Note:''' You are welcome to use the ACL Wiki for your CL/NLP SIG. For example, see [[SIGFSM]].<br />
<br />
== [[ACL]] Special Interest groups ==<br />
* ACL [http://www.cs.vassar.edu/sigann/ SIGANN] - Linguistic Annotation of Natural Language Corpora for NLP<br />
* ACL [http://www.sigbiomed.org/ SIGBIOMED] - Biomedical Natural Language Processing<br />
* ACL [http://www.aclweb.org/sigdat SIGDAT] - Linguistic data and corpus-based approaches to NLP<br />
* ACL & ISCA [http://www.sigdial.org/ SIGDIAL] - Discourse and Dialogue Processing<br />
* ACL [[SIGFSM]] - Finite-State Methods<br />
* ACL [http://www.siggen.org/ SIGGEN] - Natural Language Generation<br />
* ACL [http://sighan.cs.uchicago.edu SIGHAN] - Chinese Language Processing<br />
* ACL SIGHUM - Language Technologies for the Socio-Economic Sciences and the Humanities<br />
* ACL [http://www.siglex.org/ SIGLEX] - Lexicon<br />
* ACL [http://molweb.org/ SIGMOL] - Mathematics of Language<br />
* ACL [http://www.aclweb.org/sigphon SIGMORPHON] - Computational Morphology and Phonology<br />
* ACL [http://www.sigmt.org/ SIGMT] - Machine Translation<br />
* ACL [http://www.aclweb.org/signll SIGNLL] - Natural Language Learning<br />
* ACL [http://www.aclweb.org/sigparse SIGPARSE] - Natural Language Parsing<br />
* ACL [http://www.sigsem.org SIGSEM] - Computational Semantics<br />
* ACL [http://www.sigwac.org.uk/ SIGWAC] - Web as Corpus<br />
* ACL [http://www.slpat.org/ SIGSLPAT] - Speech & Language Processing for Assistive Technologies<br />
* ACL [http://cl.haifa.ac.il/semitic/ SEMITIC] - Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages<br />
<br />
== Relevant [[ACM]] Special Interest Groups ==<br />
* ACM [http://sigart.acm.org/ SIGART] - Artificial Intelligence<br />
* ACM [http://www.sigchi.org/ SIGCHI] - Computer-Human Interaction<br />
* ACM [http://www.sigdoc.org/ SIGDOC] - Design of Communication<br />
* ACM [http://www.sigir.org/ SIGIR] - Information Retrieval<br />
* ACM [http://www.sigmm.org/ SIGMM] - Multimedia<br />
* ACM [http://www.sigweb.org/ SIGWEB] - Hypertext, Hypermedia and the Web<br />
<br />
== Relevant [[ISCA]] Special Interest Groups ==<br />
* ISCA [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/saltmil/ SALTMIL] - Speech and Language Technology for Minority Languages<br />
* ISCA [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Emax/mainpage_files/SLATE.htm SLATE] - Speech and Language Technology in Education<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Newsgroups, mailing lists]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=28 ACL SIGs]<br />
* [http://www.acm.org/sigs/ ACM SIGs]<br />
* [http://www.isca-speech.org/sig.html ISCA SIGs]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Special Interest groups]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=9243Downloadable NLG systems2012-03-19T11:14:01Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* SimpleNLG */ URL updated</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html<br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system.<br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
<br />
== CRISP ==<br />
[http://code.google.com/p/crisp-nlg/ CRISP] is Alexander Koller's NLG system that tries to cast both microplanning and sentence realisation as an AI planning problem. The code is a mixture of Java and Scala, a scripting language for the Java virtual machine. CRISP comes with its own implementation of GraphPlan, but it can also output plans in PDDL (“Planning Domain Definition Language”, a successor to STRIPS) for use with other AI planners. License: LGPL.<br />
<br />
== DAYDREAMER ==<br />
<br />
[ftp://ftp.cs.cmu.edu/user/ai/new/daydreamer/0new.html DAYDREAMER] is a computer model of the stream of thought developed at UCLA by Erik T. Mueller from 1983 to 1988. The generator is located in the file dd_gen.cl. Common lisp source code available under GPL v2.<br />
<br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://hackage.haskell.org/package/GenI <br />
([http://trac.loria.fr/~geni old site] points to an empty folder in April, 2011)<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/tutorials/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html ([http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html old site] unavailable as April, 2011)<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
<!-- no longer available as of April, 2011<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license. It includes also a KNOPPIX-based GNU/Linux live-CD, with all the system installed, ready to use.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
==NLGen==<br />
The [https://launchpad.net/nlgen NLGen] natural language generation system applies the [http://www.opencog.org/wiki/SegSim SegSim strategy] for generating English sentences. Probabilistic inference for sentence construction is based on a statistical analysis of [http://opencog.org/wiki/RelEx RelEx] output. Not to be confused with NLGen2, below, which uses a different sentence generation theory. Java, Apache license. See demo: [http://novamente.net/example/nlp.html Demo of AI Virtual Pet Answering Simple Questions].<br />
<br />
== NLGen2 ==<br />
The [https://launchpad.net/nlgen2 NLGen2] natural language generation system uses [http://opencog.org/wiki/RelEx RelEx] dependency parses, together with [http://www.abisource.com/projects/link-grammar/ Link Grammar] linkage analysis to generate English-language output. Not to be confused with NLGen, above, which uses a different sentence generation theory. Java, Apache license. Reference: Blake Lemoine, "[http://www.louisiana.edu/~bal2277/NLGen2.doc NLGen2: A Linguistically Plausible, General Purpose Natural Language Generation System]".<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. OpenCCG is implemented in Java, and is freely available under the LGPL.<br />
<br />
<!-- as of April, 2011, a 30-day trial of project reporter is no longer offered<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
--><br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
<!-- no longer available, nor a NLG syste,<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
--><br />
<br />
== SimpleNLG ==<br />
<br />
http://simplenlg.googlecode.com/<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SPUD ==<br />
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html SPUD] (Sentence Planner Using Descriptions) is Matthew Purver's LTAG-based NLG system. There are two versions: SPUD version 0.01 was written in SML. Later versions, known as SPUD lite, are written in Prolog. The small codebase of SPUD lite makes it ideal for teaching, but it is also used in dialog system prototypes.<br />
<br />
== STANDUP ==<br />
The [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/standup/ STANDUP project] (System To Augment Non-speakers' Dialogue Using Puns) is a collaborative project on generating simple jokes from a graphical user interface appropriate for non-speaking children. The project began in October 2003 and ran until March 2007. The software was written in Java and is available for Windows and Linux, including source code and database files.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Frequently_asked_questions_about_Computational_Linguistics&diff=9150Frequently asked questions about Computational Linguistics2012-01-16T12:36:20Z<p>ChristianPietsch: found another definition locally</p>
<hr />
<div>''The material below was last updated in 2005. For even more dated information, see the [http://www.aclweb.org/nlpfaq.txt NLP FAQ].''<br />
<br />
''Source: http://web.archive.org/web/20100805080705/http://www.ling.su.se/DaLi/cl_faq/index.htm''<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
The following information is meant for people not familiar with Computational Linguistics. Here we try to answer the following questions:<br />
<br />
<br />
== What is Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
'''''see also [http://www.aclweb.org/archive/misc/what.html a short definition in the ACL Archives]'''''<br />
<br />
Computational Linguistics, or Natural Language Processing (NLP), is not a new field. As early as 1946, attempts have been undertaken to use computers to process natural language. These attempts concentrated mainly on '''Machine Translation''' and, due to the political situation at the time, almost exclusively on the translation from Russian into English. Considerable resources were dedicated to this task, both in the U.S.A. and in Great Britain, during the fifties and sixties. Other countries, mainly in continental Europe, joined the enterprise, and the first systems ("SYSTRAN") became operational at the end of this period. However, the limited performance of these systems made it clear that the underlying theoretical difficulties of the task had been grossly underestimated, and in the following years and decades much effort was spent on basic research in formal linguistics. Today, a number of Machine Translation systems are available commercially although there still is no system that produces fully automatic high-quality translations (and probably there will not be for some time). Human intervention in the form of pre- and/or post-editing is still required in all cases.<br />
<br />
Another application that has become commercially viable in the last years is the analysis and synthesis of spoken language, i.e., '''speech understanding and speech generation'''. Potential applications go from help for the handicapped (e.g., text-to-speech systems for the blind) to telephony based information systems (e.g., inquiry systems for train or plane connections, telebanking) and further on to office dictation systems (as offered by several vendors). Several text-to-speech systems are commercially available, and are in daily use in many places. The difficulties of speech understanding are much greater than those for speech generation yet some of the speech understanding systems are also entering the marketplace.<br />
<br />
An application that will become at least as important as those already mentioned is the '''creation, administration, and presentation of texts''' by computer. Even reliable access to written texts is a major bottleneck in science and commerce. The amount of textual information is enormous (and growing incessantly), and the traditional, word-based, information retrieval methods are getting increasingly insufficient as either precision or recall is always low (i.e., you get either a large number of irrelevant documents together with the relevant ones, or else you fail to get a large number of the relevant ones in the collection). Linguistically based retrieval methods, taking into account the meaning of sentences as encoded in the syntactic structure of natural language, promise to be a way out of this quandary. However, the '''creation''' of texts is also becoming a problem. Manuals of complex technical systems (airplanes, computers etc.) are constantly out of date as the systems themselves are upgraded ever faster. Writing manuals by hand is thus getting ever more expensive and unreliable, and if manuals have to be maintained in different languages, manual production becomes increasingly unmanageable. If different versions of the manuals have to be written (for service users, for technicians, for auditors etc.), things get out of hand altogether. The automatic creation of manuals from a common knowledge base, in different languages and for different types of readers is a possible solution of this cluster of problems. The creation of natural language texts has always been a bit of "poor cousin" in the field of Computational Linguistics. The situation described is about to change this in a fundamental manner.<br />
<br />
Another topic that might come to the forefront of research in Computational Linguistics is the '''presentation of textual information'''. Traditionally, text generation systems have created standard, i.e., linear, text. If the amount of text is large, and/or if different types of readers must be addressed, hypertext is a better medium of presentation. The automatic creation of hypertext from an underlying knowledge base calls for an extension of this traditional approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main application areas of Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Computational Linguistics tries to solve problems in the following areas:<br />
<br />
* Machine Translation (see also [http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/MTbook/ Machine Translation: An Introductory Guide] for a complete online book)<br />
* Natural Language Interfaces<br />
* Grammar and style checking<br />
* Document processing and information retrieval<br />
* Computer-Assisted Language Learning<br />
<br />
<br />
== How is the Computational Linguistics job market? ==<br />
<br />
Many people with a degree in Computational Linguistics work in research groups in universities, governmental research labs, or in large enterprises. For example in Sweden Computational Linguists work in research groups at the various universities that offer courses in linguistics (like Göteborg or Uppsala), at research labs like SICS (The Swedish Institute of Computer Science), or for companies like Telia or IBM.<br />
<br />
In addition there are development groups working on commercial products. These range from software houses like Microsoft, that employs Computational Linguists for their work on Grammar Checkers and Automatic Summarization, to the Munich based SailLabs, that develops a machine translation system, to Caterpillar which employs Computational Linguists for translations of technical manuals.<br />
<br />
In recent years the demand for Computational Linguists has risen with the increase of language technology products in the Internet. Job offers come from developers improving Internet search engines with linguistic means, or facilitating the user interface with lingubots. Others are integrating speech recognition with language processing techniques.<br />
<br />
In general one can say that currently the job market for Computational Linguists is good.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Where and how can I study Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Numerous European universities offer degree programs and/or courses in CL. The ACL distributes a "Directory of Graduate Programs in CL". CL is mostly offered as a minor either supplementing a major in Computer Science or in some Linguistics or Language Science.<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main professional organizations in Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
'''The Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL)'''<br />
<br />
The most influential organization. [http://aclweb.org ACL Homepage.]<br />
<br />
* They organize the annual ACL conferences and offer a public [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology archive of all past conference papers].<br />
* There is also a European chapter ([http://www.eacl.org EACL]) with a separate chairing committee.<br />
<br />
'''Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH)'''<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ach.org/ ACH Homepage]<br />
* Its European counterpart and sister organization: [http://www.allc.org/ Association of Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC)]<br />
<br />
'''International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)'''<br />
<br />
* Its European regional association: The [http://www.eamt.org/ European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)]<br />
* Its American branch: [http://www.amtaweb.org/ Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)]<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main journals relevant to Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
[http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/browse-journals.cfm A very comprehensive list of journals related to linguistics] is maintained by the LINGUIST LIST.<br />
<br />
'''In Computational Lingustics and Linguistics:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/coli Computational Linguistics] (the most important journal; published by the ACL)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/113189/ Language Resources and Evaluation] (prior to March 2005 this publication was named Computers and the Humanities; published by Springer Science Media)<br />
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08852308 Computer, Speech & Language] (strongly oriented towards spoken language; published by Elsevier)<br />
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09588221.asp Computer Assisted Language Learning] (published by Routledge Taylor & Francis Group)<br />
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=IJCL International Journal of Corpus Linguistics] (published by John Benjamins Publishing Company)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102898/ Grammars. A Journal of mathematical research on formal and natural languages.] (Published by Kluwer; discontinued as of December 2003.)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/111138/ Journal of Language and Computation.] (at the interface of logic, linguistics, formal grammar, and computational linguistics; published by Springer)<br />
* [http://www.lsadc.org/info/pubs-language.cfm Language] (Journal of the Linguistic Society of America)<br />
* [http://www.degruyter.de/journals/linguistics/ Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences] (published by de Gruyter)<br />
* [http://ijl.oxfordjournals.org/ International Journal of Lexicography] (published by Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102955/ Linguistics and Philosophy] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/ Literary and Linguistic Computing] (published by the ALLC and Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.journals.cup.org/action/displayJournal?jid=NLE Natural Language Engineering] (since 1995, published by Cambridge University Press)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102968/ Natural Language and Linguistic Theory] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/100310/ Machine Translation] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://jos.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Semantics] (published by Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=TERM Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication.] (published by John Benjamins)<br />
<br />
'''In Psychology:'''<br />
<br />
* Cognition (published by Elsevier)<br />
* [http://www.degruyter.de/journals/cogling/ Cognitive Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Cognitive Science] (published by de Gruyter)<br />
<br />
'''In Computer Science:'''<br />
<br />
* AI Magazine<br />
* AI and Society (published by Springer)<br />
* Artificial Intelligence (published by Elsevier)<br />
* Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies<br />
* The Journal of Logic Programming (published by North-Holland)<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main sources of online papers? ==<br />
<br />
* The ACL anthology with the [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/ archive of all past conference papers].<br />
* The [http://lanl.arxiv.org/list/cs.CL/recent Computation and Language e-print archive]<br />
* The [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ Citeseer] scientific literature digital library and search engine.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Author: Martin Volk<br />
<br />
Date of last modification: 2005-11-22</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=People&diff=9064People2011-11-10T13:44:27Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* S */ Donia update</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a list of homepages of researchers in Computational Linguistics, in the form '''last name, first name - affiliation'''. <br />
<br />
See also [[Academic genealogy]], the genealogy of people with academic degrees, based on graduate supervisors being 'parents' and their graduate students being 'children'.<br />
<br />
== A ==<br />
<br />
*[http://littera.deusto.es/prof/abaitua Abaitua, Joseba] - Universidad de Deusto<br />
*[http://tony.abou-assaleh.net Abou-Assaleh, Tony] - Dalhousie University<br />
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~ladamic/ Adamic, Lada] - University of Michigan<br />
*[http://www.cond.org/ Adar, Eytan] - University of Washington<br />
*[http://www.dfki.de/~janal/ Alexandersson, Jan] - German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence<br />
*[http://www.ics.uci.edu/~boris Aleksandrovsky, Boris] UC Irvine<br />
*[http://www-scf.usc.edu/~alcazar/ Alcázar, Asier] - University of Southern California<br />
*[http://alfonseca.org/ Alfonseca, Enrique] - Google<br />
*[http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/kidearen_argitalpenak?kidea=1000808989 Alegria, Iñaki] - University of the Basque Country<br />
*[http://www.dfki.de/~janal/ Alexandersson, Jan] German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence<br />
*[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/james/ Allen, James] - University of Rochester<br />
*[http://www.dc.fi.udc.es/~alonso/ Alonso, Miguel A.]<br />
*[http://www.linguist.jussieu.fr/~amsili/ Amsili, Pascal] - University of Paris 7 - Denis Diderot<br />
*[http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/ Androutsopoulos, Ion] - Athens University of Economics and Business<br />
*[http://clwww.essex.ac.uk/~doug/ Arnold, Doug] Univ. of Essex<br />
*[http://www.ai.sri.com/~appelt/ Appelt, Doug ] SRI International<br />
*[http://korpus.dsl.dk/staff/ja/ Asmussen, Jörg] - DSL - Society for Danish Language and Literature, Copenhagen<br />
*[http://www.carleton.ca/~asudeh/ Asudeh, Ash] - Carleton University <br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~tania/ Avgustinova, Tania] - Universität des Saarlandes<br />
<br />
== B ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~klb Baker, Kathryn] - Carnegie Mellon University<br />
*[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/jbaldrid/ Baldridge, Jason] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~tim/ Baldwin, Timothy] - University of Melbourne<br />
*[http://www.georgetown.edu/cball/cball.html Ball, Catherine] - Georgetown University<br />
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~banerjee Banerjee, Satanjeev] - Carnegie Mellon University<br />
*[http://www.lsi.upc.es/~batalla Batalla,Jordi Atserias] - UPC, Spain<br />
*[http://www5.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/Personen/batliner/ Batliner, Anton] - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-N&uuml;rnberg<br />
*[http://www.dfki.de/~becker Becker, Tilman] - DFKI Saarbruecken, Germany<br />
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/ebender Bender, Emily] - University of Washington<br />
*[http://homepages.infoseek.com/~corpuslinguistics/homepage.html Berber,Tony] Sardinha<br />
*[http://richard.bergmair.eu/ Bergmair, Richard] University of Cambridge<br />
*[http://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/~cbiemann/ Biemann, Chris] - University of Leipzig, Germany<br />
*[http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/students/kimb Binsted, Kim] University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~sb/ Bird, Steven] - University of Melbourne<br />
*[http://seneca.uab.es/filfrirom/Blanco.html Blanco, Xavier] - Autonomous University of Barcelona<br />
*[http://www.pdg.cnb.uam.es/blaschke/personalPage.html Blaschke, Christian]<br />
*[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina/ Boncheva, Kalina] Univ. of Sheffield]<br />
*[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina/ Bontcheva, Kalina] - Univ. of Sheffield<br />
*[http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/fcbond/ Bond, Francis] - Nanyang Technological University, Singapore<br />
*[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/jbos/ Bos, Johan] - University of Groningen<br />
*[http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~boufaden/ Boufaden, Narjès] - University of Montreal<br />
*[http://www.let.rug.nl/~gosse Bouma, Gosse] - University of Groningen<br />
*[http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~ahb/ Branco, Antonio] - University of Lisbon<br />
*[http://www.karlbranting.net Branting, Karl]<br />
*[http://coli.uni-sb.de/~thorsten Brants, Thorsten] - University of Saarland<br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~brawer Brawer, Sascha] - University of the Saarland<br />
*[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ebreck Breck, Eric] - Cornell University<br />
*[http://clwww.essex.ac.uk/~andrewb/ Bredenkamp, Andrew]<br />
*[http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/ Breen, Jim] - Monash University<br />
*[http://www.cog.jhu.edu/faculty/brent.html Brent,Michael R.] Johns Hopkins University<br />
*[http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~brewka/ Brewka] - Gerhard, University of Leipzig<br />
*[http://www.xsoft.com/ Breyman, Clark] Xerox Linguistic Technologies<br />
*[http://research.microsoft.com/%7Ebrill/ Brill, Eric] - Microsoft Research<br />
*[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/ejb/ Briscoe, Ted] - University of Cambridge<br />
*[http://www.dfki.de/~paulb Buitelaar, Paul] - DFKI<br />
*[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/razvan/ Bunescu, Razvan] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
<br />
== C ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.hinocatv.ne.jp/~price/ Caldwell, Price] - Meisei University<br />
*[http://www.acs.ilstu.edu/faculty/mecalif/calif.htm Califf,Mary Elaine] - Illinois State University<br />
*[http://ilk.uvt.nl/~sander/ Canisius, Sander] - Tilburg University<br />
*[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cliff-group/94/carberry.html Carberry, Sandra] - Univ. of Delaware, Univ. of Pennsylvania<br />
*[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Info/Faculty/Claire_Cardie.html Cardie, Claire] - Cornell University<br />
*[http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/nlp/carroll/carroll.html Carroll, John] - University of Sussex<br />
*[http://jones.ling.indiana.edu/~dcavar Cavar, Damir] - Indiana University, Bloomington<br />
*[http://tantek.com/map.html Celik, Tantek] - Technorati<br />
*[http://cer.freeshell.org Cer, Daniel] - University of Colorado at Boulder<br />
*[http://nlp.changwon.ac.kr/~jcha/ Cha, Jeongwon] - Changwon National University<br />
*[http://www.cs.uleth.ca/~chali Chali, Yllias] - University of Lethbridge<br />
*[http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/ec/home.html Charniak, Eugene] - Brown University<br />
*[http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/personnel/chen_boxing_e.html Chen, Boxing] - National Research Council<br />
*[http://www.ciscl.unisi.it/persone/chesi.htm Chesi, Cristiano] - CISCL, University of Siena<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~chiang Chiang, David] - USC Information Sciences Institute<br />
*[http://www.alphabit.net/Docente/docente_eng.htm Chiari, Isabella] - University "La Sapienza" of Rome<br />
*[http://korterm.kaist.ac.kr/kschoi/ Choi, Key-Sun] - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology<br />
*[http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/org/l/linguistics/www/chomsky.home.html Chomsky, Noam] - MIT<br />
*[http://research.microsoft.com/users/church/ Church, Kenneth] - Microsoft Research<br />
*[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~fabio/ Ciravegna, Fabio] - University of Sheffield<br />
*[http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/stephen.clark/ Clark, Stephen] - University of Oxford<br />
*[http://compbio.uchsc.edu/Hunter_lab/Cohen Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel] - U. Colorado School of Medicine<br />
*[http://people.csail.mit.edu/u/m/mcollins/public_html/ Collins, Michael] - MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory<br />
*[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/aac10/ Copestake, Ann] - University of Cambridge<br />
*[http://lands.let.kun.nl/TSpublic/coppen Coppen, Peter-Arno] - University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands<br />
*[http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~gvcormac/ Cormack, Gordon] - University of Waterloo<br />
*[http://www.psych.qub.ac.uk/staff/teaching/cowie/index.aspx Cowie, Roddy] - Queen's University, Belfast<br />
*[http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/~craven/ Craven, Mark] - University of Wisconsin<br />
*[http://www2.ulster.ac.uk/staff/n.creaney.html Creaney, Norman] - University of Ulster<br />
*[http://www.dia.uniroma3.it/~crescenz/ Crescenzi, Valter] - Università Roma Tre<br />
*[http://thor.info.uaic.ro/~dcristea/ Cristea, Dan] - University of Iasi<br />
*[http://www.harlequin.com/ Crowe, Jeremy] - Harlequin Ltd.<br />
*[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~hamish Cunningham, Hamish] - University of Sheffield<br />
*[http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~jc/ Cussens, James] - University of York<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
*[http://www.cs.biu.ac.il/~dagan/ Dagan, Ido] - Bar Ilan University, Israel<br />
*[http://conversational-technologies.com Dahl, Deborah] - Conversational Technologies<br />
*[http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/sitespersonnels/dal/index.html Dal, Georgette] - Universite de Lille<br />
*[http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~rdale Dale, Robert] - Centre for Language Technology, Macquarie University<br />
*[http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hal/ Daumé III, Hal] - University of Utah<br />
*[http://davies-linguistics.byu.edu Davies, Mark] - Brigham Young University<br />
*[http://cs.haifa.ac.il/~edaya Daya, Ezra] - NICE Systems Ltd.<br />
*[http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~delannoy Delannoy, Jean-Francois] - University of Ottawa<br />
*[http://www.uqtr.uquebec.ca/~delisle/index.html Delisle, Sylvain] UQTR<br />
*[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/denis Denis, Pascal] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www.math.bas.bg/~iad/ Derzhanski, Ivan] - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences<br />
*[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~dm/ Detmar Meurers, Walt] - The Ohio State University Linguistics Dept.<br />
*[http://www.limsi.fr/Individu/devil/ Devillers, Laurence] - LIMSI<br />
*[http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/kidearen_argitalpenak?kidea=1000808994 Díaz de Ilarraza, Arantza] - University of Basque Country<br />
*[http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/bonnie/ Dorr, Bonnie] - University of Maryland<br />
*[http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/doughert.html Dougherty, Ray] - New York University<br />
*[http://www.ai.sri.com/~dowding Dowding, John] - SRI<br />
*[http://www.pcug.org.au/~jdowling/ Dowling, Jason] PC Users Group ACT Inc., Canberra, Australia<br />
<br />
== E ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/cebert/ Ebert, Christian] - University of Bielefeld<br />
*[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/~eckle/ Eckle-Kohler, Judith]<br />
*[http://www.philipedmonds.com/ Edmonds, Philip] - University of Toronto<br />
*[http://cs.jhu.edu/~jason Eisner, Jason] - Johns Hopkins University<br />
*[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/ Elhadad, Michael] - Ben-Gurion University of the Negev<br />
*[http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~marke/ Ellison, T. Mark] - University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.ik.fh-hannover.de/ik/person/ben/ben.htm Endres-Niggemeyer, Brigitte] FH Hannover<br />
*[http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/info/perso/permanents/enguehard/ Enguehard, Chantal] - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique<br />
*[http://coli.uni-sb.de/~erbach/ Erbach, Gregor] - Universität des Saarlandes<br />
*[http://nl.ijs.si/et/ Erjavec, Tomaz]<br />
*[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/erk/ Erk, Katrin] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www.cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de/~severt/ Evert, Stefan] - University of Osnabrück<br />
<br />
== F ==<br />
<br />
*[http://slt.wcl.ee.upatras.gr/Fakotakis/personal.htm Fakotakis, Nikos] - University of Patras<br />
*[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/alex/home.htm Fang, Alex Chengyu] - University College London<br />
*[http://www.purl.org/net/fa Feldman, Anna] - Montclair State University<br />
*[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/~fellbaum/ Fellbaum, Christiane] - Princeton University<br />
*[http://ling.cuc.edu.cn/htliu/feng/feng.htm Feng, Zhiwei] - IAL of China<br />
*[http://staff.science.uva.nl/~raquel/ Fernandez, Raquel] - ILLC, University of Amsterdam<br />
*[http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~finin/ Finin, Tim] - University of Maryland<br />
*[http://lingo.stanford.edu/dan/ Flickinger, Dan] - CSLI, Stanford University<br />
*[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~mlf/ Mikel Forcada] - Universitat d'Alacant<br />
*[http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~fosler Fosler-Lussier, Eric] - The Ohio State University<br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~fouvry/ Fouvry, Frederik]<br />
*[http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/hjf/ Fox, Heidi] - Brown University, Metacarta<br />
*[http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~francez Francez, Nissim] - Technion, Israel<br />
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ref/ Frederking, Robert] - Carnegie-Mellon University<br />
*[http://www.ee.ust.hk/~pascale/ Fung, Pascale] - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology<br />
<br />
== G ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gabr Gabrilovich, Evgeniy]<br />
*[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~robertg/ Gaizauskas, Rob] - University of Sheffield<br />
*[http://www.sics.se/~gamback/ Gamback, Bjorn] - Swedish Institute of Computer Science<br />
*[http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/students/narcisbg Gardella, Narcis Bassols] Univ. of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~claire/ Gardent, Claire] Universit&auml;t des Saarlandes<br />
*[http://www.gelbukh.com/ Gelbukh, Alexander] - CIC-IPN<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/people/germann/ Germann, Ulrich] - ISI<br />
*[https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/girju/index.html Girju, Roxana] - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign<br />
*[http://tcc.itc.it/people/giuliano.html Giuliano, Claudio] - ITC-irst<br />
*[http://www.uni-salzburg.at/portal/page?_pageid=425,405845&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Goebl, Hans] - Univeristät Salzburg<br />
*[http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~gomez Gomez, Fernando] ucf<br />
*[http://www.esi.uem.es/~jmgomez Gomez-Hidalgo, Jose-Maria] - UEM<br />
*[http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/stgries/ Gries, Stefan Th.] - UCSB<br />
*[http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/grishman/ Grishman, Ralph] - New York University<br />
*[http://das-www.harvard.edu/users/faculty/Barbara_Grosz/Barbara_Grosz.html Grosz, Barbara] - Harvard University<br />
*[http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/ Gruber, Tom] - Stanford University<br />
*[http://www.cs.duke.edu/~cig Guinn, Curry I.] - Duke U.<br />
*[http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/ Gurevych, Iryna] - Darmstadt University of Technology<br />
*[http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~guvenir/guvenir.html Guvenir, Altay] - Bilkent University<br />
<br />
== H ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.swan.ac.uk/french/web-content/staff/p-ten-hacken.html Hacken, Pius ten] - Swansea University<br />
*[http://www.coling.uni-freiburg.de/~hahn/hahn.html Hahn, Udo] - University of Freiburg<br />
*[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~hajic Hajič, Jan] - Charles University in Prague<br />
*[http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cuihang Hang, Cui] - National University of Singapore<br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~hansen Hansen-Schirra, Silvia] - Universität des Saarlandes<br />
*[http://renoir.vill.edu/faculty/hardt/html/home.html Hardt, Daniel] Villanova University<br />
*[http://128.147.244.54/dbmi/profile.cfm?ID=23751 Harkema, Henk] - University of Pittsburgh<br />
*[http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/hartrumpf/ Hartrumpf, Sven] - University of Hagen, Germany<br />
*[http://www.cis.udel.edu/~harvey/ Harvey, Terry]<br />
*[http://www.linguistik.uni-erlangen.de/~rrh/ Hausser, Roland] - University of Erlangen, Germany<br />
*[http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hearst Hearst, Marti] - UC Berkeley<br />
*[http://www.cse.ogi.edu/~heeman Heeman, Peter] - OGI<br />
*[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/jhender6/ Henderson, James] - University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.asp.ogi.edu/~hynek/ Hermansky, Hynek] - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~ulf/ Hermjakob, Ulf] - USC/ISI<br />
*[http://www.esi.uem.es/~jmgomez/ Hidalgo, José María Gómez] - Universidad Europea de Madrid<br />
*[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/staff/hess.html Hess, Michael] - Univ. of Zurich, Switzerland<br />
*[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~gh Hirst, Graeme] - University of Toronto<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~hobbs/ Jerry Hobbs] - USC/ISI<br />
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~chogan Hogan, Christopher] - Carnegie-Mellon University<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/people/hovy.html Hovy, Eduard] - ISI<br />
*[http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~jcl2/churen.htm Huang, Chu-Ren] - Academica Sinica<br />
*[http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~hull Hull, Richard] - University of Central Florida<br />
*[http://compbio.uchsc.edu/Hunter_lab/Hunter Hunter, Larry] - U. Colorado School of Medicine<br />
*[http://datamining.typepad.com/data_mining/ Hurst, Matthew] - BuzzMetrics<br />
*[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/WJHutchins/ Hutchins, John]<br />
*[http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~hwa Hwa, Rebecca] - University of Pittsburgh<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
<br />
== J ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cliff-group/94/pjacobs.html Jacobs, Paul] - General Electric<br />
*[http://www.stanford.edu/~tiflo Jaeger, T. Flroian] - Stanford University<br />
*[http://ist.psu.edu/faculty_pages/jjansen/ Jansen, Jim] - Penn State<br />
*[http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~hengji Ji, Heng] - New York University<br />
*[http://www.cog.brown.edu/~mj Johnson, Mark] - Brown University<br />
*[http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~bernie/ Jones, Bernie] University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.ida.liu.se/~arnjo/ Jönsson, Arne] - Linkoping University<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
*[http://cs.joensuu.fi/~tkakkone Kakkonen, Tuomo] - University of Joensuu<br />
*[http://www.ai.sri.com/~megumi Kameyama, Megumi] - SRI International<br />
*[http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~kanmy Kan, Min-Yen] - National University of Singapore<br />
*[http://users.utu.fi/karhumak/ Karhumaki, Juhani] - University of Turku<br />
*[http://www.sics.se/~jussi/ Karlgren, Jussi] - SICS, Sweden<br />
*[http://www2.parc.com/istl/members/karttune/ Karttunen, Lauri]<br />
*[http://elex.amu.edu.pl/ifa/staff/kaszubski.html Kaszubski, Przemys&#322;aw] - Adam Mickiewicz University<br />
*[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/rjkate/ Kate, Rohit J.] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~kazakov/ Kazakov, Dimitar] - University of York<br />
*[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/keller/ Keller, Frank] - University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.cs.dal.ca Keselj, Vlado] Dalhousie University<br />
*[http://www.mabidkhan.com/ Khan, Abid] - University of Peshawar, Pakistan<br />
*[http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/~Adam.Kilgarriff Kilgarriff, Adam] - University of Brighton<br />
*[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~sklein/sklein.html Klein, Sheldon] - University of Wisconsin<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~knight/ Knight, Kevin] - ISI<br />
*[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/~kobdani/ Kobdani, Hamidreza] - University of Stuttgart<br />
*[http://www.iccs.inf.ed.ac.uk/~pkoehn/ Koehn, Philipp] - University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://svenska.gu.se/~svedk Kokkinakis, Dimitrios] - Göteborg University<br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~kordoni/ Kordoni, Valia] - Universität des Saarlandes<br />
*[http://www.kornai.com/ Kornai, Andras]<br />
*[http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~koskenni/ Koskenniemi, Kimmo] - University of Helsinki<br />
*[http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~kosseim/ Kosseim, Leila] - Concordia University, Montreal<br />
*[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~zkozareva/ Kozareva, Zornitsa] - University of Alicante<br />
*[http://dis.tpd.tno.nl/mmts/wessel_kraaij.html Kraaij, Wessel] - TNO<br />
*[http://www-sk.let.uu.nl Krauwer, Steven, ELSNET] - Utrecht University<br />
*[http://external.nj.nec.com/homepages/krovetz/ Krovetz, Robert] NEC<br />
*[http://www.peter-kuehnlein.net/ Kuehnlein, Peter] - University of Groningen<br />
*[http://jones.ling.indiana.edu/~skuebler/ Kuebler, Sandra] - Indiana University, Bloomington<br />
*[http://www.cs.ucd.ie/staff/nick/ Kushmerick, Nicholas] - University College, Dublin<br />
<br />
== L ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ling.gu.se/~lager/ Lager, Torbjörn] - Göteborg University<br />
*[http://www.ict.csiro.au/staff/Andrew.Lampert/ Lampert, Andrew] - CSIRO ICT Centre / Macquarie University<br />
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ianlane/ Lane, Ian] - Carnegie Mellon University<br />
*[http://tcc.itc.it/people/lavelli/ Lavelli, Alberto] - ITC-IRST<br />
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/index.html Lawler, John] - University of Michigan<br />
*[http://nlp.postech.ac.kr/~gblee Lee, Geunbae] - POSTECH<br />
*[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee Lee, Lillian] - Cornell University<br />
*[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mgl Lee, Mark] - University of Birmingham<br />
*[http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/geoff/geoff.htm Leech, Geoffrey] - Professor LAMEL, Lancaster University, UK<br />
*[http://jochenleidner.com/ Leidner, Jochen L.] - Research Scientist, Thomson Reuters Corporation<br />
*[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/olemon Lemon, Oliver]<br />
*[http://www.ilc.cnr.it/~lenci/ Lenci, Alessandro] - Università di Pisa<br />
*[http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~levow/ Levow, Gina-Anne] - University of Chicago<br />
*[http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~baoli/ Li, Baoli] - Georgia Institute of Technology<br />
*[http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~hli/ Li, Haizhou] - Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore<br />
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~myl/ Liberman, Mark] - University of Pennsylvania<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~cyl/ Lin, Chin-Yew] USC/ISI<br />
*[http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~lindek/ Lin, Dekang] - University of Alberta<br />
*[http://htliu.yeah.net/ Liu, Haitao] - Communication University of China<br />
*[http://mtgroup.ict.ac.cn/~liuyang/ Liu, Yang] - Institute of Computing Technology, CAS<br />
*[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~lopatkova Lopatková, Markéta] Charles University in Prague<br />
*[http://terra.di.fct.unl.pt/~gpl/ Lopes, Gabriel] New University of Lisbon<br />
*[http://www.langnat.com/~loupy/index-en.html Loupy, Claude de] - Universite de Paris X Nanterre<br />
*[http://www.personal.psu.edu/xxl13 Lu, Xiaofei] - Pennsylvania State University<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~andym/ MacFarlane, Andrew] - City University of London<br />
*[http://www.desilinguist.org Madnani, Nitin] - Educational Testing Service<br />
*[http://www-cs-students.Stanford.EDU/~magerman Magerman, David] - Stanford University<br />
*[http://tcc.itc.it/people/magnini.html Magnini, Bernardo] - ITC-IRST<br />
*[http://www.karacaymalkar.com Malkar, Karacay] - Webportal<br />
*[http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/~malouf Malouf, Rob] - San Diego State University<br />
*[http://www.sultry.arts.usyd.edu.au/ Manning, Christopher] - University of Sydney<br />
*[http://www.demarcken.org/carl/ de Marcken, Carl] ITA Software<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~marcu/ Marcu, Daniel] - USC/ISI<br />
*[http://overstated.net/about Marlow, Cameron] - Yahoo! Research<br />
*[http://www.limsi.fr/Individu/martin/ Martin,Jean-Claude] - LIMSI<br />
*[http://www.yorku.ca/jmason/ Mason, James A.] - York University<br />
*[http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~mpawel Mazur, Pawel] - Wroclaw University of Technology and Macquarie University<br />
*[http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/mccarthy/mccarthy.html McCarthy, Diana] - University of Sussex<br />
*[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/mmcconvi McConville, Mark] - University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://alum.mit.edu/www/davidmcdonald/ McDonald, David] - Smart Information Flow Technologies (SIFT)<br />
*[http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~kathy McKeown, Kathy] Columbia University<br />
*[http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mccoy/ McKoy, Kathy] - University of Delaware<br />
*[http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/~bea Megyesi, B. Beata] - Uppsala University<br />
*[http://cs.nyu.edu/~melamed Melamed, I. Dan] - New York University<br />
*[http://www.latl.unige.ch/personal/paola.html Merlo, Paola] - University of Geneva<br />
*[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~dm/ Meurers, Walt Detmar] OH State Linguistics<br />
*[http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/~fontor/ Midgley, T. Daniel] - University of Western Australia<br />
*[http://www.cs.unt.edu/~rada Mihalcea, Rada] - University of North Texas<br />
*[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~elenimi/ Miltsakaki, Eleni] - University of Pennsylvania<br />
*[http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~mariam Milosavljevic, Maria] - Macquarie University<br />
*[http://coli.uni-sb.de/~mineur Mineur, Anne-Marie] University of the Saarland / Utrecht University<br />
*[http://imaginarycartography.com/work.html Minor, Joshua T.] - Cataphora, Inc.<br />
*[http://staff.science.uva.nl/~gilad/ Mishne, Gilad] - University of Amsterdam<br />
*[http://www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1825/main.html Mitkov, Ruslan] - University of Wolverhampton<br />
*[http://www.let.rug.nl/~begona/ Moirón, Begoña Villada] - University of Groningen<br />
*[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/~molla/ Molla-Aliod, Diego] - University of Zurich<br />
*[http://www.dcs.qmul.ac.uk/~christof/ Monz, Christof] - University of Amsterdam (ILLC)<br />
*[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mooney/ Mooney, Raymond J.] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www.signiform.com/erik/ Mueller, Erik] - IBM Research<br />
*[http://www.xn--stefan-mller-klb.net/ Müler, Stefan] - Universität Bremen<br />
*[http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/people/mueller/ Müller, Christof] - Darmstadt University of Technology<br />
*[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/eines/membre.cgi?id=eng&nom=rafael&tipus=pdi Muñoz, Rafael] - University of Alicante<br />
*[http://www.puran.info Malik, Abbas] - GETALP - LIG, Université de Grenoble<br />
<br />
== N ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ai-lab/people/grad/nahm.html Nahm, Un Yong] - University of Texas, Austin<br />
*[http://www.univ-nancy2.fr/pers/namer/ Namer, Fiammetta] - University of Nancy<br />
*[http://www.lr.pi.titech.ac.jp/~nanno/index.cgi?page=Tomoyuki+NANNO Nanno, Tomoyuki] - Tokyo Institute of Technology<br />
*[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~borja/ Navarro, Borja] - University of Alicante, Spain<br />
*[http://tcc.itc.it/people/negri.html Negri, Matteo] - ITC-irst<br />
*[http://www.let.rug.nl/~nerbonne Nerbonne, John] - University of Groningen<br />
*[http://cl-www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~neumann Neumann, Guenter] - DFKI, Saarbrücken<br />
*[http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~nght Ng, Hwee Tou] - National University of Singapore<br />
*[http://www.hlt.utdallas.edu/~vince Ng, Vincent] - University of Texas at Dallas<br />
*[http://jdpowerwebintelligence.com/ Nicolov, Nicolas] - J.D. Power and Associates, McGraw-Hill<br />
*[http://www.slt.atr.co.jp/~night/ Nightingale, Stephen] - ATR Institute International<br />
*[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/mnissim/ Nissim, Malvina] - University of Bologna<br />
*[http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~niuzheng Niu, Zheng-Yu] - NU Singapore<br />
*[http://w3.msi.vxu.se/~nivre/ Nivre, Joakim] - Växjö University<br />
*[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~russell/norvig.html Norvig, Peter]<br />
<br />
== O ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/~jon/ Oberlander, Jon] - U. Edinburgh<br />
*[http://people.sabanciuniv.edu/oflazer/ Oflazer, Kemal] - Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
*[http://www.loa-cnr.it/oltramari.html Oltramari, Alessandro] - Laboratory for Applied Ontology, Italian National Research Council<br />
*[http://www.wlv.ac.uk/~in6093/ Orasan, Constantin] - University of Wolverhampton<br />
*[http://www.bultreebank.org/petya/OsenovaPub.html Osenova, Petya] - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*[http://cst.dk/patrizia/ Paggio, Patrizia] - University of Copenhagen<br />
*[http://www.slt.atr.co.jp/~kpaik/ Paik, Kyonghee] - ATR Spoken Language Translation Research Laboratories<br />
*[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/People/pabo Pang, Bo] - Cornell University<br />
*[http://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/ Palmer, Martha] - University of Colorado<br />
*[http://www.isi.edu/~pantel/ Pantel, Patrick] - ISI/University of Southern California<br />
*[http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~becky/ Passonneau, Rebecca] Columbia University and Bellcore<br />
*[http://www.ilsp.gr/homepages/pastra_eng.html/ Pastra, Katerina] Institute for Language and Speech Processing<br />
*[http://www.cs.utah.edu/~sidd Patwardhan, Siddharth] - University of Utah<br />
*[http://www.l2f.inesc-id.pt/~joana/english.html Paulo Pardal] - Joana L&sup2;F] - INESC-ID<br />
*[http://perswww.kuleuven.be/yves_peirsman Peirsman, Yves] - University of Leuven<br />
*[http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse Pedersen, Ted] - University of Minnesota, Duluth<br />
*[http://ai-nlp.info.uniroma2.it/pennacchiotti Pennacchiotti, Marco] - University of Roma Tor Vergata<br />
*[http://www.perry.com/ Perry, John] - UCLA<br />
*[http://tcc.itc.it/people/pianesi.html Pianesi, Fabio] - ITC-irst <br />
*[http://www.resegone.com/mapb/ Piccolino Boniforti, Marco Aldo] - Rovira i Virgili University<br />
*[http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/poesio Poesio, Massimo] - University of Essex<br />
*[http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/ling/olst/polguereE Polguere, Alain] - Université de Montréal<br />
*[http://fas.sfu.ca/0h/cs/people/Faculty/Popowich/popowich Popowich, Fred] - Simon Fraser University<br />
*[http://nlp.ipipan.waw.pl/~adamp/ Przepiórkowski, Adam] - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw<br />
*[http://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/people/staff/pulman/ Pulman, Stephen] - Oxford University<br />
*[http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~jamesp Pustejovsky, James] - Brandeis University<br />
<br />
== Q ==<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~radev/ Radev, Dragomir] - University of Michigan<br />
*[http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~rambow/ Rambow, Owen] - CCLS, Columbia University<br />
*[http://www.fask.uni-mainz.de/user/rapp Rapp, Reinhard] - Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz<br />
*[http://www.cs.buffalo.edu/pub/WWW/faculty/rapaport/rapaport.html Rapaport, William J.] - SUNY Buffalo<br />
*[http://www.cam.sri.com/manny.html Rayner, Manny] SRI International<br />
*[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cliff-group/94/lrau.html Rau, Lisa]<br />
*[http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/users/paul/ Rayson, Paul] - Lancaster University<br />
*[http://sivareddy.in Reddy, Siva] - University of York, Lexical Computing Ltd, UK<br />
*[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter Reiter, Ehud] - University of Aberdeen<br />
*[http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~bert Reithinger, Norbert] - Universität des Saarlandes<br />
*[http://www.reitter-it-media.de/ Reitter, David] - University of Edinburgh<br />
*[http://www.ai.mit.edu/~jrennie/ Rennie, Jason] - MIT<br />
*[http://umiacs.umd.edu/~resnik Resnik, Philip] - University of Maryland, College Park<br />
*[http://www.cs.utah.edu/~riloff/ Riloff, Ellen] - University of Utah<br />
*[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/ringger/ Ringger, Eric,] - University of Rochester<br />
*[http://www.di.ufpe.br/~jr Robin, Jacques, Federal] - University of Pernambuco, Brazil.<br />
*[http://www.univ-ab.pt/~vjr/ Rocio, Vitor] - Open University, Lisbon<br />
*[http://jones.ling.indiana.edu/~prrodrig/ Rodrigues, Paul] - Indiana University, Bloomington<br />
*[http://www.uteroemer.de/ Romer, Ute] University of Hanover<br />
*[http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/mr249/ Rooth, Mats] - Cornell University<br />
*[http://l2r.cs.uiuc.edu Roth, Dan] - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign<br />
*[http://www.public.asu.edu/~droussi/ Roussinov, Dmitri] - Arizona State University<br />
*[http://www.hi.is/~eirikur/ Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur] - University of Iceland<br />
*[http://www.uteroemer.de/ Römer, Ute] - University of Hanover<br />
*[http://rykov-cl.narod.ru/ Rykov, Vladimir]<br />
<br />
== S ==<br />
<br />
*[http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/kidearen_argitalpenak?kidea=1000809006 Sarasola, Kepa] - University of the Basque Country<br />
*[http://coli.uni-sb.de/~christer Samuelsson, Christer] Bell Labs<br />
*[http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/ Sarkar, Anoop] - currently at Simon Fraser University, formerly at University of Pennsylvania<br />
*[http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/yutaka.sasaki/ Sasaki, Yutaka] - University of Manchester<br />
*[http://www.cog.jhu.edu/~savova/ Savova, Virginia] - MIT<br />
*[http://www.dei.unipd.it/~satta Satta, Giorgio] University of Padua<br />
*[http://www.dfki.de/~uschaefer Schaefer, Ulrich] - German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence<br />
*[http://www7.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/~scheler Scheler] - Gabriele, TU München<br />
*[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/~mike/ Schiehlen, Michael] - University of Stuttgart<br />
*[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/~schmid/ Schmid, Helmut] - University of Stuttgart<br />
*[http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/schmitz Schmitz, Christoph] - Universität Kassel<br />
*[http://www.schulteimwalde.de/ Schulte, Sabine, im Walde]<br />
*[http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~rolfs Schwitter, Rolf] - Macquarie University<br />
*[http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/drs22/ Scott, Donia] - University of Sussex<br />
*[http://nlp.cs.nyu.edu/sekine Sekine, Satoshi] - New York University<br />
*[http://www.latl.unige.ch/personal/vseretan Seretan, Violeta] - University of Geneva<br />
*[http://sites.google.com/site/khaledshaalan/ Shaalan, Khaled] - Cairo University<br />
*[http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~shamsbaa/ Shams, Armin] - Metro College of Management Sciences, Manchester<br />
*[http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/ Shieber, Stuart] - Harvard University<br />
*[http://mysite.verizon.net/sidner Sidner, Candy] - BAE Systems, AIT<br />
*[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/sikorski/ Sikorski, Teresa] - University of Rochester<br />
*[http://www.lingsoft.fi/~silvonen/ Silvonen, Mikko] - Lingsoft, Inc.<br />
*[http://www.bultreebank.org/kivs/ Simov, Kiril] - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences<br />
*[http://ltrc.iiit.net/anil Singh, Anil Kumar] - Language Technologies Research Centre (LTRC), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, India<br />
*[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/general/facultyhomes/jonathan.html Slocum, Jonathan] - The University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~nasmith Smith, Noah] - Carnegie Mellon University<br />
*[http://www.cog.jhu.edu/faculty/smolensky.html Smolensky, Paul] - Johns Hopkins University<br />
*[http://www.ccl.umist.ac.uk/harold/ Somers, Harold] UMIST, Manchester<br />
*[http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/faculty/faculty.asp?rws Sproat, Richard] - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign<br />
*[http://www.coling.uni-freiburg.de/~staab/staab.html Staab, Steffen] - Freiburg University<br />
*[http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/people/stabler/stabler.htm Stabler, Edward] - UCLA<br />
*[http://slt.wcl.ee.upatras.gr/stamatatos/personal.html Stamatatos, Efstathios] - University of Patras<br />
*[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~suzanne/ Stevenson, Suzanne] - University of Toronto<br />
*[http://isl.ira.uka.de/~stiefel Stiefelhagen, Rainer] - Universität Karlsruhe<br />
*[http://www.coling.uni-freiburg.de/~strube/strube.html Strube, Michael] - University of Freiburg<br />
*[http://lvs004.googlepages.com Subramaniam, L. Venkata] - IBM India Research Lab<br />
*[http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~szpak/ Szpakowicz, Stan] - University of Ottawa<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.sfu.ca/~mtaboada Taboada, Maite] - Simon Fraser University<br />
*[http://hnk.ffzg.hr/mt/ Tadic, Marko] - Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb<br />
*[http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~tapanain Tapanainen, Pasi] - University of Helsinki<br />
*[http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/inf8/en/thabet.html Thabet, Iman] - University of Erlangen-Nuremberg<br />
*[http://www.siit.tu.ac.th/dirctory/ft_fac/thanaruk.html Theeramunkong, Thanaruk] - Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University<br />
*[http://www.objs.com/thompson.htm Thompson, Craig] - Object Services and Consulting, Inc.<br />
*[http://www.let.rug.nl/~tiedeman/blog/index.php?category=1 Tiedemann, Jörg] - University of Groningen<br />
*[http://lia.univ-avignon.fr/fileadmin/documents/Users/Intranet/chercheurs/torres/ Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel] - LIA, Université d'Avignon (France)<br />
*[http://tecfa.unige.ch/tecfa-people/traum.html Traum, David] - TECFA, Universite de Geneve<br />
*[http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/ Trosterud, Trond] - University of Tromsø<br />
*[http://www.racai.ro/~tufis/ Tufis, Dan] - Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Romanian Academy<br />
*[http://www.apperceptual.com/ Turney, Peter] - National Research Council of Canada<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~hansu Uszkoreit, Hans] - University of the Saarland and DFKI Saarbrücken<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.q-go.com/ van de Burgt, Stan P.] - Q-go.com<br />
*[http://www.ccl.kuleuven.be/~vincent/ccl/ Vandeghinste, Vincent] - K.U.Leuven<br />
*[http://ilk.uvt.nl/~antalb/ van den Bosch, Antal] - Tilburg University<br />
*[http://www.media.mit.edu/~nwv/ Van Dyke, Neil] - MIT Media Lab<br />
*[http://www.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/ van Noord, Gertjan] University of Groningen<br />
*[http://www.ua.es/personal/chelo.vargas Vargas, Chelo Sierra] - Universidad de Alicante<br />
*[http://grid.let.rug.nl/~mettina/ Veenstra, Mettina] University of Groningen<br />
*[http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~marc/home.html Verhagen, Marc] - Brandeis University<br />
*[http://www.up.univ-mrs.fr/veronis/ Véronis, Jean] - Université de Provence<br />
*[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~vicedo/vicedo_en.html Vicedo, Jose Luis] - Alicante University<br />
*[http://www.inf.unisinos.br/~renata/ Vieira, Renata] - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil<br />
*[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~av208/ Villavicencio, Aline] - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil<br />
*[http://home.planet.nl/~weiss075/ Vossen, Piek] Irion Technologies<br />
*[http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~avoutila/ Voutilainen, Atro] - University of Helsinki<br />
<br />
== W ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dfki.de/~wahlster/ Wahlster, Wolfgang] - Universität des Saarlandes<br />
*[http://www.uindy.gr/faculty/cv/wallace_manolis/ Wallace, Manolis] - National Technical University of Athens<br />
*[http://www.nigelward.com/ Ward, Nigel]<br />
*[http://www.ribbitsoft.com/research/watson/index.html Watson, Bruce] Ribbit Soft.<br />
*[http://hiplab.newcastle.edu.au/~pwatters Watters, Paul A. ] U. of Newcastle, Australia<br />
*[http://www.nick-webb.net Webb, Nick] - SUNY Albany<br />
*[http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~rw37/ Weber, Rosina] - Drexel University<br />
*[http://www.ucsc.cmb.ac.lk/People/rw Weerasinghe, Ruvan] - University of Colombo School of Computing<br />
*[http://www.latl.unige.ch/personal/eric_f.html Wehrli, Eric] - University of Geneva<br />
*[http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/~ww/ Weisweber, Wilhelm] - Technical University of Berlin<br />
*[http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de Weimer, Markus] - University of Technology Darmstadt<br />
*[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bonnie Webber, Bonnie Lynn] - University of Pennsylvania<br />
*[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~yorick Wilks, Yorick] - University of Sheffield<br />
*[http://cs.haifa.ac.il/~shuly Wintner, Shuly] - University of Haifa, Israel<br />
*[http://www.se.cuhk.edu.hk/~kfwong/ Wong, Kam-Fai] - Chinese University of Hong Kong<br />
*[http://explorer.csse.uwa.edu.au/resume Wong, Wilson] - University of Western Australia<br />
*[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ywwong/ Wong, Yuk Wah] - University of Texas at Austin<br />
*[http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~wroec/ Wroe, Chris] - University of Manchester<br />
*[http://www.cs.ust.hk/faculty/dekai/bio.html Wu, Dekai] - HKUST<br />
<br />
== X ==<br />
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/fxia/ Xia, Fei] - University of Washington<br />
*[http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~dyxiong/ Xiong, Deyi] - Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/yangarbe/ Yangarber, Roman] - University of Helsinki<br />
*[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cliff-group/94/yarowsky.html Yarowsky, David] - University of Pennsylvania<br />
*[http://www.icl.pku.edu.cn/member/yusw/ Yu, Shiwen] - Peking University<br />
*[http://www.denizyuret.com/ Yuret, Deniz] - Koç University<br />
<br />
== Z ==<br />
<br />
*[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~zabokrtsky Žabokrtský, Zdeněk] - Charles University in Prague<br />
*[http://ai-nlp.info.uniroma2.it/zanzotto Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo] - University of Roma Tor Vergata<br />
*[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~zeman/ Zeman, Dan] - Univerzita Karlova v&nbsp;Praze<br />
*[http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/ Zesch, Torsten] - Darmstadt University of Technology<br />
*[http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~mzhang/ Zhang, Min] - Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore<br />
*[http://bcmi.sjtu.edu.cn/~zhaohai/ Zhao, Hai] - City University of Hong Kong<br />
*[http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~jerryzhu/ Zhu, Xiaojin (Jerry)] - University of Wisconsin, Madison<br />
*[http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~ingrid/ Zukerman, Ingrid] - Monash University</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Data_sets_for_NLG&diff=9063Data sets for NLG2011-11-10T11:19:07Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* Focus on studying the generation target */ the CGI script at Open University is offline -- using Brighton's instead</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DataSets --><br />
<!-- Comment: --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DataSets --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000001 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Fri Nov 11 09:00:35 2005 (1131699635000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists sets of structured data to be used as input for natural language generation tasks, or to inform research on NLG.<br />
<br />
== Focus on studying the generation target ==<br />
=== PIL: Patient Information Leaflet corpus ===<br />
The [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/ Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) corpus] is a [http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/pills/corpus/PIL/searchtool/search.html searchable] and [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/ browsable] collection of patient information leaflets available in various document formats as well as structurally annotated SGML. The PIL corpus was initially developed as part of the ICONOCLAST project at ITRI, Brighton. ([http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL-corpus-2.0.tar.gz direct download link])<br />
<br />
== Focus on content selection, aggregation ==<br />
=== SumTime Meteo ===<br />
<br />
These data contain predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest.<br />
<br />
The weather corpus currently exists as an Access database and, alternatively, in form of CSV (ASCII) files.<br />
<br />
Download and Info: [[SumTime-Meteo]]<br />
<br />
Project link: http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
===CLASSiC WOZ corpus on InformationPresentation in Spoken Dialogue Systems===<br />
CLASSiC is a project on [http://www.classic-project.org/ Computational Learning in Adaptive Systems for Spoken Conversation]. The [http://www.classic-project.org/corpora Wizard-of-Oz corpus] on Information Presentation in Spoken Dialogue Systems contains the wizards' choices on Information Presentation strategy (summary, compare, recommend , or a combination of those) and attribute selection. The domain is restaurant search in Edinburgh. Objective measures (such as dialogue length, number of database hits, number of sentences generated etc.), as well as subjective measures (the user scores) were logged. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Focus on generating referring expressions ==<br />
Referring expression generation is a sub-task of NLG with an active research community.<br />
<br />
=== COCONUT Corpus ===<br />
COCONUT was a project on “Cooperative, coordinated natural language utterances”. The [http://www.pitt.edu/~coconut/coconut-corpus.html COCONUT corpus] is a collection of computer-mediated dialogues in which two subjects collaborate on a simple task, namely buying furniture. SGML annotations were added according to the [http://www.pitt.edu/%7Epjordan/papers/coconut-manual.pdf COCONUT-DRI coding scheme]. ([http://www.pitt.edu/%7Ecoconut/corpora/corpus.tar.gz direct download link])<br />
<br />
=== GRE3D3: Spatial Relations in Referring Expressions ===<br />
A Web-based production experiment was conducted by Jette Viethen under the supervision of Robert Dale.<br />
The resulting [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~jviethen/spatial/ GRE3D3 corpus] contains 720 referring expressions for simple objects in simple 3D scenes.<br />
([http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~jviethen/spatial/GRE3D3.zip direct download link])<br />
<br />
=== TUNA Reference Corpus ===<br />
The [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~agatt/tuna/corpus/ TUNA Reference Corpus] is a semantically and pragmatically transparent corpus of identifying references to objects in visual domains. It was constructed via an online experiment, and has since been used in a number of evaluation studies on Referring Expressions Generation, as well as in two Shared Tasks: the Attribute Selection for Referring Expressions Generation task (2007), and the Referring Expression Generation task (2008). Main authors: Kees van Deemter, Albert Gatt, Ielka van der Sluis. ([http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~agatt/tuna/corpus/corpus.zip direct download link])<br />
<br />
== Focus on lexicalization ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
== Focus on syntax, realization ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Collections and Datasets]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=CL_FAQ&diff=8905CL FAQ2011-07-22T18:10:06Z<p>ChristianPietsch: that title is just too long</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Frequently asked questions about Computational Linguistics]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Frequently_asked_questions_about_Computational_Linguistics&diff=8900Frequently asked questions about Computational Linguistics2011-07-21T23:13:48Z<p>ChristianPietsch: avoiding double table of contents</p>
<hr />
<div>''The material below was last updated in 2005. For even more dated information, see the [http://www.aclweb.org/nlpfaq.txt NLP FAQ].''<br />
<br />
''Source: http://web.archive.org/web/20100805080705/http://www.ling.su.se/DaLi/cl_faq/index.htm''<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
The following information is meant for people not familiar with Computational Linguistics. Here we try to answer the following questions:<br />
<br />
<br />
== What is Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Computational Linguistics, or Natural Language Processing (NLP), is not a new field. As early as 1946, attempts have been undertaken to use computers to process natural language. These attempts concentrated mainly on '''Machine Translation''' and, due to the political situation at the time, almost exclusively on the translation from Russian into English. Considerable resources were dedicated to this task, both in the U.S.A. and in Great Britain, during the fifties and sixties. Other countries, mainly in continental Europe, joined the enterprise, and the first systems ("SYSTRAN") became operational at the end of this period. However, the limited performance of these systems made it clear that the underlying theoretical difficulties of the task had been grossly underestimated, and in the following years and decades much effort was spent on basic research in formal linguistics. Today, a number of Machine Translation systems are available commercially although there still is no system that produces fully automatic high-quality translations (and probably there will not be for some time). Human intervention in the form of pre- and/or post-editing is still required in all cases.<br />
<br />
Another application that has become commercially viable in the last years is the analysis and synthesis of spoken language, i.e., '''speech understanding and speech generation'''. Potential applications go from help for the handicapped (e.g., text-to-speech systems for the blind) to telephony based information systems (e.g., inquiry systems for train or plane connections, telebanking) and further on to office dictation systems (as offered by several vendors). Several text-to-speech systems are commercially available, and are in daily use in many places. The difficulties of speech understanding are much greater than those for speech generation yet some of the speech understanding systems are also entering the marketplace.<br />
<br />
An application that will become at least as important as those already mentioned is the '''creation, administration, and presentation of texts''' by computer. Even reliable access to written texts is a major bottleneck in science and commerce. The amount of textual information is enormous (and growing incessantly), and the traditional, word-based, information retrieval methods are getting increasingly insufficient as either precision or recall is always low (i.e., you get either a large number of irrelevant documents together with the relevant ones, or else you fail to get a large number of the relevant ones in the collection). Linguistically based retrieval methods, taking into account the meaning of sentences as encoded in the syntactic structure of natural language, promise to be a way out of this quandary. However, the '''creation''' of texts is also becoming a problem. Manuals of complex technical systems (airplanes, computers etc.) are constantly out of date as the systems themselves are upgraded ever faster. Writing manuals by hand is thus getting ever more expensive and unreliable, and if manuals have to be maintained in different languages, manual production becomes increasingly unmanageable. If different versions of the manuals have to be written (for service users, for technicians, for auditors etc.), things get out of hand altogether. The automatic creation of manuals from a common knowledge base, in different languages and for different types of readers is a possible solution of this cluster of problems. The creation of natural language texts has always been a bit of "poor cousin" in the field of Computational Linguistics. The situation described is about to change this in a fundamental manner.<br />
<br />
Another topic that might come to the forefront of research in Computational Linguistics is the '''presentation of textual information'''. Traditionally, text generation systems have created standard, i.e., linear, text. If the amount of text is large, and/or if different types of readers must be addressed, hypertext is a better medium of presentation. The automatic creation of hypertext from an underlying knowledge base calls for an extension of this traditional approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main application areas of Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Computational Linguistics tries to solve problems in the following areas:<br />
<br />
* Machine Translation (see also [http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/MTbook/ Machine Translation: An Introductory Guide] for a complete online book)<br />
* Natural Language Interfaces<br />
* Grammar and style checking<br />
* Document processing and information retrieval<br />
* Computer-Assisted Language Learning<br />
<br />
<br />
== How is the Computational Linguistics job market? ==<br />
<br />
Many people with a degree in Computational Linguistics work in research groups in universities, governmental research labs, or in large enterprises. For example in Sweden Computational Linguists work in research groups at the various universities that offer courses in linguistics (like Göteborg or Uppsala), at research labs like SICS (The Swedish Institute of Computer Science), or for companies like Telia or IBM.<br />
<br />
In addition there are development groups working on commercial products. These range from software houses like Microsoft, that employs Computational Linguists for their work on Grammar Checkers and Automatic Summarization, to the Munich based SailLabs, that develops a machine translation system, to Caterpillar which employs Computational Linguists for translations of technical manuals.<br />
<br />
In recent years the demand for Computational Linguists has risen with the increase of language technology products in the Internet. Job offers come from developers improving Internet search engines with linguistic means, or facilitating the user interface with lingubots. Others are integrating speech recognition with language processing techniques.<br />
<br />
In general one can say that currently the job market for Computational Linguists is good.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Where and how can I study Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Numerous European universities offer degree programs and/or courses in CL. The ACL distributes a "Directory of Graduate Programs in CL". CL is mostly offered as a minor either supplementing a major in Computer Science or in some Linguistics or Language Science.<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main professional organizations in Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
'''The Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL)'''<br />
<br />
The most influential organization. [http://aclweb.org ACL Homepage.]<br />
<br />
* They organize the annual ACL conferences and offer a public [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology archive of all past conference papers].<br />
* There is also a European chapter ([http://www.eacl.org EACL]) with a separate chairing committee.<br />
<br />
'''Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH)'''<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ach.org/ ACH Homepage]<br />
* Its European counterpart and sister organization: [http://www.allc.org/ Association of Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC)]<br />
<br />
'''International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)'''<br />
<br />
* Its European regional association: The [http://www.eamt.org/ European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)]<br />
* Its American branch: [http://www.amtaweb.org/ Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)]<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main journals relevant to Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
[http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/browse-journals.cfm A very comprehensive list of journals related to linguistics] is maintained by the LINGUIST LIST.<br />
<br />
'''In Computational Lingustics and Linguistics:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/coli Computational Linguistics] (the most important journal; published by the ACL)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/113189/ Language Resources and Evaluation] (prior to March 2005 this publication was named Computers and the Humanities; published by Springer Science Media)<br />
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08852308 Computer, Speech & Language] (strongly oriented towards spoken language; published by Elsevier)<br />
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09588221.asp Computer Assisted Language Learning] (published by Routledge Taylor & Francis Group)<br />
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=IJCL International Journal of Corpus Linguistics] (published by John Benjamins Publishing Company)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102898/ Grammars. A Journal of mathematical research on formal and natural languages.] (Published by Kluwer; discontinued as of December 2003.)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/111138/ Journal of Language and Computation.] (at the interface of logic, linguistics, formal grammar, and computational linguistics; published by Springer)<br />
* [http://www.lsadc.org/info/pubs-language.cfm Language] (Journal of the Linguistic Society of America)<br />
* [http://www.degruyter.de/journals/linguistics/ Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences] (published by de Gruyter)<br />
* [http://ijl.oxfordjournals.org/ International Journal of Lexicography] (published by Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102955/ Linguistics and Philosophy] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/ Literary and Linguistic Computing] (published by the ALLC and Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.journals.cup.org/action/displayJournal?jid=NLE Natural Language Engineering] (since 1995, published by Cambridge University Press)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102968/ Natural Language and Linguistic Theory] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/100310/ Machine Translation] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://jos.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Semantics] (published by Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=TERM Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication.] (published by John Benjamins)<br />
<br />
'''In Psychology:'''<br />
<br />
* Cognition (published by Elsevier)<br />
* [http://www.degruyter.de/journals/cogling/ Cognitive Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Cognitive Science] (published by de Gruyter)<br />
<br />
'''In Computer Science:'''<br />
<br />
* AI Magazine<br />
* AI and Society (published by Springer)<br />
* Artificial Intelligence (published by Elsevier)<br />
* Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies<br />
* The Journal of Logic Programming (published by North-Holland)<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main sources of online papers? ==<br />
<br />
* The ACL anthology with the [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/ archive of all past conference papers].<br />
* The [http://lanl.arxiv.org/list/cs.CL/recent Computation and Language e-print archive]<br />
* The [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ Citeseer] scientific literature digital library and search engine.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Author: Martin Volk<br />
<br />
Date of last modification: 2005-11-22</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Frequently_asked_questions_about_Computational_Linguistics&diff=8899Frequently asked questions about Computational Linguistics2011-07-21T23:11:04Z<p>ChristianPietsch: Lifted from the Web Archive as a preservation effort.</p>
<hr />
<div>''The material below was last updated in 2005. For even more dated information, see the [http://www.aclweb.org/nlpfaq.txt NLP FAQ].''<br />
<br />
''Source: http://web.archive.org/web/20100805080705/http://www.ling.su.se/DaLi/cl_faq/index.htm''<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
The following information is meant for people not familiar with Computational Linguistics. Here we try to answer the following questions:<br />
<br />
* What is Computational Linguistics?<br />
* What are the main application areas of Computational Linguistics?<br />
* How is the Computational Linguistics job market?<br />
* Where and how can I study Computational Linguistics?<br />
* What are the main professional organizations in Computational Linguistics?<br />
* What are the main journals in Computational Linguistics?<br />
* What are the main sources of online papers?<br />
* What are some introductory books about Computational Linguistics?<br />
<br />
<br />
== What is Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Computational Linguistics, or Natural Language Processing (NLP), is not a new field. As early as 1946, attempts have been undertaken to use computers to process natural language. These attempts concentrated mainly on '''Machine Translation''' and, due to the political situation at the time, almost exclusively on the translation from Russian into English. Considerable resources were dedicated to this task, both in the U.S.A. and in Great Britain, during the fifties and sixties. Other countries, mainly in continental Europe, joined the enterprise, and the first systems ("SYSTRAN") became operational at the end of this period. However, the limited performance of these systems made it clear that the underlying theoretical difficulties of the task had been grossly underestimated, and in the following years and decades much effort was spent on basic research in formal linguistics. Today, a number of Machine Translation systems are available commercially although there still is no system that produces fully automatic high-quality translations (and probably there will not be for some time). Human intervention in the form of pre- and/or post-editing is still required in all cases.<br />
<br />
Another application that has become commercially viable in the last years is the analysis and synthesis of spoken language, i.e., '''speech understanding and speech generation'''. Potential applications go from help for the handicapped (e.g., text-to-speech systems for the blind) to telephony based information systems (e.g., inquiry systems for train or plane connections, telebanking) and further on to office dictation systems (as offered by several vendors). Several text-to-speech systems are commercially available, and are in daily use in many places. The difficulties of speech understanding are much greater than those for speech generation yet some of the speech understanding systems are also entering the marketplace.<br />
<br />
An application that will become at least as important as those already mentioned is the '''creation, administration, and presentation of texts''' by computer. Even reliable access to written texts is a major bottleneck in science and commerce. The amount of textual information is enormous (and growing incessantly), and the traditional, word-based, information retrieval methods are getting increasingly insufficient as either precision or recall is always low (i.e., you get either a large number of irrelevant documents together with the relevant ones, or else you fail to get a large number of the relevant ones in the collection). Linguistically based retrieval methods, taking into account the meaning of sentences as encoded in the syntactic structure of natural language, promise to be a way out of this quandary. However, the '''creation''' of texts is also becoming a problem. Manuals of complex technical systems (airplanes, computers etc.) are constantly out of date as the systems themselves are upgraded ever faster. Writing manuals by hand is thus getting ever more expensive and unreliable, and if manuals have to be maintained in different languages, manual production becomes increasingly unmanageable. If different versions of the manuals have to be written (for service users, for technicians, for auditors etc.), things get out of hand altogether. The automatic creation of manuals from a common knowledge base, in different languages and for different types of readers is a possible solution of this cluster of problems. The creation of natural language texts has always been a bit of "poor cousin" in the field of Computational Linguistics. The situation described is about to change this in a fundamental manner.<br />
<br />
Another topic that might come to the forefront of research in Computational Linguistics is the '''presentation of textual information'''. Traditionally, text generation systems have created standard, i.e., linear, text. If the amount of text is large, and/or if different types of readers must be addressed, hypertext is a better medium of presentation. The automatic creation of hypertext from an underlying knowledge base calls for an extension of this traditional approach.<br />
<br />
== What are the main application areas of Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Computational Linguistics tries to solve problems in the following areas:<br />
<br />
* Machine Translation (see also [http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/MTbook/ Machine Translation: An Introductory Guide] for a complete online book)<br />
* Natural Language Interfaces<br />
* Grammar and style checking<br />
* Document processing and information retrieval<br />
* Computer-Assisted Language Learning<br />
<br />
<br />
== How is the Computational Linguistics job market? ==<br />
<br />
Many people with a degree in Computational Linguistics work in research groups in universities, governmental research labs, or in large enterprises. For example in Sweden Computational Linguists work in research groups at the various universities that offer courses in linguistics (like Göteborg or Uppsala), at research labs like SICS (The Swedish Institute of Computer Science), or for companies like Telia or IBM.<br />
<br />
In addition there are development groups working on commercial products. These range from software houses like Microsoft, that employs Computational Linguists for their work on Grammar Checkers and Automatic Summarization, to the Munich based SailLabs, that develops a machine translation system, to Caterpillar which employs Computational Linguists for translations of technical manuals.<br />
<br />
In recent years the demand for Computational Linguists has risen with the increase of language technology products in the Internet. Job offers come from developers improving Internet search engines with linguistic means, or facilitating the user interface with lingubots. Others are integrating speech recognition with language processing techniques.<br />
<br />
In general one can say that currently the job market for Computational Linguists is good.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Where and how can I study Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
Numerous European universities offer degree programs and/or courses in CL. The ACL distributes a "Directory of Graduate Programs in CL". CL is mostly offered as a minor either supplementing a major in Computer Science or in some Linguistics or Language Science.<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main professional organizations in Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
'''The Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL)'''<br />
<br />
The most influential organization. [http://aclweb.org ACL Homepage.]<br />
<br />
* They organize the annual ACL conferences and offer a public [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology archive of all past conference papers].<br />
* There is also a European chapter ([http://www.eacl.org EACL]) with a separate chairing committee.<br />
<br />
'''Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH)'''<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ach.org/ ACH Homepage]<br />
* Its European counterpart and sister organization: [http://www.allc.org/ Association of Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC)]<br />
<br />
'''International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)'''<br />
<br />
* Its European regional association: The [http://www.eamt.org/ European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)]<br />
* Its American branch: [http://www.amtaweb.org/ Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)]<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main journals relevant to Computational Linguistics? ==<br />
<br />
[http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/browse-journals.cfm A very comprehensive list of journals related to linguistics] is maintained by the LINGUIST LIST.<br />
<br />
'''In Computational Lingustics and Linguistics:'''<br />
<br />
* [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/coli Computational Linguistics] (the most important journal; published by the ACL)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/113189/ Language Resources and Evaluation] (prior to March 2005 this publication was named Computers and the Humanities; published by Springer Science Media)<br />
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08852308 Computer, Speech & Language] (strongly oriented towards spoken language; published by Elsevier)<br />
* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09588221.asp Computer Assisted Language Learning] (published by Routledge Taylor & Francis Group)<br />
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=IJCL International Journal of Corpus Linguistics] (published by John Benjamins Publishing Company)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102898/ Grammars. A Journal of mathematical research on formal and natural languages.] (Published by Kluwer; discontinued as of December 2003.)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/111138/ Journal of Language and Computation.] (at the interface of logic, linguistics, formal grammar, and computational linguistics; published by Springer)<br />
* [http://www.lsadc.org/info/pubs-language.cfm Language] (Journal of the Linguistic Society of America)<br />
* [http://www.degruyter.de/journals/linguistics/ Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences] (published by de Gruyter)<br />
* [http://ijl.oxfordjournals.org/ International Journal of Lexicography] (published by Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102955/ Linguistics and Philosophy] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/ Literary and Linguistic Computing] (published by the ALLC and Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.journals.cup.org/action/displayJournal?jid=NLE Natural Language Engineering] (since 1995, published by Cambridge University Press)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/102968/ Natural Language and Linguistic Theory] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/100310/ Machine Translation] (published by Springer)<br />
* [http://jos.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Semantics] (published by Oxford University Press)<br />
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=TERM Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication.] (published by John Benjamins)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''In Psychology:'''<br />
<br />
* Cognition (published by Elsevier)<br />
* [http://www.degruyter.de/journals/cogling/ Cognitive Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Cognitive Science] (published by de Gruyter)<br />
<br />
'''In Computer Science:'''<br />
<br />
* AI Magazine<br />
* AI and Society (published by Springer)<br />
* Artificial Intelligence (published by Elsevier)<br />
* Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies<br />
* The Journal of Logic Programming (published by North-Holland)<br />
<br />
<br />
== What are the main sources of online papers? ==<br />
<br />
* The ACL anthology with the [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/ archive of all past conference papers].<br />
* The [http://lanl.arxiv.org/list/cs.CL/recent Computation and Language e-print archive]<br />
* The [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ Citeseer] scientific literature digital library and search engine.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Author: Martin Volk<br />
<br />
Date of last modification: 2005-11-22</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Natural_Language_Generation_Portal&diff=8449Natural Language Generation Portal2010-11-23T19:28:27Z<p>ChristianPietsch: Undo my revision 8377 because the deadline for nominations has passed now.</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:siggen-logo.gif|right]]<br />
''This portal is based on and replaces the [http://www.siggen.org/resources/moin.html NLG Resources Wiki] run by [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN] from November 2005 to February 2009.''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Resources for Natural Language Generation ==<br />
<br />
* [[Downloadable NLG systems]]<br />
* [[Data sets for NLG]]<br />
* [[Generation grammars]]<br />
* [[Online NLG demos]]<br />
* [[NLG publications list]]<br />
<br />
Additionally, a large [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ database of implemented NLG systems with references] has been <br />
put together by Michael Zock and John Bateman, and is now maintained in a Semantic MediaWiki at http://nlg-wiki.org.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Language Generation|*]]<br />
[[Category:Imported from the SIGGEN Resources Wiki]]<br />
[[Category:Resources]]<br />
[[Category:Natural Language Generation Portal]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Natural_Language_Generation_Portal&diff=8377Natural Language Generation Portal2010-11-08T14:11:01Z<p>ChristianPietsch: SIGGEN board elections</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:siggen-logo.gif|right]]<br />
''This portal is based on and replaces the [http://www.siggen.org/resources/moin.html NLG Resources Wiki] run by [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN] from November 2005 to February 2009.''<br />
<br />
== News ==<br />
* [http://www.siggen.org/ SIGGEN board elections] are coming up. Please do not hesitate to nominate yourself!<br />
<br />
== Resources for Natural Language Generation ==<br />
<br />
* [[Downloadable NLG systems]]<br />
* [[Data sets for NLG]]<br />
* [[Generation grammars]]<br />
* [[Online NLG demos]]<br />
* [[NLG publications list]]<br />
<br />
Additionally, a large [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ database of implemented NLG systems with references] has been <br />
put together by Michael Zock and John Bateman, and is now maintained in a Semantic MediaWiki at http://nlg-wiki.org.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Language Generation|*]]<br />
[[Category:Imported from the SIGGEN Resources Wiki]]<br />
[[Category:Resources]]<br />
[[Category:Natural Language Generation Portal]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch&diff=8093User:ChristianPietsch2010-08-06T12:31:09Z<p>ChristianPietsch: update</p>
<hr />
<div>Christian Pietsch<br />
: [http://www.cit-ec.de Center of Excellence in Cognitive Interaction Technology] (CITEC),<br />
: [http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/cpietsch/ Universität Bielefeld]<br />
: [[Academic_departments#Germany|Germany]]<br />
: permanent homepage: http://purl.org/net/pietsch/<br />
<br />
As of 2010, I am a board member (information officer, webmaster) of [http://www.sigsem.org/ ACL SIGSEM] and a student board member (webmaster) of [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN].<br />
<br />
Here in the ACL Wiki, I feel somehow responsible to the [[Natural Language Generation Portal]] because I imported its initial version from a wiki formerly run by SIGGEN.<br />
<br />
Most recently, I have converted the [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ Bateman/Zock List of NLG Systems into a semantic wiki]. Please make sure your system is listed correctly, including current references!</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Template:SIGGEN_Wiki&diff=8092Template:SIGGEN Wiki2010-08-06T12:26:29Z<p>ChristianPietsch: removed dead weblink</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><br />
[[Category:Natural Language Generation]]<br />
[[Category:Resources]]<br />
[[Category:Imported from the SIGGEN Resources Wiki]]<br />
</includeonly><br />
{| align="center" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="0" style="border:2px solid black; font-size:95%; width:100%; clear:both;"<br />
| style="width:32px;" | [[Image:siggen-logo.gif]]<br />
| This page was imported semi-automatically from the NLG Resources Wiki which was run by [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN] in the years 2005&ndash;2009. Please correct conversion errors and help update its contents.<br /><br />
Now this page is associated with the [[Natural Language Generation Portal]].<br />
|}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&diff=7763State of the art2010-01-16T12:06:37Z<p>ChristianPietsch: article request: ASR</p>
<hr />
<div>The purpose of this section of the ACL wiki is to be a repository of ''k''-best state-of-the-art results (i.e., methods and software) for various core natural language processing tasks. <br />
<br />
As a side effect, this should hopefully evolve into a knowledge base of standard evaluation methods and datasets for various tasks, as well as encourage more effort into reproducibility of results. This will help newcomers to a field appreciate what has been done so far and what the main tasks are, and will help keep active researchers informed on fields other than their specific research. The next time you need a system for PP attachment, or wonder what is the current state of word sense disambiguation, this will be the place to visit. <br />
<br />
Please contribute! (This is also a good place for you to display your results!)<br />
<br />
<!-- Please keep this list in alphabetical order --><br />
* [[Anaphora Resolution (State of the art)|Anaphora Resolution]] (stub)<br />
* [[Attributional and Relational Similarity (State of the art)|Attributional and Relational Similarity]]<br />
* [[Chunking (State of the art)|Chunking]] (stub)<br />
* [[Dependency Parsing (State of the art)|Dependency Parsing]] (stub)<br />
* [[Document Classification (State of the art)|Document Classification]] (stub)<br />
* [[Language Identification (State of the art)|Language Identification]] (stub)<br />
* [[Named Entity Recognition (State of the art)|Named Entity Recognition]]<br />
* [[Noun-Modifier Semantic Relations (State of the art)|Noun-Modifier Semantic Relations]]<br />
* [[NP Chunking (State of the art)|NP Chunking]] <br />
* [[Paraphrase Identification (State of the art)|Paraphrase Identification]]<br />
* [[Parsing (State of the art)|Parsing]] <br />
* [[POS Tagging (State of the art) |POS Tagging]]<br />
* [[PP Attachment (State of the art)|PP Attachment]] (stub)<br />
* [[Semantic Role Labeling (State of the art)|Semantic Role Labeling]] (stub)<br />
* [[Sentiment Analysis (State of the art)|Sentiment Analysis]] (stub)<br />
* [[Speech Recognition (State of the art)|Speech Recognition]] (article request)<br />
* [[Temporal Expression Recognition and Normalisation (State of the art)|Temporal Expression Recognition and Normalisation]] (stub)<br />
* [[Cleaneval (State of the art)| Web Corpus Cleaning]] (stub)<br />
* [[Word Segmentation (State of the art)|Word Segmentation]] (stub)<br />
* [[Word Sense Disambiguation (State of the art)|Word Sense Disambiguation]] (stub)<br />
<!-- Please keep this list in alphabetical order --><br />
<br />
As a historical point of reference, you may want to refer to the [http://cslu.cse.ogi.edu/HLTsurvey/ Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology] ([http://www.lt-world.org/HLT_Survey/master.pdf also available as PDF]), edited by R. Cole, J. Mariani, H. Uszkoreit, G. B. Varile, A. Zaenen, A. Zampolli, V. Zue, 1996.<br />
<br />
[[Category:State of the art]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=NLG_publications_list&diff=7521NLG publications list2009-12-07T13:24:17Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* Bibliographies */ John Bateman and Michael Zock's list with new URL</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: PublicationsList --><br />
<!-- Comment: --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: PublicationsList --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000017 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jul 17 16:19:01 2007 (1184689141000000) --><br />
<br />
If you would like to add your own refereed and NLG-related publications, please go ahead - use the "Edit" link above to do it yourself.<br />
<br />
(Correct any broken links if you can - Thanks!)<br />
<br />
== Bibliographies ==<br />
<br />
* John Bateman and Michael Zock's list of [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/NLG-table-root.htm NLG systems] and associated references has now moved to the [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ NLG Systems Wiki].<br />
* John Bateman's Bibliography site [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/bibliographies/index.htm] contains a superset of the references used in the above list of NLG systems, including references for all aspects of NLG. Particular sub-bibliographies can be generated on demand. There are over 3000 entries concerning NLG and updates are welcome. The bibliography is maintained in [[BibTeX]] and is linked to/maintained at the <i>Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies</i> with its extensive cross-linking and search facilities.<br />
* A 1993 bibliography of ~1200 entries provided by [http://www.kantrowitz.com:80/kantrowitz/mark.html Mark Kantrowitz] [http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Ai/nlg.html On-line searchable version] ([ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/kbib/nlg-bib.ps.gz ps.gz] 126K, 49 pages, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/kbib/nlg-bib.dvi.gz dvi.gz] 109K, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/kbib/nlg.bib.gz BIBTEX source bib.gz] 72K) Mark Kantrowitz, <i>"Bibliography of Research in Natural Language Generation"</i>, Techical Report CMU-CS-93-216, Carnegie Mellon University, November 1993.<br />
* A 1990 annotated bibliography provided by Robert Dale, 27 pages ([ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/dbib/IntroToNLG-[[RefList]].ps.gz ps.gz] 70K, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/dbib/IntroToNLG-[[RefList]].tex.gz [[LaTeX]] source tex.gz] 70K)<br />
* A 1993 revision of Dale's bibliography, 50 pages ([ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/dbib/nlgbiblio2.01a4.ps.gz ps.gz] 100K)<br />
* Aggeliki Dimitromanolaki's [http://www.iit.demokritos.gr/~adimit/bibliography.html bibliography on machine learning and natural language generation]<br />
* Piwek, P. (2003). An Annotated Bibliography of Affective Natural Language Generation. version 1.3 (version 1.0 appeared in 2002 as ITRI Technical Report ITRI-02-02, University of Brighton). [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/pp2464/affect-bib.pdf pdf]<br />
* Piwek, P. and K. van Deemter (2006). Constraint-based Natural Language Generation: A Survey. Technical Report 2006/03, Computing Department, The Open University. [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/pp2464/constraints_survey.pdf pdf] [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/pp2464/constraints_in_nlg.bib bib]<br />
<br />
== Tutorials ==<br />
<br />
* Dale & Reiter's ANLP-97 Tutorial on Building Applied Natural Language Generation Systems. ([http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/papers/tut-ppt7.ppt.gz PPT7]) ([http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/papers/tut-ppt4.ppt.gz PPT4]) ([http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/papers/tut.ps.gz Postscript])<br />
* Emiel Krahmer and Paul Piwek. Natural Language Generation for Embodied Agents. At the 7th European Agent Systems Summer School (EASSS) (July 2005, Utrecht). [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/pp2464/easss05 course material] <br />
<br />
== Theses ==<br />
<br />
* Charles Callaway, <i>Narrative Prose Generation</i>, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, April 2000. [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/pubs.html#dissertation web page]<br />
* Giuseppe Carenini, <i>Generating and Evaluating Evaluative Arguments</i>, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, 2000. [http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~carenini/THESIS/thesis-page.html web page]<br />
* Hercules Dalianis, <i>Concise Natural Language Generation from Formal Specifications</i>, Ph.D. Thesis, (Teknologie Doktorsavhandling), Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm University, June 1996, Report Series No. 96-008, ISSN 1101-8526, SRN SU-KTH/DSV/R--96/8--SE. [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#dalianis-phd Abstract]<br />
* Michael Elhadad, <i>Using argumentation to control lexical choice: a unification-based implementation</i>, PhD thesis, Columbia University, Dept of Computer Science, 1993, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/elhadad-phd.ps.gz ps gzipped] (575K).<br />
* Blake Lemoine, ''[http://www.louisiana.edu/~bal2277/NLGen2.doc NLGen2: A Linguistically Plausible, General Purpose Natural Language Generation System]'', August 2009, Center for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Louisiana, Lafayette. Excerpt from Master's thesis. <br />
* Maria Milosavljevic. <i>The Automatic Generation of Comparisons in Descriptions of Entities</i>. PhD Thesis. Department of Computing, Macquarie University. February 1999. [http://www.comp.mq.edu.au/~mariam/papers/thesis/thesis.pdf pdf], [http://www.comp.mq.edu.au/~mariam/papers/thesis/thesis.ps.gz ps.gz]<br />
* Jacques Robin, <i>Revision-based generation of natural language summaries providing historical background: corpus-based analysis, design, implementation and evaluation</i>, PhD thesis, Columbia University, Dept of Computer Science, 1994, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/robin-phd.ps.gz ps gzipped] (762K).<br />
* Manfred Stede, <i>Lexical semantics and knowledge representation in multilingual sentence generation</i>, PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 1996, Technical report CSRI-347, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#stede-phd Abstract], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/stede-phd.ps.gz ps gz] (384K), [ftp://ftp.cs.utoronto.ca/csri-technical-reports/347/Stede-thesis.ps.gz ps gz Toronto], [ftp://ftp.cs.utoronto.ca/csri-technical-reports/347/Stede-thesis.ps ps Toronto] (1292K).<br />
* Mariet Theune, <i>From data to speech: language generation in context</i>, PhD thesis, University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2000. [http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200013408.pdf pdf]<br />
<br />
== Natural Language Generation Workshops ==<br />
<br />
<b>'Note'</b>: Proceedings of many NLG workshops<br />
are available at the<br />
[http://www.aclweb.org/anthology ACL Anthology]<br />
* [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/SIGGEN.html SIGGEN] contains proceedings of INLG 1990, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000<br />
* [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W05 workshops05] contains proceedings of ENLG 2005<br />
* [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W06/ workshops06] contains proceedings of INLG 2006<br />
<br />
=== 1992 International NLGW ===<br />
<br />
* Michael Elhadad and Jacques Robin, <i>Controlling Content Realization with Functional Unification Grammars</i>, in <var>Aspects of Automated Natural Language Generation</var><nowiki>; R. Dale, E. Hovy, D. Rosner and O. Stock editors, 89-104, Springer Verlag, 1992. (16 pages: 53K </nowiki>[ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/people/elhadad/control.ps.gz ps gz], 62K [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/people/elhadad/control.dvi dvi])<br />
<br />
=== 1994 International NLGW ===<br />
<br />
* Beryl Hoffman, <i>Generating Context-Appropriate Word Orders in Turkish</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#inlg94-hoffman Abstract], [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9407017 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg94-hoffman.ps.gz ps gz] (53K)<br />
* Franck Panaget, <i>Using a textual representational level component in the context of discourse or dialog generation</i>, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg94-panaget.ps.gz ps gz] (10 pages, 57K)<br />
* E. Reiter, <i>Has a Consensus NLG Architecture Appeared, and is it Psycholinguistically Plausible?</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#inlg94-reiter Abstract], [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9411032 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg94-reiter.ps.gz ps gz] (56K)<br />
* R. Michael Young and Johanna D. Moore, <i>DPOCL: A Principled Approach to Discourse Planning</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#inlg94-young Abstract], 8 pages, [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9406020 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg94-young.ps.gz ps gz] (52K)<br />
<br />
=== 1995 European NLGW ===<br />
<br />
* Brigitte Grote, Nils Lenke and Manfred Stede, <i>Ma(r)king concessions in English and German</i>, (23 pages, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#enlg95-grote Abstract], [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9506001 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/enlg95-grote.ps.gz ps gz] 147K)<br />
* E. Reiter, <i>NLG vs Templates</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#enlg95-reiter (Abstract], [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9504013 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/enlg95-reiter.ps.gz ps gz] 113K)<br />
* Michael White, <i>Presenting Punctuation</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#enlg95-white (Abstract], [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9506012 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/enlg95-white.ps.gz ps gz] 113K, 19 pages)<br />
<br />
=== 1996 International NLGW (Brighton) ===<br />
([http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/events/INLG-96/ Link])<br />
<br />
* Stephan Busemann, <i>Best-First Surface Realization</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#inlg96-busemann Abstract], 10 pages, 60K, [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9605010 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg96-busemann.ps.gz ps gz]<br />
* H. Dalianis and E, Hovy, <i>On Lexical Aggregation and Ordering</i> (Demo), [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg96-dalianis.ps.gz ps gz] (14K) or [http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/INLG96.html alternate]<br />
* Michael Elhadad & Jacques Robin (Demo) <i>An Overview of SURGE: A reusable comprehensive syntactic realization component</i> (10 pages, 55K [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/people/elhadad/surge.dvi dvi], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/people/elhadad/surge.ps.gz ps gz])<br />
* Dilek Zeynep Hakkani, Kemal Oflazer and Ilyas Cicekli, <i>Tactical Generation in a Free Constituent Order Language</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#inlg96-hakkani Abstract], 10 pages, 57K, [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9605008 cmp-lg], [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg96-hakkani.ps.gz ps gz]<br />
* Keith Vander Linden and Barbara Di Eugenio, <i>Learning Micro-Planning Rules for Preventative Expressions</i>, [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/siggen/abstracts.html#inlg96-vanderlinden Abstract], 8 pages, 95K, [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/siggen/inlg96-vanderlinden.ps.gz ps gz], [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9607015 cmp-lg]<br />
<br />
=== UCNLG 2005 ===<br />
Anja Belz and Sebastian Varges (eds). <i>Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2005Workshop on Using Corpora for Natural Language Generation</i>. Available [http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/ucnlg/Proceedings/index.html individually] or as a single [http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/~Anja.Belz/Publications/UCNLG05-proceedings.pdf PDF] file.<br />
<br />
=== INLG'06 Special Session on Sharing Data and Comparative Evaluation ===<br />
See [[Sharing data and evaluation (NLG)]].<br />
<br />
=== MOG 2007 ===<br />
Ielka van der Sluis, Mariët Theune, Ehud Reiter & Emiel Krahmer (eds). <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on Multimodal Output Generation (MOG 2007)</i>. 25-26 January 2007, Aberdeen, Scotland. [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/mog2007/mog07_proceedings.pdf PDF].<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bibliographies]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch/List_of_NLG_systems&diff=7520User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems2009-12-07T13:18:36Z<p>ChristianPietsch: + nlg-wiki.org</p>
<hr />
<div>This is an attempt to represent [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/NLG-table-root.htm John Bateman and Michael Zock's list of NLG systems] in a wiki format.<br />
<br />
Some works remains to be done:<br />
* BibTeX keys should be hotlinked to the entries in http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/nlg-cite.html<br />
* The HTML code (incl. IMG links) in the long descriptions has been de-activated for the moment<br />
* The table should be visually compressed to fit on smaller screens<br />
* Perhaps the data should rather be stored in a wiki with the [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/ Semantic MediaWiki] extension? Suggestions are welcome on the discussion page.<br />
<br />
'''''Final update:''' This data collection is now maintained in a wiki with Semantic Mediawiki and BibWiki extensions at http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/''<br />
<br />
''The table below remains here as an unmaintained archive only.''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Table of NLG systems ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 75%; width: 100%;"<br />
|-valign="top" bgcolor="#CDCDCD"<br />
!BibTeX cite keys<br />
!main workers<br />
!starting year<br />
!ending year<br />
!languages generated<br />
!name of system<br />
!short description<br />
!long description<br />
!entry updated<br />
!theoretical framework<br />
!URL<br />
!domain or application<br />
!name of forerunner system<br />
!unique permanent name<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kohl90, Kohl89<br />
| Kohl, Gardent, Plainfossé, Reape<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| Accord<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Accord<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Elhadad:1992-phd<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Advisor<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| Advisor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kruijff-etal-2000-coling, Bateman-etal2000-lrec, Agile-note97<br />
| Krujiff, Korbayová, Teich, Hartley, Bateman, Sharoff, Scott, Staykova, Sokolova<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2001<br />
| Bulgarian, Czech, Russian<br />
| AGILE<br />
| generates instructions in the domain of Computer-Aided Design<br />
| AGILE is a tool which allows a technical author to specify, in a non-linguistic representation, the 'content' of different tasks that can be performed by users of CAD-CAM software. The AGILE system can then automatically express these content specifications in styles appropriate to different sections of a CAD-CAM manual (procedures, ready reference ...) in Bulgarian, Czech and Russian. The generated texts are displayed in a browser as hyperlinked documents. No expertise in knowledge representation is required, although some training with the interface is needed. The system has been evaluated and the results are described in the relevant project deliverables.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/agile<br />
| CAD, instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| AGILE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch-etal95, Coch96a, CochDavid94-anlp<br />
| Coch, David<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stock91<br />
| Stock<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1991<br />
| Italian<br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich83<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| ANA<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| ANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Blocher92<br />
| Blocher<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal98<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| ARIANNA<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ARIANNA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kim-etal02-artequakt<br />
| Kim, Alani, Hall, Lewis, Millard, Shadbolt, Weal<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Artequakt<br />
| Automatic generation of narrative biographies of artists <br />
| The Artequakt project is working towards automatically generating narrative biographies of artists from knowledge that has been extracted from the Web and maintained in a knowledge base. An overview of the system architecture is presented here and the three key components of that architecture are explained in detail, namely knowledge extraction, information management and biography construction. It is our belief that by building a story-schema layer on top of an ontology we can create dynamic stories within a certain domain.<br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biographies<br />
| <br />
| Artequakt<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Astrogen<br />
| Generation from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS specifications. <br />
| <nowiki>ASTROGEN (Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator) is a Natural Language Generator written in Prolog. Which hopefully can be used by almost anybody. ASTROGEN has been used for generation of natural language (English) from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS Specifications. ASTROGEN consists basically of two modules the Deep and the Surface generator. ASTROGEN was written originally for generating Natural Language from formal specifications for the telecom domain. <img src=../images/astrogen.gif ></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html<br />
| telecom<br />
| <br />
| Astrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vavargard2000<br />
| Vargagard<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, Swedish<br />
| Autotext<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Autotext<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldman75<br />
| Goldman<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| BABEL<br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice <br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice on the basis of abstract representations (conceptual dependencies)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BABEL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kronfeld:1986<br />
| Kronfeld<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| BERTRAND<br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BERTRAND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weiner80<br />
| Weiner<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| BLAH<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| income tax<br />
| <br />
| BLAH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mittal-etal98, Mittal-etal95<br />
| Mittal, Moore, Carenini, Roth, Mattis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| figure captions<br />
| FUF<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| sharp-88<br />
| Sharp<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1995<br />
| EU<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.wh2.tu-dresden.de/~dagmar/cat2/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CAT-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jokinen94<br />
| Jokinen<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| CDM<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| CDM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kan-etal01, Kan-etal01-doc<br />
| Kan, McKeown, Klavans<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
| A multidocument summarization system<br />
| Centrifuser is a multidocument summarization system for documents which are in the same domain and genre. Centrifuser's indicative module employs NLG techniques to produce text that discusses groups of documents and their metadata properties by mimicking library card catalog entries.<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| http://centrifuser.cs.columbia.edu/<br />
| summaries<br />
| <br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Kohl, Eisele, Momma, Dörre, Geltz, Netter, Kärcher, Tappe, Frank, Meier, van Geenhoven<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1992<br />
| French, German<br />
| CHARON<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/charon.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CHARON<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Freedman98<br />
| Freedman<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| <br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlshawiPulman92<br />
| Alshawi, Pulman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, Swedish, French, Spanish<br />
| CLE<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| CLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Evans-etal2006, Piwek-etal98, Piwek-etal99-itri, Piwek-etal99<br />
| Piwek, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, French<br />
| CLIME<br />
| Automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any prescriptive semi-formal documentation<br />
| CLIME is a system to provide automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any semi-formal documentation of a prescriptive nature, such as codes of practice and other quasi-legal documentation. The CLIME project takes advantage of the semi-regular nature of this information to allow the integration of working NL software with existing expertise in codifying legal reasoning, to provide a usable and useful system.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.bmtech.co.uk/clime<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| CLIME<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Gedalia, Elhadad<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| CLINT<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| CLINT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellWhite97, WhiteCaldwell97-anlp, WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CogentHelp<br />
| on-line help for GUIs<br />
| <nowiki>Semi-automatic generation of on-line help for GUIs, with authoring interface for human-written "snippets". Additional information at: <A href=http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml>http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml</A></nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/systems/cogenthelp/<br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| CogentHelp<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vandeRiet-etal98<br />
| van de Riet, Burg, Dehne<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Color-X<br />
| NLG for verification of models of information and communication systems<br />
| In Color-X, tools were developed for building executable prototypes of information and communication systems from specifications expressed in natural language. Papers referenced here refer to the addition of NLG capabilities for verification of the models and requirements.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| communication systems<br />
|<br />
| Color-X<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal90<br />
| McKeown et al.<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| COMET<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| COMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd83, Sigurd84<br />
| Sigurd<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1984<br />
| Swedish<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett:1988, Fawcett90-nlgw5<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof99-ki<br />
| Geldof<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| COMRIS<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| COMRIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marsi01, Marsi98, Marsi95, Marsi98-text<br />
| Marsi<br />
| 1995<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| CONPAS<br />
| Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech<br />
| CONPAS (Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech) is a front-end generator for producing spoken output with appropriate prosody. It consists of three modules: SynR, a module for syntactic realization, ProsR, a module for prosodic realization and, SpeechS, a module for speech synthesis. It is driven by a planning component (PlanR) and produces spoken output in a number of domains; the text planner is specific for each domain. Particular emphasis was placed on the pitch accent placement, and this has been evaluated. <br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| prosody generation<br />
|<br />
| CONPAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smadja:1991, SmadjaMcKeown90<br />
| Smadja, McKeown<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COOK<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| COOK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown:1979<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| Co-Op<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Co-Op<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LevineMellish94<br />
| Mellish, Levine<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CORECT<br />
| Generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment<br />
| a system using NLG techniques to generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment; developed jointly with Racal Research, Racal Instruments, the Unis of Edinburgh and Sussex, and Intelligent Applications Ltd. Builds on its predesessor, the IDAS system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/hct/corect/<br />
| electronics<br />
| IDAS<br />
| CORECT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Busemann, Declerck, Kader, Diagne, Dini, Klein, Schmeier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| Cosma<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
| TG/2<br />
| Cosma<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NealShapiro88<br />
| Neal, Shapiro<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Cubricon<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cubricon<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Theune-etal01-jle<br />
| Theune, Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Krahmer<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| D2S<br />
| System for producing spoken language from data<br />
| D2S is a system for the creation of data-to-speech systems in different languages and domains. The most important characteristic of a data-to-speech system is that it combines language and speech generation: language generation is used to produce a natural language text expressing the system's input data, and speech generation is used to make this text audible. In D2S, this combination is exploited by using linguistic information available in the language generation module for the computation of prosody. This allows us to achieve a better prosodic output quality than can be achieved in a plain text-to-speech system. For language generation in D2S, the use of syntactically enriched templates is guided by knowledge of the discourse context, while for speech generation pre-recorded phrases are combined in a prosodically sophisticated manner. This combination of techniques makes it possible to create linguistically sound but efficient systems with high quality language and speech output.<br />
| 2001-09-30<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
| LGM<br />
| D2S<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman-etal01-dart, Bateman-etal98-inlgw, Reichenberger-etal95-acm, Reichenberger-etal95-ave<br />
| Bateman, Alexa, Teich, Kamps, Reichenberger, Kleinz, Rondhuis<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
| Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus<br />
| <nowiki>Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus. Producing formatted pages in response to selections of artists made by the user with a graphical information retrieval interface.</p><p>Generation was performed using the KOMET generation system. An example page generated from a very large knowledge base compiled from the Dictionary of Art at that time is:</p><p><img src=../images/pic1-layout.gif width=700 height=525></p></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| biographies, art history, layout and text<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller90<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
| A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought<br />
| <nowiki>A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought. The source code of the program can be found <a href=http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/src/dd_gen.cl>here</a>.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/dd.htm<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sgouros99<br />
| Bailey, Mellish, Ritchie, Sgouros<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| DEFACTO<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories.<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories. It seeks to develop and test a prototype system which incorporates Artificial Intelligence techniques into interactive, multi-media story generation and presentation, in order to create a richer, and therefore more satisfying, experience for its user/s.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/daidb/infweb/people/homes/paulba/defacto/<br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| DEFACTO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sprenger93, Horacek93<br />
| Müller, Sprenger, Horacek<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| DIAMOD<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| DIAMOD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WendholtNovak93<br />
| Novak, Wendholt<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| DING<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NirenburgNirenburg88-coling, Nirenburg-etal89<br />
| Nirenburg<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DIOGENES<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DIOGENES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Uszkoreit-etal94, Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Uszkoreit, Busemann<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| DISCO<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| DISCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Seligman91-phd<br />
| Seligman<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Discourser<br />
| Structured discourse <br />
| System developed in a dissertation that presents two components. First: An inheritance-based grammar which represents syntactic and semantic structures as well as the mapping relations between these as frames. The approach to sentence generation features the merging of structures via inheritance and the tracking of expressive choices using 'multiple worlds'. Second: new semantic/pragmatic representations for paragraph-length discourses, and expression procedures based upon them. Discourse relations are discovered via judgements of synonomy, and are arranged in lattices (rather than exclusively in hierarchies). A small set of network traversal strategies permits the repeated application of the sentence generator to generate paragraphs expressing the whole net. A facility for expressing 'situational formulas' adds a pragmatic component to the system. <br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| inheritance grammar<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Discourser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gruber-etal95<br />
| Gruber, Vemuri, Rice<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/top-level.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HoughtonPearson88<br />
| Houghton, Pearson<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DORIS<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DORIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Drafter95<br />
| Scott, Hartley, Power, Paris, Vander Linden, Evans<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, French<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ScottEvans98, Power-etal98<br />
| Scott, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French, Italian<br />
| Drafter-II<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| Drafter-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Deemter:Odijk:97, vanDeemter97<br />
| van Deemter, Leermakers, Odijk<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| DYD<br />
| generates a spoken monologue describing a selected music composition and its recording<br />
| DYD (Dial Your Disc) is an interactive system that supports browsing through a large music database (Mozart compositions); each time a track is selected, it generates a spoken monologue describing the composition and its recording<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| DYD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof98, GeldofVelde97-ewnlg, GeldofVelde97-aaai, GeldofVandeVelde97<br />
| Geldof, van de Velde<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| Ecran<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| templates<br />
| http://arti.vub.ac.be/AAAI97/ecran.html<br />
| movie description<br />
|<br />
| Ecran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey90<br />
| Cawsey<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EDGE<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/AAAI.ps<br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| EDGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen92<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Edward<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Edward<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MooreIJCAI89, EES-87<br />
| Moore, Swartout, Paris<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EES<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| Penman<br />
| EES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Poller-etal96, PollerHeisterkamp96<br />
| Poller<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German, English<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions for train inquiries<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions: development and implementation of an efficient How-to-Say component for the generation of system utterances of a speech dialogue system for train inquiries. Extends the TAG-GEN generator developed within the WIP system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| train inquiries<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weizenbaum66<br />
| Weizenbaum<br />
| 1966<br />
| 1966<br />
| English<br />
| ELIZA<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ELIZA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <nowiki><i>unclaimed</i></nowiki><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale90-dale, Dale89<br />
| Dale<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EPICURE<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| EPICURE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| ERMA<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ERMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellKorelsky94<br />
| Caldwell, Korelsky<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| job descriptions<br />
|<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Exemplars<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exemplars<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Chester76<br />
| Chester<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1976<br />
| English<br />
| Expound<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| Expound<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BangaloreRambow2000, Bangalore-etal2000-learning, Bangalore-etal2000-evaluation, BangaloreRambow2000-corpus<br />
| Bangalore, Rambow<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| FERGUS<br />
| Flexible Empiricist/Rationalist Generation Using Syntax<br />
| Extends statistically guided generation using n-grams with a tree-based statistical model as well as a traditional tree-based syntactic grammar based on the wide coverage XTAG grammar<br />
| 2002-11-17<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FERGUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ward94, Ward92<br />
| Ward<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| FIG<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.sanpo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~nigel/clg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| FIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeunierDanlos98<br />
| Meunier, Danlos<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| French, English<br />
| Flaubert<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Flaubert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter90-dale, MarksReiter90, Reiter90, Reiter91-ci<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| FN<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal94, Bourbeau-etal90-coling, Goldberg-etal94-ieee<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère, Driedger<br />
| 1989<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| FoG<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports.<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports. The first operational forecast produced by FoG was issued on Feb.27, 1992. <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| FoG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EndrissKlabunde2000<br />
| Endriss, Klabunde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| German<br />
| FOGS<br />
| generates narratives with a focus background structure <br />
| The system (acronym for "focus generation system") generates renarratives with a focus background structure (more specifically, the single sentences are annotated with prosodic features to indicate which element functions as bearer of the respective focal accent).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| FOGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Contant86, Contant:1985<br />
| Contant<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| French<br />
| FRANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
| ANA<br />
| FRANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele86, Emele87-gwai, HeidMomma87<br />
| Emele, Heid, Momma<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| FREGE<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FREGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin92, Elhadad93-fuf, ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1990<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent, English, Spanish, Hebrew<br />
| FUF<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peyragrosse:1993<br />
| Peyragrosse<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| ??<br />
| GASPAR<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| 2002-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB queries<br />
| <br />
| GASPAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Etchegoyhen98<br />
| Etchegoyhen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| GBgen<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| GB<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GBgen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adachi97<br />
| Adachi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mitkov90-geo<br />
| Mitkov<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Bulgarian <br />
| GECO<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Henschel-etal02-konvens, Henschel02-gem-manual<br />
| Delin, Bateman, Henschel, Allen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GeM<br />
| multimodal generation<br />
| <nowiki>GeM (Genre and Multimodality) investigated the relationship between multimodal document genres and their realization in text, layout and diagrams. As part of this work a prototype page generation system was developed based on XML, XSLT and the GeM project multimodal annotation scheme. The prototype concentrates specifically on the controlled generation of the layout (including placing of text and graphics, titles, and font selections) adopted on the page, making this sensitive to generic constraints holding for the multimodal document type; the generation of the language elements included is not in focus. The generic constraints are derived from the corpus analysis done within the GeM project and are represented following the GeM annotation scheme. <P>Two examples of generated pages from the prototype are the following, the first from the genre of bird field guides and the second from the genre of instruction manuals.<P> <table><tr><td><img src=../images/gem-bird-konvens.gif ></td><td><img src=../images/gem-pegasys-konvens.gif > </td></tr></table></nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-28<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/gem<br />
| layout and text<br />
|<br />
| GeM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Conklin:1987<br />
| Conklin<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| GENARO<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| picture description<br />
|<br />
| GENARO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glass-etal94<br />
| Glass, Seneff, Polifroni<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESIS<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| GENESIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett90-nlgw5, FawcettTucker90-coling<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESYS<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENESYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Shieber88-coling<br />
| Shieber<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GeneSys<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| 2002-05-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GeneSys<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal96, deCarolis-etal97<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis, Pizzutilo, Grasso, Rossiello, Berry, Gillie<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Italian<br />
| GeNet<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GeNet<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teunissen97<br />
| Teunissen<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| GENIUSS<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENIUSS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| TomitaNyberg88<br />
| Tomita, Nyberg<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English?<br />
| GenKit<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GenKit<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Maybury89<br />
| Maybury<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GENNY<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENNY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl86<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| German<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GEOTEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl89<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English, German<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pemberton89<br />
| Pemberton<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GESTER<br />
| story generation<br />
| story generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| GESTER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marchant-etal96<br />
| Marchant, Mellish, Cerbah, Levine<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| GhostWriter<br />
| generation assisting human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| a demonstration of how plan-based modelling and NLG can be used to assist human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~johnl/ghostwriter/<br />
| manuals<br />
| <br />
| GhostWriter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Williams2004-nlg, Williams02-connectives, WilliamsReiter03<br />
| Williams<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| GIRL<br />
| Microplanning discourse-level choices for people with poor literacy<br />
| System for generating appropriate texts for people with different reading levels<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html]<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| GIRL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| gistgenerator<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| GIST<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GIST-medical<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NotStock94, ParisScott94-inlgw, PowerCavallotto96-gist, PianesiPianta94-gist, VanderLindenScott95-ijcai, Not96-mercatali, Pemberton-etal94, HartleyParis97-MT, Bateman-etal94-ecai, Delin-etal96, MatiasekTrost96, MatiasekBuchberger95<br />
| Cavallotto, Magnini, Lavid, Matiasek, Not, Paris, Pianesi, Pianta, Power, Scott, Stock, Trost, Vander Linden<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Italian<br />
| GIST<br />
| generates instructions for filling in tax forms<br />
| <nowiki>The GIST project addresses the construction of a multilingual generation system for texts describing administrative procedures (e.g., how to apply for a social security facility, what to do in order to get visas, etc.) starting from language independent specifications. We considered three languages: English, German and Italian. The application domain of the developed prototype is represented by instructions on how to fill out pension forms. <P>A longer set of references is available <A HREF=http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist/gist-bibliography.html> here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| SFG, FUF, GB<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist.html<br />
| tax forms<br />
| <br />
| GIST-tax<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kantrowitz92<br />
| Kantrowitz, Bates<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| GLINDA<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GLINDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98, TheuneKlabbers98-inlg<br />
| Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Theune<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1995<br />
| Dutch<br />
| GoalGetter<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://iris19.ipo.tue.nl:9000/index.html<br />
| football<br />
| <br />
| GoalGetter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal88-coling<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GOSSIP<br />
| implementation of the meaning-text theory, praphrase<br />
| An implementation of the meaning-text theory, producing paraphrase<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GOSSIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rich79<br />
| Rich<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Langkilde:2000<br />
| Langkilde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Halogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Halogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| wahlster-ijcai, Wahlster78, Hoeppner-etal83, Hoeppner84<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1983<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System)<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System) An interactive system where the determination of the adequate level of a response in dialogue interactions played a central role.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| jameson80, vonHahn-etal80, Wahlster78<br />
| Jameson, Hoeppner, von Hahn, Wahlster<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DiMarco-etal95, WannerHovy96, DiMarco-etal97<br />
| DiMarco, Hovy, Hirst, Wanner<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| KPML<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gailly88-hermes, Gailly89-phd, Gailly88-quantifier<br />
| Gailly<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| French<br />
| HERMES<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HERMES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kaplan-etal93<br />
| Kaplan, Fenwick, Chen<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benelli-etal99<br />
| Benelli, Bianchi, Marti, Not, Sennati, Mellish, O'Donnell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| HIPS<br />
| developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces<br />
| The HIPS project aims at developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces. The objective of the project is to enrich the "user experience" of a city by overlapping a further dimension with the physical space: contextual and personalised information on the human environment. The project was originally designed to include NLG elements.<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://marconi.ltt.dii.unisi.it/progetti/HIPS/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| HIPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cross92-lexis, Cross92-thesis<br />
| Cross<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Horace<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| physics<br />
| <br />
| Horace<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NetzerElhadad98-hebrew<br />
| Netzer, Elhadad<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| Hebrew<br />
| HUGG<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew, where the form of the input is intended to be as similar as possible to that for FUF/SURGE for English. The places where this does not appear possible suggest interesting places of linguistic contrast, as well as raising questions about the possible modularities involved in the generation task. <br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
| HUGG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BontchevaWilks01-IJCAI, BontchevaWilks99, Bontcheva01-um, Bontcheva01-impact, Bontcheva02-diss<br />
| Bontcheva<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| Hylite+<br />
| Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. Architecture based on a new recursive pipeline model.<br />
| <nowiki>Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. <P>The goal of our dynamic hypertext generation system, HYLITE+, is to produce encyclopaedia-style explanations of domain terminology. The corpus analysis of online encyclopaedia and previous empirical studies have shown the positive effect of additional information -- e.g., definition of key vocabulary, less-technical content, supply of background information and illustrations -- on the subjects' reading comprehension and reading behaviour. On the other hand, hypertext usability studies have shown that people read 25 per cent slower on the screen, so hypertext needs to be concise with formatting, that facilitates skimming. Our empirical studies have shown that users prefer different additional information depending on the chosen formatting and desired explanation length.<P>The majority of existing language generation systems have a pipeline architecture which offers efficient sequential execution of modules, but does not allow decisions about text content to be revised in later stages. However, in some cases choosing appropriate content can depend on text length and formatting, which in a pipeline architecture are determined after content planning is completed. Unlike pipelines, interleaved and revisionbased architectures can deal with such dependencies but tend to be more expensive computationally. Since our system needs to generate acceptable hypertext explanations reliably and quickly, the pipeline architecture was modified instead to allow additional content to be requested in later stages of the generation process if necessary. in such an architecture it is not possible to take into account text formatting and length (which are determined towards the end) when choosing the text content (which happens in the beginning).<P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/hylite-arch.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Hylite+<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Springer-etal91<br />
| Springer, Buta, Wolf<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| ICG<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| ICG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy-etal96-call<br />
| McCoy, Pennington, Suri<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| ICICLE<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ICICLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-inlg, Bouayad2000-lrec, Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-idj, Bouayad-Agha99, Power2000-coling, Power2000-itri, Power-etal99-englw<br />
| Power, Bouayad-Agha, Scott<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
| Combining layout and linguistic constraints<br />
| In the ICONOCLAST project, we developed a framework for integrating constraints on the style and layout of the output documents in an NLG system. By interacting with the system, authors are able to determine the optimal set of constraints whose interaction will lead to the production of documents in the desired style and layout.<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/iconoclast/<br />
| layout and text, patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RuthPeroutka93, Peroutka-etal98<br />
| Ruth, Peroutka<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ICWF<br />
| Interactive Computer Worded Forecast<br />
| (Interactive Computer Worded Forecast) further development of the IFPS system (in which it might now be incorporated?)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| IFPS<br />
| ICWF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal95, Reiter-etal92, ReiterMellish93<br />
| Reiter et al<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IDAS<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/chrism/idas.html<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| IDAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HallerShapiro96<br />
| Haller, Shapiro<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| IDP<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IDP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glahn70<br />
| Glahn, Peroutka, Ruth<br />
| 1970<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| IFPS<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) "Interactive Forecast Preparation System". Early weather report generation still on the point of being deployed commercially. Also led on to the ICWF system (now incorporated?) .IFPS is in the template-based category, much of it written in Fortran. Does not claim an AI-basis, but must do some kind of text planning/organisation.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.nws.noaa.gov/tdl/icwf/ifp.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IFPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rubinoff2000, Rubinoff92<br />
| Rubinoff<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1999<br />
| English <br />
| IGEN<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IGEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell-etal01, ODonnell-etal2000-inlg, Oberlander-etal97, Dale-etal97, Milosavljevic99-phd, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Hitzeman-etal97, Mellish-etal98-opportunism<br />
| Oberlander, Mellish, O'Donnell, Knott<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ILEX<br />
| a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue<br />
| <nowiki>ILEX is a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue, in such a way as to reflect the interest of the user and also opportunistically to further certain educational goals. Developed in cooperation with the National Museums of Scotland, Interactive Information and VIS Interactive Media.<P>The current version of the system, Ilex2.0, produces textual descriptions of objects in a museum gallery. The user is presented with a set of objects, and chooses objects to be described by clicking, as in a conventional hypertext. When an object is selected, a description is produced on-line, which is tailored to the user and the communicative context.<P>An online demonstration is available <A href=http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex<br />
| museums<br />
| WAG<br />
| ILEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Bates, Ingria<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| ILIAD<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ILIAD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vanderlinden-etal92, VanderLinden93-thesis<br />
| Vander Linden<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson87-book<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| IMP<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| IMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rehm99<br />
| Rehm<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| IPaGe<br />
| Incremental Parallell Generator<br />
| Generates descriptions of a construction kit on the basis of conceptual structures. Generation is incremental.<br />
| 2002-04-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| description<br />
| <br />
| IPaGe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| de-Smedt90<br />
| de Smedt<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPF<br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kempen79<br />
| Kempen, Hoenkamp<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPG<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colineau-etal02, Paris-etal01-anlpw, Paris-etal01-hci, Lu-etal99, Paris-etal98-adcs, Paris-etal00-impacts<br />
| Paris, Vander Linden, Lu<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| ISOLDE<br />
| automatic generation of software instructions<br />
| <nowiki>The Integrated Software and On-Line Documentation Environment (ISOLDE) is a novel, integrated software environment developed by the IIT group at CSIRO with Calvin College in the United States, and is partially funded by the US Office of Naval Research.<P>ISOLDE is providing the opportunity to streamline the software production and software documentation process, while facilitating the development of a usable, easily upgraded application. Inherent in the design is the ability to re-use software in upgrades or to totally new generation applications, with dynamically updated documentation and interaction models to match the changes. Automatic and semi-automatic task modelling forms an additional important area of work within this project. The system has been evaluated. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/isolde-Archit2.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.cmis.csiro.au/iit/Projects/Isolde/index.htm<br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| ISOLDE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BinstedRitchie94, BinsteadRitchie96<br />
| Binsted, Ritchie<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| JAPE<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| jokes<br />
| <br />
| JAPE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RambowKorelsky92<br />
| Rambow, Korelsky<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| JOYCE<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| JOYCE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mauldin:1984<br />
| Mauldin<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1984<br />
| English<br />
| KAFKA<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAFKA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ClineNutter94<br />
| Cline<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| KALOS<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KALOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt85-AI, Appelt88-plan<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| KAMP<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MannMoore81<br />
| Mann, Moore<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| KDS<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs87-nlgw<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| KING<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| KING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Kiss B.V.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Dutch, English, German, French<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| FG?<br />
| <br />
| DB and OO descriptions<br />
|<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peters93-kleist, Peters-etal91<br />
| Peters, Rutz, Siegel, Novak, Hoeppner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, Japanese<br />
| Kleist<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Kleist<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LesterPorter97<br />
| Lester, Porter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| KNIGHT<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biology<br />
| <br />
| KNIGHT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BatemanTeich95, Alexa-etal94-sant, Alexa-etal96-ercim, Teich99-dis, Teich-etal96, Degand96-enlgw<br />
| Bateman, Teich, Maier, Wanner, Henschel, Degand<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Dutch<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| KOMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman97-jle, Bateman-etal99-aai, Bateman-etal91-ijcai, BatemanSharoff98<br />
| Bateman, Matthiessen, Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Czech, Russian, Bulgarian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, independent<br />
| KPML<br />
| large-scale multilingual generation and development environment<br />
| <nowiki>The KPML system is an ongoing development drawing on over a decade of experience in large-scale grammar development work for natural language generation (NLG). It is currently maintained at the University of Bremen, Faculty of Linguistics and Literature. The system is a graphically-based development environment for the construction, maintenance, and use of large-scale grammars written with the framework of Systemic-Functional Linguistics.<P> KPML offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation.Grammars have been developed using KPML for a variety of languages including English, German, Dutch, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Bulgarian, and Czech. Many of these grammars are freely available for further research and development work within the NLG community. The English grammar is the very large Nigel grammar under development since the early 1980s in the Penman project at USC/ISI, Los Angeles. <P> A variety of configurations of KPML are available, suitable for use both by absolute beginners in a teaching environment and by large-scale grammar work. The variations are summarised on the main KPML page. KPML is written in ANSI Common Lisp, with the graphical interface in the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). The source code may be compiled and installed in full using commercial Common Lisp products supporting Common Lisp and CLIM under Unix and Windows. There are also standalone executable images available for Windows systems that may be downloaded and used without compilation and without requiring an additional Lisp software licence. </nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/kpml<br />
| independent<br />
| Penman<br />
| KPML<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal92<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, French<br />
| LFS<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| LFS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98<br />
| Klabbers, Theune, Krahmer<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch, English<br />
| LGM<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| LGM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak91, DobesNovak91<br />
| Novak, Dobes<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German, English<br />
| LILOG<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| LILOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Copestake02<br />
| Copestake<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| LKB<br />
| General workbench for typed feature grammar formalisms, including a tactical generation component<br />
| <nowiki>The LKB system is a grammar and lexicon development environment for use with constraint-based linguistic formalisms. The LKB software is distributed by the LinGO initiative, a loosely-organized consortium of research groups working on unification-based grammars and processing schemes. The download page for the LKB system and other available LinGO software and grammars is http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp. <P>The LinGO English Resource Grammar (with associated lexicons and so on) may be downloaded from http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp as erg.tgz. Note that it requires at least 250 MBytes of RAM to run with the LKB. No documentation for the ERG is available at this time (other than the source file comments). <P>The LKB system includes a tactical generation capability.<P>The LKB system is Open Source and there is no registration process. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~aac/lkb.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| LKB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Block91<br />
| Block, Gehrke, Hunze, Schachtl, Schmid, Zünkler<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| LKP<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/lkp.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| LKP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smith-etal94<br />
| Garigliano, Smith, Morgan<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Lolita<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Lolita<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal97-magic<br />
| McKeown, Feiner, Jordan, Dalal, Pan, Shaw, Zhou, Chen, Concepcion<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| MAGIC<br />
| Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data<br />
| MAGIC (Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data) is a real-time multimedia presentation system in the medical domain which generates concise and fluent spoken reports by incorporating prosody modeling for speech and advance linguistic constructions such as right-node raising and ellipsis.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| FUF<br />
| MAGIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal88<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| MARWORDS<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MARWORDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchanan-etal92<br />
| Buchanan, Moore, Foresythe, Banks, Ohlsson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
| health explanations<br />
| health explanations<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii-etal98<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii, Hasida, Noda<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English, French, Japanese<br />
| MIKE<br />
| automatic soccer commentary system<br />
| MIKE is an automatic commentary system that generates a commentary of a simulated soccer game in English, French and Japanese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| MIKE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Frenger98<br />
| Murray<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://sourceforge.net/projects/mind/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner94<br />
| Turner<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
| A story generator<br />
| A story generator<br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| story generation<br />
|<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Callaway-etal98, Towns-etal98, Daniel-etal99<br />
| Callaway, Daniel, Lester, Bares, Towns<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
| employs both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| A multilingual generation component within a learning environment employing both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| learning<br />
| FUF<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yao-etal98<br />
| Yao, Zhang, Wang<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| MLWFA<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MLWFA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie-etal97, Lavoie-etal96<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow, Reiter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/research/modex/index.shtml<br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede99-book, Stede98-cl, Stede96-enlgw, Stede96-phd<br />
| Stede<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| MOOSE<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| manuals<br />
| Penman, KPML<br />
| MOOSE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Androutsopoulos-etal01, Dimitromanolaki-etal01, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg, Isard-etal2003<br />
| Androutsopoulos, Kokkinaki, Dimitromanolaki, Calder, Oberlander, Not , O'Donnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English, Greek, Italian, Spanish<br />
| M-PIRO<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments.<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments. M-PIRO stands for "multilingual personalised information objects".<br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/mpiro/<br />
| museums<br />
| <br />
| M-PIRO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Spyns-etal97<br />
| Spyns, Deprez, Van Tichelen, Van Coile<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| MTS<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| 2001-11-10<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| MTS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zeng95-pacling, Matthiessen-etal95, Zeng93, Zeng96-phd<br />
| Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, Chinese<br />
| MulTex<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| MulTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch98-multimeteo, Coch98-inlg, Coch-etal99, Coch99-gat<br />
| Coch, Chevreau<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch<br />
| Multimeteo<br />
| in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts<br />
| <nowiki>in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts. URL of the operational site is <A href = http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html>http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| [http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm]<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Multimeteo<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McDonald80, Meteer-etal87<br />
| McDonald, Meteer<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak:1986, Novak:1988-book, Novak:1987, NeumannNovak86<br />
| Novak<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| NAOS<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| NAOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Becker-etal92<br />
| Strobel<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| NAUDA<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/nauda.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| NAUDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KnightHatzivassiloglou95, LangkildeKnight98<br />
| Knight, Hatzivassiloglou, Langkilde<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FroelichRiet97, Froelich98<br />
| Frölich<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| NLG(db)<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| NLG-DB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RubinoffFainLehman94<br />
| Rubinoff, Lehman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| NL-Soar<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NL-Soar<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jablonski88<br />
| Jablonski et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| NUGGET<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NUGGET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Aguado-etal98, GalindoAguado01<br />
| Aguado, Gómez-Pérez, Bateman<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Spanish<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| ontology<br />
| KPML<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRosis-etal99<br />
| de Rosis, Grasso, Berry<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| OPADE<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| OPADE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cohen78, Cohen81<br />
| Cohen<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| OSCAR<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| OSCAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vanZanten-etal98, Nederhof-etal97<br />
| van Noord, Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sima'an, Bonnema<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| OVIS<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| OVIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout77<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| OWL<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| OWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fiedler01-ijcai, Fiedler01-ijcar, Fiedler01-phd, Fiedler99<br />
| Fiedler<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| P.rex<br />
| an interactive, user-adaptive proof explanation system<br />
| <nowiki>P.rex is an interactive proof explanation system that adapts its explanations to the user and flexibly reacts to his questions or requests.<P><H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex/figures/architecture.jpg> <P>As a generic system, P.rex can be connected to different theorem provers, namely by means of the formal language TWEGA for specifying proofs and mathematical theories. Mathematical theories are organized in a hierarchical knowledge base. Each theory in it may contain, for example, axioms, definitions, and theorems along with proofs. A proof of a theorem can be represented hierarchically in TWEGA such that the various levels of abstraction are made explicit. <P>The central component of the system is the dialog planner. It is implemented in ACT-R, a goal-directed production system that aims to model human cognition. In ACT-R, declarative and procedural representations of knowledge are explicitly separated into the declarative memory and the procedural production rule base. The plan operators of the dialog planner are defined in terms of productions and the discourse plan is represented in the declarative memory. <P>The dialog plan is passed on through the sentence planner to the surface realizer. Currently, we use a derivate of PROVERB's sentence planner to plan the internal structure of the sentences, which are then realized by the surface realizer TAG-GEN. <P> The uttered sentences are finally displayed on the user interface. It also allows the user to enter remarks, requests and questions anytime. An analyzer receives the user's interactions and passes them on to the dialog planner. In the current stage, we use a simplistic analyzer that understands a small set of predefined interactions. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex<br />
| proofs<br />
| PROVERB, TAG-GEN<br />
| P.rex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finney-etal:1987<br />
| de Finney et al.<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| PARDA<br />
| generation of arguments<br />
| System for the generation of arguments.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| PARDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ebert-etal96, Porzel-etal2002<br />
| Ebert, Jansche, Klabunde, Porzel<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| PAROLE<br />
| generates addressee-oriented spatial descriptions<br />
| (partner-oriented linguistic explicating): The system generates spatial descriptions. It is an example for cognitive modeling, because the choice which point of view the system should take to determine spatial directions is based on several empirical studies on addressee-orientation in speaking. Furthermore, the system generates certain hypotheses on viewpoint-taking if some features of the addressee (like his/her position within the spatial environment, his cognitive competence etc.) are known. <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spatial descriptions<br />
|<br />
| PAROLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colby75<br />
| Colby<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| Parry<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| Parry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sheremetyeva-etal96, SheremetyevaNirenburg96<br />
| Sheremetyeva, Nirenburg<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
| generates patent claims<br />
| generates patent claims concerning devices on the basis of knowledge elicitation where the user selects objects and relations from an ontology<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| patents<br />
| <br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Granville83<br />
| Granville<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| PAUL<br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hovy88-book, Hovy87-JPrag<br />
| Hovy<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PAULINE<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAULINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moore89-thesis, MooreSwartout90-catalina<br />
| Moore<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PEA<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| Penman<br />
| PEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Milosavljevic99-phd, MilosavljevicDale96, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Milosavljevic97, Milosavljevic-etal96<br />
| Milosavljevic, Dale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links<br />
| <nowiki>Peba-II is an on-line animal encyclopedia which produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as world wide web pages. The Peba system contains information about hundreds of animals, but it has more information about Australian Monotremes (the Echidna and Platypus) and Marsupials (such as the Kangaroo, Koala and Wombat). There is also a lot of information on the cat family (Lion, Cheetah, Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard etc), and lots of other mammals like the Alligator, Porcupines (American and African), Elephants (African and Indian), Rabbit, Baboon, Gorilla, Plains Zebra, Goat, Sheep, and so on.<P>The system produces descriptions and comparisons of animals by using underlying representation of information, similar to a database. The web pages you are given do not exist on the server, but are dynamically created as and when you ask for information. Because the descriptions are created by a system, the system can adapt the descriptions to your particular knowledge or experience. The system thus produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-04<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
| animal comparisons<br />
|<br />
| Peba-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bullock94-msc<br />
| Bullock<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system, devised by the Medical Informatics Group at the University of Manchester. The system produces texts describing the contents of the medical records.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MatthiessenBateman91, MannMatthiessen85-benson, Hovy-etal92-nlgw, Hovy93-AI, Matthiessen90-coling, MannMatthiessen83, Kasper89-spl, Matthiessen88-inquiries<br />
| Mann, Matthiessen, Hovy, Kasper, Bateman, Whitney, Albano, Poulton, O'Donnell<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| PENMAN<br />
| Portable systemic generator for domain-independent large-scale text generation <br />
| Penman was the major text generation project established by William C. Mann in the early 1980s. Within this project were developed resources such as the very large Nigel grammar of English and several approaches to text planning that came to define some of the standard approaches in the field.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PENMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finkler97-phdbook<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| PERFECTION<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PERFECTION<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs85<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| PHRED<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PHRED<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beale96<br />
| Beale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Picard<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Picard<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Binsted-etal95, Cawsey-etal96-ecai, Cawsey-etal95-dagstuhl<br />
| Cawsey, Binsted, Bental, Jones, Carter, Grasso<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records<br />
| PIGLIT (personalized patient education): a system for generating personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records so as to help patients understand them<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/pigtext.html<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| PIGLIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KreyssNovak90<br />
| Kreyss, Novak<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| PIT<br />
| text planning<br />
| text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal94-plandoc<br />
| McKeown, Kukich, Shaw<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| telecom<br />
| FUF<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Waltz, Waltz76-PLANES<br />
| Waltz, Finin, Green, Conrad, Goodman, Hadden<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PLANES<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PLANES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Neumann, van Noord<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German, Dutch<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/playmobild.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beurer91, Zadrozny93<br />
| Beurer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| PLNLP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele-etal90-coling<br />
| Momma, Zajac, Emele<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polygloss<br />
| typed-unification-based generation<br />
| Typed-unification-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TFS<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Polygloss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerNeumann89, Finkler89<br />
| Finkler, Neumann<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger91, Reithinger87-gwai<br />
| Reithinger<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FascianoLapalme2000, FascianoLapalme96<br />
| Fasciano, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| French<br />
| PostGraphe<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PostGraphe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal98-realities, Milosavljevic-etal98-highway<br />
| Green, Dale, Williams<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Power<br />
| another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects<br />
| Another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects. Original prototype based on Peba-II. Final system closely resembling ILEX in output although more like Peba in architecture.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| template<br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/~peba/Power/system.html<br />
| museums<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| Power<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal98-iui, Andre-etal93-ppp<br />
| André, Müller, Rist<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| PPP<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| PPP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gulla96, Gulla93, GullaWillumsen93, Gulla-etal91<br />
| Gulla<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PPP<br />
| An explanation generation facility for knowledge validation in computer-aided software engineering<br />
| A system that uses rhetorical strategies for the generation of explanation of dynamic and other information within a CASE (computer-assisted software engineering) system, all collectively called PPP. <br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| CASE models<br />
|<br />
| PPP-case<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson-etal94<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| PRACMA<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRACMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre95-book<br />
| André<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| PREPLAN<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PREPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie98<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Presentor<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Presentor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GagnonLapalme96<br />
| Gagnon, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dik96, Dik92<br />
| Dik<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| ProfGlot<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ProfGlot<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Project Reporter<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive GANNT chart applet. Commercially available over the web since 3/99.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter/<br />
| Commercial<br />
| <br />
| Project Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adorni87<br />
| Adorni<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| Promethius<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Promethius<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PROSENET <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROSENET <br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nicolov-etal96, NicolovMellish99-englw, Nicolov-etal97-ranlp<br />
| Nicolov et al.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| DTG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Davey78<br />
| Davey<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| game commentary<br />
|<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HuangFiedler97, HuangFiedler96<br />
| Fiedler, Huang<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| PROVERB<br />
| natural language presention of machine-found proofs<br />
| PROVERB is a system presenting machine-found proofs in natural language. It is embedded in the interactive proof development environment OMEGA. Settled between automated theorem proving (ATP) and natural language generation (NLG), PROVERB uses techniques of both these fields. In order to present proofs in a way as they can be found in mathematical textbooks, PROVERB first transforms and abstracts resolution proofs or natural deduction proofs to so-called assertion level proofs, which abstract from the basic calculus inference rules. Here, most justifications are in terms of the application of a definition, a lemma, or a theorem, which are collectively called assertions. Assertion level proofs are then verbalized in English using NLG techniques. First, a macroplanner determines the order and content of the information to be conveyed. Then, a microplanner plans the internal structure of the paragraphs and sentences. Finally, the surface sentences are produced by the system TAG-GEN. Furthermore, PROVERB allows for the automatic creation of a LaTeX document from the English proof. <br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~afiedler/<br />
| formal proofs<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| PROVERB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lehnert78-book<br />
| Lehnert<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| QUALM<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| QUALM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal00-rags, Cahill-etal01, RAGS-intro-01, Cahill-etal99, rags99<br />
| Mellish, Scott, Evans, Doran, Tipper, Cahill, Paiva, Reape<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| ''independent''<br />
| RAGS<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/rags/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| RAGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kittredge-etal86-coling<br />
| Kittredge et al.<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| French, English<br />
| RAREAS<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| RAREAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LavoieRambow97-realpro<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| RealPro<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| RealPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Codd, Codd77<br />
| Codd<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB<br />
| <br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal01<br />
| Cahill, Evans, Paiva, Scott, Power, Carroll, van Deemter<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| RICHES<br />
| Instructional texts for patients<br />
| Generates instructional texts for using different medicine delivery methods from rhetorical plans<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| RICHES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen97<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Dutch<br />
| ROIS<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| segment grammar<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| ROIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy86<br />
| McCoy<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| ROMPER<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ROMPER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harvey98<br />
| Harvey, Carberry<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| RTPI<br />
| integration and aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| RTPI (Rule-based Text Plan Integrator): integration, aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9805010<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| RTPI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RothHefley93<br />
| Roth, Hefley<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| SAGE<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| SAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sibun91, Sibun91-phd<br />
| Sibun<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Salix<br />
| generates extended texts in domains including house layouts and family relations.<br />
| Salix incrementally generates extended texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter, in several domains including house layouts and family relations. The code still works.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| house layouts<br />
|<br />
| Salix<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| Carbonell et al.<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching geography<br />
|<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Verret-etal99<br />
| Vigneux, Marcoux, Verret<br />
| 1991<br />
| 2000<br />
| French, English<br />
| Scribe<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). The system is deployed across Canada, but its acceptance and use is regionally dependent (same could be said for FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/cmc/bibliotheque/PREVISIONS/f_9_2.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Scribe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlexanderssonPoller98-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000, Reithinger-etal2000<br />
| Alexandersson, Engel, Kipp, Poller, Reithinger<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, German<br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~janal<br />
| summary<br />
| <br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner88<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| SEMSYN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner87<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SemTex<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| SemTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann95-sereal<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| SeReal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SeReal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Winograd72<br />
| Winograd<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
| description of a microworld (cubes, blocks)<br />
| <nowiki>The pioneer system capable of answering questions and moving objects within a microworld consisting of variously coloured cubes, blocks, pyramids, and so on. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in an interactive English dialog. The system contains a parser, a recognition grammar of English, programs for semantic analysis, and a general problem solving system. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carrying them out. From the generation perspective the interest of the system lies in its dialog capabilities, particularly, for example, the ability to initiate clarification dialogs when references were not clear. Knowledge in the system is represented in the form of procedures, rather than tables of rules or lists of patterns. The system showed natural language, planning and actions working together for the first time in a complete system and would still give some current systems a run for their money! <P>A 'recreation' of SHRDLU has now been prepared by the <A HREF=http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/shrdlu.html>Semaphore corporation</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-11-23<br />
| <br />
| http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/shrdlu/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dilley-etal92<br />
| Dilley, Thiel, Tissen, Bateman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SIC!<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Penman<br />
| SIC!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Driedger-etal2000<br />
| Driedger<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
| Siren<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Siren<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Patten88-book, Patten86<br />
| Patten<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SLANG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SLANG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wahlster2006, Wahlster01, Wahlster2003-fusion<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2006<br />
| German<br />
| SmartKom<br />
| A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology.<br />
| <nowiki>A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology. This should include substantial presentation design components, involving natural language as one of several output modalities. <H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://smartkom.dfki.de/image/archi_eng.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2008-01-10<br />
| <br />
| http://smartkom.dfki.de/eng/start_en.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SmartKom<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herzog:1989, Andre-etal88-soccer<br />
| Herzog, André, Rist, Bosch<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| SOCCER<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| SOCCER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hitzeman-etal99<br />
| Hitzeman, Oberlander, Taylor<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| SOLE<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sole.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SOLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teich-etal97-specom, Grote-etal96, Grote-etal97-speak, HagenStein96, Speak-description98, Stein98-speakeval<br />
| Bateman, Stein, Hagen, Teich, Grote, Thiel<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| metadialog<br />
| KPML<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kosseim-etal96, KosseimLapalme2000<br />
| Kosseim, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| SPIN<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pollack:1986<br />
| Pollack<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SPIRIT<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SPIRIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meteer92-anlp, Meteer90-catalina<br />
| Meteer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| StoneDoran97, StoneDoran96, Stone-etal2000<br />
| Stone, Doran<br />
| 1997<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SPUD<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| SPUD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ReiterDale2000<br />
| Dale et al.<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| StockReporter<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data: StockReporter takes numeric data that describes the performance of a particular stock produces from this data, given an user-specified Reporting Period, a textual summary that describes how the stock performed over that reporting period. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| StockReporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal03-ai, Lennox:bmj01, Reiter-etal97-content, Reiter-etal99, Reiter:cl00, Reiter:nlg00, Reiter:acl01, Reiter-etal97-ewnlg, ReiterOsman97<br />
| Reiter, Robertson, Osman, Lennox<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| STOP<br />
| Generates personalized smoking-cessation letters<br />
| <nowiki>The STOP (Smoking Termination with cOmputerised Personalisation) system generates personalized smoking-cessation letters. The aims of the project are: <UL><LI>To develop a computer system for generating tailored letters to help people stop smoking<LI> To research knowledge acquisition (KA) techniques to acquire text-planning and sentence-planning rules from domain experts <LI>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the computer generated letters in a general practice setting<LI>To evaluate the cost effectiveness of this brief smoking cessation intervention</UL>The system evaluation has now been completed.<P>An online demo of the system can be reached <A href=http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/onlineQ.htm>here.</A></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop<br />
| medical, smoking cessation<br />
|<br />
| STOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CallawayLester95, CallawayLester97, Callaway01, Callaway00-phd, CallawayLester01-ijcai, CallawayLester01-cogsci<br />
| Callaway, Lester<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| StoryBook<br />
| Multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain<br />
| StoryBook produces multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain at the deep structure level using the FUF/SURGE surface realizer. It follows a standard pipelined architecture for generating English and (to a lesser extent) Spanish. The English component includes revision, a discourse history, and limited lexical choice. StoryBook underwent a comprehensive evaluation in March 2000.<br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/callaway/<br />
| little red-riding hood<br />
| FUF, SURGE<br />
| StoryBook<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Robin96, Robin94-phd, Robin93<br />
| Robin, McKeown<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| STREAK<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| baseball<br />
| FUF<br />
| STREAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SaggionLapalme2000<br />
| Lapalme, Saggion<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Summum<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| abstracting<br />
| <br />
| Summum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sripada-etal01-ka, Sripada-etal01-weather, Yu-etal2002-gas, Yu-etal01-sumtime, ReiterSripada2002-inlg, Sripada-etal2002-corpus, ReiterSripada-fc-cl, Sripada-etal2002-weather, Sripada:enlg01, ReiterSripada-2004-inlg, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter, Sripada, Yu, Hunter<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime<br />
| English summary descriptions of time-series data sets<br />
| <nowiki>Our goal is to develop technology for producing English summary descriptions of a time-series data set. Currently there are many visualisation tools for time-series data, but techniques for producing textual descriptions of time-series data are much less developed. ... <P>From a natural-language generation perspective, we expect to focus on lexicalisation and user-modelling. For example, we need to write rules which determine when a particular data set can be described as "rising"; prototype or exemplar models of word meaning may be useful here. We also need to define user models which allow us to decide what information should be communicated in a space-limited text, given the huge number of things that could be said about a particular data set. This should be a very exciting project for anyone interested in the challenge of generating good English texts from non-linguistic input data.<P>To take a concrete example, consider the following extract from a (real-life) weather report: <blockquote>Saturday will be yet another generally dull day with early morning mist or fog and mainly cloudy skies being prevalent. There will be the odd bright spell here and there, but it will feel rather damp with patches of mainly light rain to be found across many parts, especially the west and south.</blockquote> This was produced by a human forecaster from an underlying data set (generated by numerical modelling and prediction techniques) which gave predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest. The underlined phrases are some of the places where the human forecaster has used short textual summaries to describe this complex data. Our goal is to be able to perform similar types of summarisation in a computer system. That is, for example, to take raw data on cloud cover and solar flux over course of a day, and from this produce a phrase such as odd bright spell here and there. This involves research in both time-series analysis (to detect patterns and phenomena in the data) and natural-language generation (to decide how to best describe these patterns and phenomena in language). </nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime<br />
| weather, gas turbines<br />
|<br />
| SumTime<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| YoudMcGlashan92<br />
| McGlashan<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kraus02, Hueske-Kraus2003<br />
| Kraus<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German<br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
| Medical document generation<br />
| <nowiki>A system for the generation of medical documents such as findings, surgical reports or referral letters. SUREGEN-2 uses a hybrid approach, combining canned text phrases (with variables) and bottom up generation. It includes<UL><LI>a (simple, though sufficient) surface generator<LI> a predefined, rudimentary but open ontology for medicine<LI> mechanisms for conceptual and sentence aggregation<LI> a mechanism for referring expressions<LI> a feature for the quite frequent (in medicine) enumerative phrases<LI> a module for generation based on semantic functions (recurring semantic constellations)<LI>a simple mechanism for dealing with synonymity, antonymity and cohyponyms, mainly used for aggregation</UL><P>A standalone demo version of the system is available for download <A HREF=http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip>here</A>. The demo requires some facility with Common Lisp. The system will be used within a larger application context and will be in 'part of a larger enterprise which will be in routine use in our hospital by DEC 2002' (Dirk Kraus, email, 4.Nov.02).</nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.suregen.de/ http://www.suregen.de]<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad, Robin<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| SURGE<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| FUF<br />
| SURGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Luckhardt83<br />
| Luckhardt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| Susy<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Susy<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann88, Busemann:1987<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| SUTRA<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| GPSG<br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| SUTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zock89<br />
| Zock<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SWIM<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching French<br />
|<br />
| SWIM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nogier91<br />
| Nogier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SYLAE<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SYLAE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Abb-etal93, Abb-etal96-synphonics, Guenter-etal95<br />
| Abb, Günther, Herweg, Lebeth, Maienborn, Schopp<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| Synphonics<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| Synphonics<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harbusch-etal91<br />
| Finkler, Harbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, English<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme; used in WIP and EFFENDI<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/tag-gen.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris93, Cecile-user-CL88, CECILE-STRATEGIES<br />
| Paris<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TAILOR<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUG<br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| TAILOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| talespin, Meehan80<br />
| Meehan<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RoesnerStede94-coling, RoesnerStede92-techdoc-pub<br />
| Rösner, Stede, Grote<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman, SEMSYN<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt82-acl<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klenner91<br />
| Klenner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| TELOS<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2001-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TELOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Schilder93<br />
| Schilder<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus-Hor:97<br />
| Busemann, Horacek<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| German, French, English, Portuguese<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo<br />
| environment<br />
| TG/2<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bunt87<br />
| Bunt<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| TENDUM<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TENDUM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TEXNET<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TEXNET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Maybury<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| English<br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown82-ACL<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| TEXT<br />
| use of schemata for determining content & text structure<br />
| use of schemata for determining content and text structure<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchin99<br />
| Buchin, Schmerl<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| TextPro<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-01-01<br />
| Template<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TextPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann96, Busemann98-bremen, Busemann99, Wein96<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| TG/2<br />
| shallow generation component using generalized templates<br />
| <nowiki>TG/2 stands for a new generation of template-based generators. The system is organized as a classical production system, separating the generation rules from their interpreter. Generation rules are defined as condition-action pairs. They can represent not only templates but also context-free grammar rules, using category symbols. Integrating these rule types into a single formalism allows for a shallow modelling of language where this proves sufficient, or for more fine-grained models whenever necessary. The interpreter consists of the standard three-step processing cycle: determine the set of applicable rules, select one from this set, and execute it. The TG/2 system is used in the generators TEMSIS and COSMA. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/tg2-e.gif><P></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-06<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/~busemann/more-tg2.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| TG/2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EdgarPelletier93<br />
| Edgar, Pelletier<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| THINKER<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| THINKER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller98<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| ThoughtTreasure generator<br />
| Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined<br />
| <nowiki>Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined. Under development since 1994, ThoughtTreasure is a comprehensive platform for natural language processing (English and French) and commonsense reasoning. ThoughtTreasure contains a database of 25, 000 concepts organized into a hierarchy. For example, <tt>Evian</tt> is a type of <tt>flat-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>drinking-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>beverage</tt>, which is a type of <tt>food</tt>, and </nowiki><nowiki>so on. <p> Each concept has one or more English and French approximate synonyms, for a total of 55, 000 words and phrases. For example, associated with the <tt>food</tt> concept are the English words <em>food</em> and <em>foodstuffs</em> and the French words <em>aliment</em> and <em>nourriture</em> (and others). <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 50, 000 assertions about concepts, such as: a <tt>green-pea</tt> is a <tt>seed-vegetable</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is <tt>green</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is part of a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt>, and a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt> is found in a typical grocery store. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains about 100 scripts, or computer-understandable descriptions of typical activities such as going to a restaurant or birthday party. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 70, 000 lines of C code implementing: <ul> <li> text agents for recognizing words, phrases, names, and phone numbers, <li> mechanisms for learning new words, <li> a syntactic parser, <li> a natural language generator, <li> a semantic parser for producing a surface-level understanding of a sentence, <li> an anaphoric parser for resolving pronouns, <li> planning agents for achieving goals on behalf of simulated actors, and <li> understanding agents for producing a more detailed understanding of a discourse. </ul> <P>The ThoughtTreasure system was developed by Erik Mueller under the guide of the company Signiform. Signiform was founded in 1997; it shut down business in 2000.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/tt.htm<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| ThoughtTreasure<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris-etal01-um, Lu-etal2000-tiddler<br />
|<br />
| 1999<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Tiddler<br />
| Personalized travel guides<br />
| <nowiki>Tiddler is a prototype system for delivering tailored information to users. Tiddler combines structured information from databases with text from existing web pages to deliver information tailored both to the user and the delivery medium. <P> The information is tailored for delivery to a full-featured web browser or a hand held device like a personal organiser. As screen size decreases, there is a need to reformat information while preserving meaning and clarity. Tiddler is designed to automate this process. Tiddler technology is applicable in any situation where tailoring of information from diverse sources is required to deliver value-added services to customers </nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-31<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.ted.cmis.csiro.au/proj/Tiddler/<br />
| tourism<br />
| <br />
| Tiddler<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey-etal2000<br />
| Cawsey, Bental, Jones<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TIGGER<br />
| Time-based Explanation Generation includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| TIGGER (Time-based Explanation Generation Gives Explanatory Relevance) is an extension over PIGLIT that includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/nlgtalk.html<br />
| medical<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| TIGGER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies using the same technology as the ILEX museum explorer<br />
| 2002-10-13<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/whisky/Web/<br />
| whisky<br />
| ILEX<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Webber-etal97<br />
| Webber, Carberry, Clarke, Gertner, Harvey, Rymon, Washington<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TraumGen<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TraumGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Somers-etal97-tree<br />
| Somers<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| TREE<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| job adverts<br />
| <br />
| TREE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrOlsen96, DorrGaasterland94<br />
| Dorr, Olsen, Gaasterland<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| Unitran<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LCS<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Unitran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Schütz, Becker<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing?<br />
| EU<br />
| UNL<br />
| An international cooperation to provide information on the internet in the languages of the members of the United Nations<br />
| The UNL project is a large scale international cooperation with the goal to provide information on the internet in all national languages of the members of the United Nations. The United Nations University (UNU) in Tokyo which leads the project has developed a single representation language ``Universal Networking Language'' (UNL). Source language specific analysis components will automatically transfer texts into a UNL representation from which target language specific generation components can generate text in all languages. These generation components will be available as plug-ins for WWW-browsers. This approach reduces the enormous translation task to a one-time analysis into a UNL document and the subsequent utilization of a generator for the selected target language.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/services/NLG/IUI-generation/unl-e.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| UNL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MaierReithinger95, Reithinger-etal95, Maier-etal97-clarif, Alexandersson-etal97-vm197, Alexandersson-etal98-vm226<br />
| Maier, Reithinger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| VERBMOBIL:dialog<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Verbmobil-dialog<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchberger-etal91-dialog<br />
| Buchberger<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-DU<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-DU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BuchbergerHoracek88<br />
| Buchberger, Horacek<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis95-anldb<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| VINST<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VINST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HerzogWazinski94, Herzog:1989, Herzog-etal96, Herzog-etal98, Wahlster89-words, Herzog-etal93-vitra-conf, HerzogRist88<br />
| Herzog, Blocher, Gapp, Stopp, Wahlster, André, Rist, Nagel, Enkelmann, Zimmermann, Wazinski<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| VITRA<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions. VITRA: Visual Translator<br />
| 2002-01-04<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VITRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (I)<br />
| The generation task is solved by two modules. The microplanner decides about syntactic structures and word choice using constraint-satisfaction techniques. The syntactic generator uses a declarative grammar to produce a syntactically correct utterance. The generator's output is an (annotated) English utterance which is handed over to the speech synthesis component for articulation. The input to VM-GECO is a sequence of semantic representations for utterances in the target language. They have been produced by the transfer component of the VERBMOBIL system by mapping semantic representations for German or Japanese input utterances onto semantic structures for English.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/geco-sol-e<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| German, English, Japanese<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (II)<br />
| The generation component VM-GECO-II is based on declarative knowledge sources, such that the processing mechanisms can be used for several target languages. Just as in VM-GECO-I, the principle of off-line preprocessing is used to guarantee the consistency of knowledge sources of several generation components as well as to increase efficiency during on-line processing. For each target language an HPSG is used as basis for syntactic generation and is preprocessed off-line into a TAG.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/vmII-e<br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerKilger95, Becker-etal98<br />
| Becker, Finkler, Karbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| VM-GEM<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VM-GEM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell95-wag, ODonnell94<br />
| O'Donnell<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| WAG<br />
| a system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis<br />
| A system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis. The Sentence Generation component of this system generates single sentences from a semantic input. This semantic input could be supplied by a human user. Alternatively, the semantic input can be generated as the output of a multi-sentential text generation system, allowing such a system to use the WAG system as its realisation component. The sentence generator can thus be treated a black-box unit. Taking this approach, the designer of the multi-sentential generation system can focus on multi-sentential concerns without worrying about sentential issues.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.wagsoft.com/wag.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| WAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd-etal92-weathra<br />
| Sigurd, Willners, Eeg-Olofsson, Johansson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Swedish, English<br />
| Weathra<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Weathra<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Inui-etal92<br />
| Inui et al. <br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Japanese<br />
| WEIVER<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WEIVER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal93<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WIP<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| WIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Horacek93, Horacek-etal88-wisber<br />
| Horacek, Sprenger<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WISBER<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WISBER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zuckerman90<br />
| Zukerman<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching algebra<br />
|<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ZuckermanMcConachy95<br />
| Zuckerman, McConachy<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PowerScott98, Power99-enlgw, Power99-eacl, Scott99-ijcai, Piwek-etal99, Kibble-etal99, Power-etal98, Scott-etal98, vanDeemterPower98<br />
| Power, Evans<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
| What you see is what you meant': knowledge-editing with natural language generation<br />
| <nowiki>WYSIWYM aims to allow domain experts to encode their knowledge directly, by interacting with a feedback text, generated by the system, which presents the knowledge defined so far and the options for extending or revising it. Previous knowledge editors have provided a graphical interface so that users can interact with diagrams rather than writing code; WYSIWYM takes a step further, exploiting automatic text generation so that the user interacts with an ordinary natural language document rather than a relatively unfamiliar diagram.<P>The acronym means `What You See Is What You Meant'. The feedback text presented to the user (What You See) reveals the knowledge that has been encoded during the interaction so far (What You Meant). Documentation of knowledge bases becomes automatic, since the system is designed to produce a description in natural language of any knowledge base in any state of completion. The only limitation is that the knowledge base must conform to an ontology which from the user's point of view is fixed. If this ontology proves insufficient, it must be extended by a programmer; the user cannot add new concepts because the system would lack the linguistic resources to express them.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/WYSIWYM/wysiwym.html<br />
| knowledge editing<br />
|<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PiantaTovena99, Pianesi-etal99<br />
| Pianta, Tovena, Pianesi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| XIG<br />
| generates sentences from an interlingua content representation in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| C-STAR II generator producing sentences from an interlingua content representation (Cstar Interchange Format): target of Cstar project is to build a speech-to-speech translation system able to deal with spontaneous speech in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/<br />
| tourist info<br />
| <br />
| XIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout81<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| XPLAIN<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XPLAIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger87, Allgayer-etal89-xtra<br />
| Reithinger, Allgayer, Harbusch, Kobsa<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| XTRA<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stenzhorn2002-nlpxml, Stenzhorn2002-diplom<br />
| Stenzhorn<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| XtraGen<br />
| Template-based generation with XML and Java interfaces<br />
| XtraGen is a recently developed commercial software system for the flexible, real-time generation of natural language via sophisticated templates that can be easily integrated into real-world, industrial application environments through its open XML- and Java-based implementation and interfaces. A new library also allows to incorporate XtraGen in Java Server Pages directly with simple tags and no additional programming code. The actual generation kernel is founded in the fundamental ideas employed by TG/2 and other advanced template-based systems but incorporates a completely new and independent object-oriented design and implementation.<br />
| 2003-09-11<br />
| template<br />
| [http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html]<br />
|<br />
| TG/2<br />
| XtraGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Channarukul99, McRoy-etal2000, McRoy-etal99<br />
| McRoy, Channarukul, Ali<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| YAG<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://tigger.cs.uwm.edu/~nlkrrg<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| YAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gabriel88<br />
| Gabriel<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| YH<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| simulation<br />
| <br />
| YH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| VealeConway94<br />
| Veale, Conway<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Sign<br />
| Zardoz<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Zardoz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jung-etal89<br />
| Jung, Kresse, Reithinger, Schäfer<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| ZORA<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ZORA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BoyerLapalme85<br />
| Boyer, Lapalme<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BoyerLapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll:1980-teaching<br />
| Carroll<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching English<br />
|<br />
| Carroll<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cerbah92-coling, Cerbah92-ecai, Cerbah91, Cerbah92-avignon<br />
| Cerbah<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1992<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cerbah<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Danlos87, Danlos87-kempen<br />
| Danlos<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| French, English<br />
|<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Danlos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRoeckLowden86<br />
| de Roeck, Lowden<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| deRoeck<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fournier91<br />
| Fournier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Fournier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fraczak-etal98-subway, Lizogat2000, Fraczak98-phd, Fraczak-etal98-taln, FraczakLapalme99<br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1998<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| directions<br />
| <br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Friedman69<br />
| Friedman<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Friedman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GreenCarberry99-cl, GreenCarberry99, GreenCarberry95<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| The system generates indirect answers to Yes-No questions in English and was built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| conversational implicature, indirect answers, answers to Yes-No questions<br />
|<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HakkaniOflazer98, Hakkani-etal96<br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Harper et al.<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Harper-etal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herskovits73<br />
| Herskovitz<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Herskovitz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hoffman94, Hoffman95<br />
| Hoffman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hoffman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ishizaki1983, Ishizaki88<br />
| Ishizaki<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| Japanese<br />
| <br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| Ishizaki<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kalita89, KalitaShastri87, KalitaShende88<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business reports<br />
|<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| story generator<br />
| story generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein-stories<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KleinSimmons63<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1963<br />
| 1963<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Klein-coherence<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65-style<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts<br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts using the same set of dependency/Phrase-Structure rules with variant settings of rule probabilities for syntax and pronoun usage. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| Klein-para<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal79, Klein-etal73<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| program for generating murder mysteries on the basis of simulation data<br />
| The output texts were the output of a simulation program for generating murder mysteries in a relational calculus semantic notation. The logic included some 1st order logical quantification strategies. The output of each time frame of the simulation was sent to a generator that used semantic/syntactic production rules. The outputs described the events in the simulations as as they were taking place.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| murder mysteries<br />
|<br />
| Klein-mysteries<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal74, Klein-etal77, Klein-etal76<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1974<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale<br />
| <nowiki>An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, formulated in and generated by the Meta-symbolic Simulation system. Program listing included, with comments that references to page numbers in Propp's book. Also contains myth texts derived from a model of the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss', THE RAW AND THE COOKED. <P><B>Comments from the author</B><BR> The English version of the Propp model appeared first as the UWCS Technical Report in 1974. The 1974 Tech Report version is exactly the same as the one that appeared in the 1977 book. <P>For historical reasons, the 1974 tech report is significant-- in December 1974, I mailed a copy to Claude Lévi-Strauss, whom I had never met. This led to his obtaining a visiting post for me in Paris at L'Ecole des hautes études en Science Sociale in 1976-- to work on modelling the thought processes he used in producing Mythologiques.<P> A revised French version of the paper, with a revised Propp model and an revised model for generating the 'double twist' transformation in the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss' The Raw & the Cooked was published in 1976. Parts of this French version are in English: a. the full set of rules for the Propp model are listed, with explanatory comments in English. b. the texts of the generated Russian tales are in English.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-26<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kreyss94-phd<br />
| Kreyss<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kreyss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich:1987<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kukich<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeleroFont-Llitjos2001<br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| Spanish<br />
| <br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mellish:1986, MellishEvans89<br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Memmi79<br />
| Memmi<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Memmi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meunier97-phd<br />
| Meunier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Meunier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moghrabi:1980<br />
| Moghrabi<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| Moghrabi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mooney93, Mooney-etal91<br />
| Mooney<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| Mooney<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Namer89, Namer90<br />
| Namer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| French, Italian<br />
|<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| Namer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| OhRudnicky2000<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| stochastic<br />
| http://fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu/Communicator/papers/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ACLShapiro, Shapiro82-ajcl<br />
| Shapiro<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Shapiro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SimmonsSLOCUM<br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Simonin:1987<br />
| Simonin<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| economics<br />
| <br />
| Simonin<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karkaletsis-etal98, Spyropoulos-etal96<br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Greek<br />
| <br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tait85<br />
| Tait<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Tait<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wagner-etal99, Wagner-etal97-aime, Wagner-etal94, Wagner-etal95, Wagner-etal95-iccs, Rassinoux-etal98<br />
| Wagner, Solomon, Baud, Michel, Juge, Rector, Scherrer, Rassinoux<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
|<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation on the basis of the large-scale GALEN medical ontology, including both term and procedure generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Wagner-med<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wanner97-phd<br />
| Wanner<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wanner<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wilcock93-msc<br />
| Wilcock<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user<br />
| A demonstration protoype of an interactive generation system, in which inquiries concerning factors needed in the generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user. The necessary factors are used as an SFG network of choices, and the inquiries are based on felicity conditions for the appropriateness of the choices. The prototype system can be used for iterative revision of the generated sentences. This suggests an approach to knowledge-based post-editing.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/kit/2001s/ctl310gen/GW-MScThesis/thesis.html<br />
| interactive MT<br />
|<br />
| Wilcock<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wong75<br />
| Wong<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wong<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yang92, Yang98<br />
| Yang<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| <br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yang<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yngve61-random<br />
| Yngve<br />
| 1961<br />
| 1961<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yngve<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Murray2002-mind<br />
| Murray<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| Mind-1.1<br />
| Concept-based generation system comprising a miniature Mind<br />
| Tutorial AI in JavaScript for Microsoft Internet Explorer<br />
| 2002-12-21<br />
| <br />
| http://mind.sourceforge.net/jsaimind.html<br />
| software tutorial<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Mind<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lareau2002<br />
| Lareau <br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| French<br />
| Sentence Garden<br />
| A generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory<br />
| Sentence Garden is an experimental prototype generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory. The system is language-independent in theory, although only a fragment of description of a French lexicon and grammar has been developed for it so far. The lexicon it uses is the DiCo, a Meaning-Text dictionary that is developed at the U. of Montreal by Mel'cuk and Polguère.<br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/ling/olst/lareau<br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| SenGarden<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash00-oxygen, Habash2001, Habash-etal-2001, HabashDorr2001<br />
| Habash<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| independent<br />
| OxyGen<br />
| A language independent Linearization Engine<br />
| <nowiki>A language independent Linearization Engine. OxyGen takes an input expression in the form of the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) developed for the <a href=Nitrogen.htm > Nitrogen </a> generator and works out a linear ordering for the specified lexical items. The output of the linearization process is a word lattice. A language (oxyL) is specified for writing linearization rules. The linearization process is hybrid, combining symbolic and statistical information. The system has been used in machine translation efforts such as <a href=http://hanne.umiacs.umd.edu:11111/chinmt/ >ChinMT</a> and others from Bonnie Dorr.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Oxygen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Brun-etal2000-inlg, Dyetman-etal00-mda, BrunDymetman02-mda<br />
| Xerox: DCM (Document Content Models) at XRCE (Xerox Research Center Europe)<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French, German<br />
| MDA<br />
| Multilingual Document Authoring system<br />
| <nowiki>MDA (Multilingual Document Authoring) is an interactive natural language generation system which uses a unification grammar formalism for the specification of well-formedness conditions both on the semantics and on the surface realization of documents. The MDA project provides interactive tools, such as context-aware menus, for assisting monolingual writers in the production of multilingual documents. The author's choices have language-independent meanings (example: choosing between a solution and an emulsion in a drug description document), which are automatically rendered in any of the languages known to the system, along with their grammatical consequences on the surrounding text. Although the author is not explicitly following standards, the text produced by the system is implicitly controlled both:<UL><LI> Syntactically: the choice of the standard term for expressing a given notion is under system control, as is the choice between grammatical variants (such as active/passive sentences) for expressing a given information;</LI><LI>Semantically: the consequences of a choice somewhere are reflected across the whole document, the author cannot forget to provide some information that the system requires, dependencies between semantic parameters such as gender and pregnancy can be described.</LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/dcm<br />
| patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| MDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Ceusters<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Dutch, French<br />
| Anthem<br />
| Generation of medical diagnoses<br />
| <nowiki>The aim of the ANTHEM (Advanced Natural Language Interface for Multilingual Text Generation) project was to have ready in September 1996 an API for medical systems able to generate out of medical diagnosis sublanguage statements in French or Dutch, language independent representations of the utterances that will generate translations of the original input in Dutch, French or German, and to perform automatic encoding following the ICD-10 classification rules. A second aim of ANTHEM was to use the same sublanguage approach for the analysis of standardised medical diagnosis expressions such as those used in international classification systems in order to facilitate cross-mapping to other systems and a smooth transition from older to new versions.<P> ANTHEM undertook testing of the final prototypes in a real world environment. Validation of the prototypes were carried out from a threefold perspective: linguistically (by testing the performance of the various subsystems with respect to automatic encoding and translation), technically (by assessing the flexibility with which the APIs can be integrated in existing healthcare applications) and operationally (by allowing end-users to comment on the overall user-friendliness and practical performance of the system).</nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/detail.php?acronym=ANTHEM<br />
| healthcare, medical diagnoses<br />
|<br />
| Anthem<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Axelrod2000<br />
| Axelrod<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| flight information<br />
|<br />
| IBMflight<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roh-etal01<br />
| Roh, Kang, Lee<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| Korean<br />
| XEplainer<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| homeshopping<br />
|<br />
| XEplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Striegnitz2000, GardentThater01<br />
| Striegnitz, Gardent<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| InDiGen<br />
| Integrated generation from declarative grammar-semantics-goal specifications<br />
| <nowiki>The goal of this project is to develop an integrated approach to discourse and sentence planning which captures the interaction of discourse marker selection, ellipsis, and discourse structure. This project will focus on (a) empirical investigations and the formalization of the corresponding linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, and (b) the declarative modelling and implementation of those constraints by means of first order logic theorem proving and expressive concurrent constraint languages. <P> The system has an <B>online demo</B> at <A HREF=http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen/demo/>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2003-05-04<br />
| LTAG<br />
| http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen.html<br />
| general<br />
| SPUD<br />
| InDiGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ratnaparkhi01<br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Air travel reservation dialogue system<br />
| Explores a surface generation framework that allows a dynamic word re-ordering in the context of a conversational system. The system attempts to duplicate the use of "word re-ordering" in order to maximize their communicative effectiveness. The surface NLG module expresses new information differently from old information. The input to the system consists of attribute-value pairs, some mandatory, some optional. Generation is a carried out by a hybrid statistical and grammar-based process.<br />
| 2003-06-01<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| air travel<br />
| <br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilksBy2003<br />
| Wilks, By, Lee, Ballim<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| ViewGen<br />
| ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling being implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext as part of this overall project.<br />
| <nowiki>ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext and builds on a particular philosophical position concerning discourse and belief. <p> <strong>Extract from website: </strong> NLG systems often represent user-related information into a separate knowledge source, i.e., a user model. Typically, a user model will track some of user's beliefs, goals, interests, differences between a user's and system's beliefs, and nested beliefs (i.e., an agent's beliefs about other agent's beliefs). In our view, what is needed is an independent, powerful agent modelling component which can be used to support both understanding and generation. The advantage of using such a component is that potentially it could be reused between application domains and also between generators. Therefore we are now attempting to integrate ViewGen into a hypertext generation system. From that perspective, an important advantage of ViewGen is its account for common knowledge (i.e., default ascription) and stereotypes, as this will allow the modelling of different classes of users and tasks and the use of the most relevant one(s). In addition, the topic environments will restrict the search for relevant information to be included in the generated text. </nowiki><br />
| 2003-09-07<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/ http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/]<br />
| hypertext<br />
| <br />
| ViewGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrGaasterland02<br />
| Dorr, Gaasterland<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| CONGEN<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect. The system takes time-stamped dependency trees and derives appropriate temporal connectives. It is assumed to be embedded within a full generation system.<br />
| 2003-10-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MT<br />
| <br />
| ConGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| schnell02-umset-konzep-sprac<br />
| Schnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| Demosthenes<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation.<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation. The system is a concept-to-speech generation system containing stages adapted from Levelt's model of language production. Modules are present for all the major stages of language production and output containing fine-grained information about prosodic features is produced as final result. The system is implemented in Haskell and can produce output suitable for a variety of speech synthesis components. <br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| wine descriptions<br />
|<br />
| ex-Demosthenes<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gamon-etal02, Corston-Oliver-etal02, Smets-etal02<br />
| Gamon, Ringger, Corston-Oliver, Moore<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German, French, English<br />
| Amalgam<br />
| Amalgam is a sentence realization component based on data-driven, machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.<br />
| <nowiki>Amalgam is a novel system developed in the Natural Language Processing group at Microsoft Research for sentence realization during natural language generation. Sentence realization is the process of generating (“realizing”) a fluent sentence from a semantic representation. From the outset, the goal of the Amalgam project has been to build a sentence realization system in a data-driven fashion using machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.To date, we have implemented Amalgam for both German and French, with English in the works.<H3>Example of Amalgam input</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-input.jpg><H3>Example of Amalgam structural output</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-output.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| machine learning<br />
| [http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx]<br />
| technical manuals<br />
|<br />
| Amalgam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Piwek03-mnlg<br />
| Piwek<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| MNLG<br />
| NMLG: Multimodal Natural Language Generation module<br />
| <nowiki>NECA MNLG is a fully implemented Multimodal Natural Language Generation module. The MNLG is deployed as part of the NECA system which generates dialogues be-tween animated agents. The generation module supports the seamless integration of full grammar rules, templates and canned text. The generator takes input which allows for the specification of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic constraints on the output. <P>The input is processed in a pipeline that consists of the following modules in this order: <UL> <LI>A DIALOGUE PLANNER, which produces an abstract description of the dialogue (the dialogue plan). <LI>A MULTI-MODAL NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERA-TOR which specifies linguistic and non-linguistic real-izations for the dialogue acts in the dialogue plan. <LI>A SPEECH SYNTHESIS MODULE, which adds infor-mation for Speech. <LI>A GESTURE ASSIGNMENT MODULE, which controls the temporal coordination of gestures and speech. <UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-17<br />
| mixed<br />
| <br />
| animated interfaces<br />
|<br />
| MNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal2005-routes, Dale-etal2003-coral, Dale-etal2002-coral, Geldof2003-enlgw, GeldofDale-2002<br />
| Dale, Geldof, Prost<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| Coral<br />
| Automatic generation of navigational route descriptions<br />
| Route directions have been the subject of extensive research in various areas, including cognitive science, psychology, artificial intelligence and natural language generation. Our primary perspective is that of natural language generation. Thus our aim is to investigate in how far natural language generation technology can improve the efficiency of automatically generated route descriptions. The current technological context allows for information delivery in the physical context of usage via mobile devices. This is particularly relevant for instructional discourse, such as route descriptions.<br />
| 2008-04-12<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html]<br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Coral<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KranzdorfGrefahn92-itex<br />
| Kranzdorf, Grefahn<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ITEX<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning that investigates the flexible relationship between macrostructure and microstructure. Surface generation is done with an LFG-based generator.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| LFG-f<br />
| ITEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DoerreMomma87-gwai, MommaDoerre87<br />
| Dörre, Momma<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Generation from LFG f-structures<br />
| A method for generating sentences from LFG f-structures<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LFG-f<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| reitter04-mug, Reitter-etal2004-ui<br />
| Reitter<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| MUG<br />
| Multimodal functional unification generation<br />
| When grammar-based techniques for natural language generation (and analysis alike) find their way into collaborative projects or actual application, big grammars tend to become hard to extend and debug. The MUG system represents a new tool set with a graphical debugging environment for functional unification grammars, which is designed to help grammar developers inspect the results of their work. The particular formalism supported is Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar, which is similar to Functional Unification Grammars, but supports several coordinated modes, such as voice prompts or structural and/or language-based screen displays. For each input description, the grammar can generate a range of coherent realization variants, which are ranked by a scoring function in order to optimize the output towards situational and device-related factors.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| FUG<br />
| [http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html]<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| MUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benamara-2004-inlg<br />
| Benamara<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English, French<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
| Logic-based model for question answering<br />
| A logic-based model for the accurate generation of intensional responses within a co-operative question-answering framework. Generation is template-based.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| template<br />
| <br />
| transportation<br />
|<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll-etal2000<br />
| Carroll, Nicolov, Smets, Shaumyan, Weir<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| LEXSYS<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LEXSYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede2002-coling, ChiarcosStede-2004-inlg<br />
| Stede, Chiarcos<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polibox<br />
| Hypertext generator <br />
| Hypertext generator<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Polibox<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash-2004-inlg<br />
| Habash<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| EXERGE<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English using statistical methods and an N-gram language model<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| n-grams<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exerge<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MarciniakStrube-2004-inlg<br />
| Marciniak, Strube<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Generator for route descriptions<br />
| Generation of route descriptions by apply automatic learning techniques to drive a TAG-based generation system. The training corpus is for route descriptions.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Marciniak<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PaivaEvans-2004-inlg<br />
| Paiva, Evans<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Stylistic control for generation<br />
| System that derives stylistic control for generation from a corpus analysis of a range of language varieties that will be covered. The corpus analysis follows factorial analysis (Biber) and applies a correlation technique to ensure that generated texts are situated appropriately within the space of possibilities.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| LEXSYS, RICHES<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Paiva-style<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PanShaw-2004-inlg<br />
| Pan, Shaw<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEGUE<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SEGUE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Foster-2004-inlg, White-2004-inlg<br />
| Foster, White, Moore<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| COMIC<br />
| COnversational Multimodal Interaction with Computers<br />
| Multimodal dialogue system that adds a spoken-language dialogue interface to a CAD-like application used in bathroom sales situations to help clients redesign their rooms. Input to the system includes speech, handwriting and pen gestures; the output combines synthesized speech, a 'talking head' avatar and control of teh underlying application.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| CCG<br />
| [http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/ http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/]<br />
| interior design<br />
|<br />
| COMIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klarner-2004-inlg<br />
| Klarner<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
| A hybrid NLG system for generating dialogue: 'Hybrid pragmatically embedded realization with bottom-up generation'<br />
| Mixes shallow and deep generation for dialogue generation. Currently used in three domains: home audio-visual management, model train control, and B2B e-procurement.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassens2005-ola<br />
| Claassens<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| OLA<br />
| English Question/Answer (Q&A) system, template-based and not very sophisticated, but the open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <br />
| <nowiki>This English Question/Answer (QA) system is template-based and is not very sophisticated. However, this open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <P>Till now, this QA system can be used to answer questions that are related to rids. This domain has a very restricted lexicon. Therefore, it is an easy domain in which such a system can be applied to. <P>O.L.A. is developed in Linux environment in AWK programming code (see website). The gaps of the randomly chosen template sentences are filled with usage of external data. Furthermore, an example of an avatar will be generated (form: emoticon). </nowiki><br />
| 2005-03-03<br />
| <br />
| http://pi0959.uvt.nl/s883247/acklin.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| OLA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carenini2001-gea, CareniniMoore2000<br />
| Carenini<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GEA<br />
| Generator of Evaluative Arguments (GEA): GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments.<br />
| GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments. GEA covers all aspects of generating evaluative arguments from selecting and organizing the content of the argument, to expressing the selected content into natural language. For content selection and organization, GEA applies an argumentation strategy based on guidelines from argumentation theory. For expressing the content into natural language, GEA relies on a set of techniques that extend and integrate previous work in computational linguistics on micro-planning and realizing evaluative arguments. Finally, a quantitative model of user preferences expressed as an additive multiattribute value function (AMVF) is the key knowledge source used by GEA in tailoring the content, organization and phrasing of the generated arguments to its users. <br />
| 2005-05-21<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.ubc.ca/%7Ecarenini/THESIS/gea.html<br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| GEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AbellaKender99<br />
| Abella, Kender<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Spatial language generation<br />
| Generating sentences from images employing spatial relations<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Abella<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Boyd98<br />
| Boyd<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| TREND<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| time-series<br />
| <br />
| TREND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karamanis-etal2004, Karamanis2003, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg<br />
| Karamanis<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEEC<br />
| System for Evaluating Entity Coherence<br />
| A text structuring module for NLG that implements a search-oriented, corpus-based methodology for evaluating metrics of entity coherence based on different vers ions of Centering Theory.Various permutations of input expressions are evaluated with respect to the corpus-derived metrics.<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| text structuring<br />
|<br />
| SEEC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CziferszkyWinter2002<br />
| Cziferszky, Winter<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Route description generation<br />
| Route description generation<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| CziferszkyWinter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilliamsReiter2005-enlg, WilliamsReiter2005-ijcai, WilliamsReiter2005-selrules, WilliamsReiter2004-errors, Reiter-etal2005-sgai<br />
| Williams, Reiter<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SkillSum<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/skillsum/<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| SkillSum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Szilas2007<br />
| Szilas<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| IDtension<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama. The narrative planning and realisation is intended to be medium-independent; early version of the system produces text descriptions by template generation.<br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| templates<br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| IDtension<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Levison-etal2001, LessardLevison95, LevisonLessard96, LevisonLessard92<br />
| Lessard, Levison<br />
| 1986<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French<br />
| VINCI<br />
| VINCI is a natural language generation environment used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. <br />
| <nowiki><P>VINCI is a natural language generation environment under development for the past 20-odd years. It has been used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. Most research has been done in French or English, but the system was designed to be multilingual and some work has been done in other languages as well.<P>The system includes a variety of features, including:<UL><LI>a semantic metalanguage which is not language-specific</LI><LI>lexical preselection mechanisms which allow initial choice of lexical items in some natural language and inheritance of traits from these items in subsequent syntactic development</LI><LI>a system of attributes which provides the 'glue' between semantics, syntax, morphology and lexicon; attributes may be partially ordered, compounded, and deconstructed</LI><LI>a syntactic mechanism based on a context-free grammar with attribute attachment, which allows inheritance, guarded syntax rules allowing for conditional development of child nodes, and transformations of syntax trees</LI><LI>lexical representation based on syntactic and semantic attributes, morphological traits, orthography, phonology, and frequency; also included are lexical pointer mechanisms to permit representation of relations such as hyponymy, synonymy, etc.</LI><LI>morphology rules based on attribute values, orthography, phonology, and preceding and following context</LI><LI>lexical transformation devices which permit the synthesis by rule of sets of derived or compound words, either statically or dynamically</LI><LI>error analysis mechanisms which take some user input and compare it to some set of rule-governed candidate parses at the phonological, phonographic, orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels.</LI></UL><P>VINCI is embedded in an editing environment (IVI) which provides for easy modification of language specifications, including template-based editing of lexical records. IVI also permits the use of driver programs written in C or some other language. The program is written in C and runs under Solaris, Linux, and Windows (using Cygwin). It is freely available from the project website, which also contains documentation on the system, sample language descriptions, and references to the papers and articles to which the project has given rise.</nowiki><br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.queensu.ca/CompLing/<br />
| CALL<br />
| <br />
| VINCI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CheongYoung2006<br />
| Cheong, Young<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2006<br />
| English<br />
| Suspenser<br />
| A framework for narrative generation<br />
| Suspenser, a computational model of narrative generation that takes as input a given story world and constructs a narrative structure intended to evoke the desirable level of suspense from the reader at a specific moment in the story.<br />
| 2008-01-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| Suspenser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KamalMellish-2004-inlg<br />
| Kamal, Mellish<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| STAGE<br />
| Generating using an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS)<br />
| The STylistics-Aware GEnerator (STAGE) system brings together systemic-functional linguistic resources and established an AI search mechanism. The generator uses systemic networks tranlsated into a particular form in order to generate nature language texts that can build on the ATMS in order to incorporate surface constraints. <br />
| 2008-01-16<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| STAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2007<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| BabyTalk<br />
| BabyTalk is developing computerised tools to summarise and interpret data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).<br />
| BabyTalk is investigating ways of summarising and presenting patient information to medical professionals and family members. Our focus is on data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. <br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/babytalk<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| BabyTalk<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal2005-words, Sripada-etal2003-mousam<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Sripada, Davy<br />
| 2005<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
| Weather Forecast System<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for marine weather reports<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
| Medical Care Reports<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for medical reports: see also BabyTalk<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medicine<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yu-etal2005<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Mellish<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
| System for generating textual summaries of sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| industrial<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gupta-etal2007, Gupta-etal2007-ENLG, Gupta-etal2008<br />
| Gupta, Walker, Romano<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| POLLy<br />
| POliteness in Language Learning<br />
| <nowiki>The system contains a generalised mechanism for generating utterances and dialogues, drawing on a sociolinguistics theory of politeness. It combines a Spoken Language Generator (using full NLG techniques) with an AI planner to model linguistic politeness in collaborative task oriented dialogue with the ultimate goal of providing a stimulating environment and a fun way for learning politeness in English as a Second Language (ESL). <P>Dialogues are demonstrated within Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) capable of dialogues with human ESL learners, interacting with them using spoken language to practice politeness in role play situations.<P><IMG src=../images/polly.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ESL<br />
| <br />
| Polly<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MariesseWalker2007, MariesseWalker2008<br />
| Mairesse, Walker<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
| Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits.<br />
| <nowiki>Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits by controlling parameters derived from the psychology literature. Personage-PE---an extension of Personage---uses statistical models trained on human judgements to predict the optimal parameters given target personality scores along the Big Five dimensions of personality. <p>A Java real-time demo is available at <a href=http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html>http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html</a></nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html<br />
| Affect<br />
| <br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AllmanBeale2006<br />
| Allman, Beale, Denton<br />
| 1993<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Korean, Jula, Kewa<br />
| TBTA<br />
| The Bible Translator's Assistant<br />
| <nowiki>The Bible Translator's Assistant is a multilingual natural language generator based on linguistic universals and typologies. This project is intended to generate rough drafts of the Bible and many community development articles in the world's 3000+ minority languages. Experiments indicate that these rough drafts quadruple the productivity of experienced mother tongue translators. (<a href=../images/tbta-allman2008.pdf>Cached unpublished paper</a>)</nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| UG<br />
| http://www.thebibletranslatorsassistant.com/<br />
| translation<br />
| <br />
| TBTA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99-volvex<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
| Validation Of Specifications by Natural Language Generation for VOLVO expressed in STEP/EXPRESS<br />
| STEP Application Protocols (APs) are often very large and complicated general descriptions of different domains mainly within the manufacturing industry. STEP AP's are expressed in the EXPRESS language which is a static modeling language of Entity-Relationship type. Users of STEP AP have often large problems to understand the whole AP and therefore they need a tool which helps them to validate the STEP AP. The tool we are proposing is a natural language English paraphraser of the STEP AP. The VOLVEX system supports automatically building a domain lexicon from one STEP AP and with this lexicon automatically translate one arbitrary STEP AP EXPRESS file into a Prolog based format to be used by a Natural Language Generator called ASTROGEN. The translation from EXPRESS format to EXPRESS Prolog format and the construction of the domain lexicon is carried out by a set of Perl programs.<br />
| 2008-12-10<br />
| <br />
| [http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html]<br />
| formal specifications<br />
| ASTROGEN<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner-etal2008, Turner-etal2007<br />
| Turner, Sripada, Reiter, Davy<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| RoadSafe<br />
| Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing<br />
| <nowiki>A project for "Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing". The RoadSafe project is intended to<UL><LI>use Knowledge Aquisition techniques to understand how humans write textual instructions for road maintenance vehicle routing.</LI><LI>produce a system capable of automatically evaluating a region's geographical data combined with the weather forecast for 10000s of points in that region to provide textual routing and de-icer spread rate instructions</LI><LI>utilise Aerospace and Marine International's expert forecasters in order to post-edit generated advisory texts and therefore improve the performance of the system. </LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/RoadSafe/<br />
| geodata<br />
| <br />
| RoadSafe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Belz2007<br />
| Belz<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| pCRU<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| pCRU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GalanisAndroutsopoulos2007<br />
| Galanis, Androutsopoulos<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
| Description of concepts defined in OWL ontologies<br />
|<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://pages.cs.aueb.gr/nlp/software.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2009<br />
| General<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework. SimpleNLG is a relatively simple Natural Language Generation realiser, with a Java API. It has less grammatical coverage than many other realisers, but it does not require in-depth knowledge of a syntactic theory to use. The core of the package is the realiser, lexicon, and features packages <br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg/<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ThomasSripada2007<br />
| Thomas, Sripada, Reiter<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| Atlas.txt<br />
| Making geo-referenced data available via natural language generation<br />
| The Atlas.txt project aims to produce textual summaries of geo-referenced data which can be read out via a screenreader. Such data are often communicated via maps are so are inaccessible to the visually impaired population.<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ssripada/atlas/<br />
| geodata<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| Atlastxt<br />
<br />
|}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Natural_Language_Generation_Portal&diff=7519Natural Language Generation Portal2009-12-07T13:14:13Z<p>ChristianPietsch: updated Bateman/Zock list URL: nlg-wiki.org</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:siggen-logo.gif|right]]<br />
''This portal is based on and replaces the [http://www.siggen.org/resources/moin.html NLG Resources Wiki] run by [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN] from November 2005 to February 2009.''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Resources for Natural Language Generation ==<br />
<br />
* [[Downloadable NLG systems]]<br />
* [[Data sets for NLG]]<br />
* [[Generation grammars]]<br />
* [[Online NLG demos]]<br />
* [[NLG publications list]]<br />
<br />
Additionally, a large [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ database of implemented NLG systems with references] has been <br />
put together by Michael Zock and John Bateman, and is now maintained in a Semantic MediaWiki at http://nlg-wiki.org.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Language Generation|*]]<br />
[[Category:Imported from the SIGGEN Resources Wiki]]<br />
[[Category:Resources]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch&diff=7518User:ChristianPietsch2009-12-07T13:09:32Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +mention NLG portal here</p>
<hr />
<div>Christian Pietsch<br />
: [http://www.cit-ec.de Center of Excellence in Cognitive Interaction Technology] (CITEC),<br />
: [http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/cpietsch/ Universität Bielefeld]<br />
: [[Academic_departments#Germany|Germany]]<br />
: permanent homepage: http://purl.org/net/pietsch/<br />
<br />
I am a volunteer webmaster of the [http://www.sigsem.org/ ACL SIGSEM website] and a student board member (and webmaster) of [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN].<br />
<br />
Here in the ACL Wiki, I feel somehow responsible to the [[Natural Language Generation Portal]] because I imported its initial version from a wiki formerly run by SIGGEN.<br />
<br />
Most recently, I have converted the [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ Bateman/Zock List of NLG Systems into a semantic wiki]. Please make sure your system is listed correctly, including current references!</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch&diff=7517User:ChristianPietsch2009-12-07T13:07:11Z<p>ChristianPietsch: + nlg-wiki.org</p>
<hr />
<div>Christian Pietsch<br />
: [http://www.cit-ec.de Center of Excellence in Cognitive Interaction Technology] (CITEC),<br />
: [http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/cpietsch/ Universität Bielefeld]<br />
: [[Academic_departments#Germany|Germany]]<br />
: permanent homepage: http://purl.org/net/pietsch/<br />
<br />
I am a volunteer webmaster of the [http://www.sigsem.org/ ACL SIGSEM website] and a student board member (and webmaster) of [http://www.siggen.org/ ACL SIGGEN].<br />
<br />
Most recently, I have converted the [http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/ Bateman/Zock List of NLG Systems into a semantic wiki]. Please make sure your system is listed correctly, including current references!</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=7391Downloadable NLG systems2009-11-26T12:03:12Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +STANDUP</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
<br />
== CRISP ==<br />
[http://code.google.com/p/crisp-nlg/ CRISP] is Alexander Koller's NLG system that tries to cast both microplanning and sentence realisation as an AI planning problem. The code is a mixture of Java and Scala, a scripting language for the Java virtual machine. CRISP comes with its own implementation of GraphPlan, but it can also output plans in PDDL (“Planning Domain Definition Language”, a successor to STRIPS) for use with other AI planners. License: LGPL.<br />
<br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
==NLGen==<br />
The [https://launchpad.net/nlgen NLGen] natural language generation system applies the [http://www.opencog.org/wiki/SegSim SegSim strategy] for generating English sentences. Probabilistic inference for sentence construction is based on a statistical analysis of [http://opencog.org/wiki/RelEx RelEx] output. Not to be confused with NLGen2, below, which uses a different sentence generation theory. Java, Apache license. See demo: [http://novamente.net/example/nlp.html Demo of AI Virtual Pet Answering Simple Questions].<br />
<br />
== NLGen2 ==<br />
The [https://launchpad.net/nlgen2 NLGen2] natural language generation system uses [http://opencog.org/wiki/RelEx RelEx] dependency parses, together with [http://www.abisource.com/projects/link-grammar/ Link Grammar] linkage analysis to generate English-language output. Not to be confused with NLGen, above, which uses a different sentence generation theory. Java, Apache license. Reference: Blake Lemoine, "[http://www.louisiana.edu/~bal2277/NLGen2.doc NLGen2: A Linguistically Plausible, General Purpose Natural Language Generation System]".<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. OpenCCG is implemented in Java, and is freely available under the LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SPUD ==<br />
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html SPUD] (Sentence Planner Using Descriptions) is Matthew Purver's LTAG-based NLG system. There are two versions: SPUD version 0.01 was written in SML. Later versions, known as SPUD lite, are written in Prolog. The small codebase of SPUD lite makes it ideal for teaching, but it is also used in dialog system prototypes.<br />
<br />
== STANDUP ==<br />
The [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/standup/ STANDUP project] (System To Augment Non-speakers' Dialogue Using Puns) is a collaborative project on generating simple jokes from a graphical user interface appropriate for non-speaking children. The project began in October 2003 and ran until March 2007. The software was written in Java and is available for Windows and Linux, including source code and database files.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Teaching&diff=7323Teaching2009-11-14T15:15:25Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +dmoz link</p>
<hr />
<div>* [[List of NLP/CL courses]]<br />
** [[Courses]] (needs to be folded into [[List of NLP/CL courses]])<br />
* [[Recommended textbooks]]<br />
* [[Suggested student projects]]<br />
* [[Core body of knowledge]]<br />
* [http://linguistlist.org/teach/index.html LINGUIST List Teaching & Learning Area]<br />
* [http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Computational_Linguistics/Education/ Computational Linguistics: Education] category of the Open Directory Project (dmoz)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Education]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=List_of_NLP/CL_courses&diff=7322List of NLP/CL courses2009-11-14T15:03:00Z<p>ChristianPietsch: same uni, different name</p>
<hr />
<div>This page lists university courses that contain substantial content in [[Natural Language Processing]] and [[Computational Linguistics]], and is derived from a [http://www.clt.mq.edu.au/survey/ survey]<br />
sponsored by the [[Association for Computational Linguistics]].<br />
Courses are categorized by level (undergraduate, graduate, or both)<br />
and programming language. The final column gives the year when the<br />
information was confirmed to be accurate. (Entries more than five years<br />
old, and entries with broken hyperlinks, may be culled.)<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
! Country !! Institution !! Course Name !! Level !! Languages !! Datestamp<br />
|-<br />
|Australia ||Macquarie University ||[http://www.comp.mq.edu.au/units/comp248/ Introduction to Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Australia ||Macquarie University ||[http://www.comp.mq.edu.au/units/comp348/ Document Processing and the Semantic Web ] ||Undergraduate ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Australia ||Macquarie University ||[http://www.comp.mq.edu.au/units/comp349/ Spoken Language Dialogue Systems] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Australia ||University of Melbourne ||[http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/460/ Human Language Technology ] ||Undergraduate ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Australia ||University of Melbourne ||[http://webraft.its.unimelb.edu.au/175410/pub/ Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate ||Python ||2006<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Australia ||University of Sydney ||Statistical Natural Language Processing ||Graduate ||Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Austria ||University of Vienna ||Wissensbasierte Sprachverarbeitung ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Belarus ||Grodno State University ||Introduction to Computational Linguistics ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Belgium ||Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven) ||[http://www.kuleuven.be/onderwijs/aanbod2006/syllabi/H02C8AE.htm Text Based Information Retrieval] ||Both || Java, C, MATLAB ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Belgium ||University of Antwerp (UA) ||[http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=walter.daelemans&n=17&ct=ood2006e&e=607&detail=BLGERM01O33010 Computational Linguistics] ||Both || Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Belgium ||University of Antwerp (UA) ||[http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=walter.daelemans&n=17&ct=ood2006e&e=607&detail=BLGERM01O33060 Programming for Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics ] ||Both ||Lisp ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Belgium ||University of Antwerp (UA) ||[http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=walter.daelemans&n=17&ct=ood2006e&e=607&detail=BLGERM01O33020 Language Technology ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Brazil ||Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina || Lingüística Computacional ||Graduate ||Perl Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Brazil ||Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina || Lingüística Computacional I/II ||Undergraduate ||Perl Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Brazil ||Universidade Federal de São Carlos ||Topics on Informatics (Introduction on NLP) ||Graduate ||C C++ Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Brazil ||Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) || Tecnologias da Linguagem Humana|| Undergraduate ||Prolog||2005<br />
|-<br />
|Brazil ||Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) || Processamento Automático de Línguas Naturais ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Concordia University ||Statistical Language Processing ||Graduate || Java C++ Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Simon Fraser University ||[http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/courses/CMPT-413-Spring-2005/index.html Computational Linguistics ] || Undergraduate ||Perl ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Simon Fraser University ||[http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/courses/CMPT-825-Spring-2006/index.html Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Simon Fraser University ||[http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/courses/CMPT-882-Fall-2002/index.html Statistical Learning of Natural Language ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Université de Montréal ||Grammaires formelles ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Université de Montréal ||Indexation et condensation automatiques ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Université de Montréal ||Morphologie computationnelle ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||Université. de Montréal ||Syntaxe computationnelle ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||University of Alberta || [http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~kondrak/cmput650 Natural Language Processing ]||Graduate ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||University of Montreal ||Computational Linguistics ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||University of Ottawa ||[http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~szpak/teaching/5386/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || Prolog Perl||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||University of Toronto ||[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~suzanne/2501/index.html Computational Linguistics] ||Both||C++ ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||University of Toronto ||[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~gpenn/csc401 Natural Language Computing ] ||Both ||Python ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|Canada ||University of Toronto ||[http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~gh/Courses/2528/index.html Advanced computational linguistics ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|CHINA ||Nanjing Normal University || Statistical Natural Language Processing ||Graduate || C++ ||2007<br />
|-<br />
|CHINA ||Nanjing University || Machine Translation ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Costa Rica ||Universidad de Costa Rica ||[http://espanol.groups.yahoo.com/group/fl-1036/ Tecnologías y producción textual I ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Costa Rica ||Universidad de Costa Rica ||Tecnologías y producción textual ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Czech Republic ||Charles University ||[http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/~hajic/courses/pfl043/0203/syllabus.html Statistical methods in NLP ] ||Both ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Czech Republic ||Silesian University ||[http://ui.fpf.slu.cz/sylaby.html (BROKEN LINK) Natural Language Processing I/II ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Denmark ||University of Southern Denmark, Odense ||[http://visl.hum.sdu.dk/members/sharder/undervisning/compling02/ Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Both ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Estonia ||University of Tartu ||[http://www.cs.ut.ee/~koit/ Computational Models in Language Understanding ] ||Both ||C++ ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Estonia ||University of Tartu ||[http://www.cs.ut.ee/~koit/ Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Both ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Estonia ||University of Tartu ||[http://www.cs.ut.ee/~koit/ Mathematics for Computational Linguists II ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Finland ||Helsinki University of Technology ||[http://www.cis.hut.fi/Opinnot/T-61.6090/ Special Course in Language Technology ] || Graduate || || 2006<br />
|-<br />
|Finland ||Helsinki University of Technology ||[http://www.cis.hut.fi/Opinnot/T-61.5020/ Statistical and Adaptive Natural Language Processing ] || Both || || 2006<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||Saarland University ||[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~hansu/gf02.html Grammar Formalisms ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||Saarland University ||[http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/~hansu/vlcl01.html Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||Saarland University ||[http://www.ps.uni-sb.de/~niehren/Web/Vorlesungen/Oz-NL-SS01/BookHomePage.html Concurrent constraint programming for natural language processing ] ||Both || Mozart Oz ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||Universität Tübingen ||Computational Linguistics 1: Parsing ||Undergraduate ||Java ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||University of Bremen ||Introduction to Natural Language Generation ||Undergraduate ||Lisp ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||University of Bremen ||[http://www.cl.uni-bremen.de/~stefan/Lehre/CL/ Einführung in die Computerlinguistik ]||Undergraduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||University of Bremen ||[http://www.cl.uni-bremen.de/~stefan/Lehre/GE-Trale/ Einführung in die Grammatikentwicklung ]||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||University of Dusseldorf ||[http://web.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~kilbury/courses.htm Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Germany ||University of Heidelberg ||[http://kontext.fraunhofer.de/haenelt/kurs/Parsing Parsing ] ||Graduate ||C Java Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Greece||Athens University of Economics and Business ||[http://eclass.aueb.gr/TMA102/ Artificial Intelligence]||Undergraduate ||C++ Java Prolog ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|Greece||Athens University of Economics and Business ||[http://eclass.aueb.gr/TMA107/ Logic and Artificial Intelligence]||Graduate ||C++ Java Prolog ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|India ||Assam University ||Natural Language Processing ||Graduate ||C C++ ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|India ||Banasthali University ||Natural Language Processing ||Graduate ||Perl Java Prolog Python ||2009<br />
|-<br />
|India || Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad || Natural Language Processing || Undergraduate Graduate || Java LISP Prolog Perl || 2005 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|India || Indian Institute of Technology Bombay ||[http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~cs460 Natural Language Processing] || both || Java Perl Prolog || 2004 onwards<br />
|-<br />
|Iran || University of Tehran ||[http://ece.ut.ac.ir/Classpages/S87/ECE500/index.htm Intelligent Information Retrieval ] ||both || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|Iran || University of Tehran ||[http://ece.ut.ac.ir/classpages/F85/NaturalLanguageProcessing/ Natural Language Processing ] ||both || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|Ireland ||Dublin City University ||[http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~john/ca261.html Computational Linguistics 2 ] ||Undergraduate ||Java Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Ireland ||Dublin City University ||[http://www.computing.dcu.ie/~away/CL2/cl.html Computational Linguistics I ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Israel ||University of Haifa ||[http://cs.haifa.ac.il/~shuly/teaching/index.html Computational Linguistics ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Italy ||University of Bologna ||[http://www.cilta.unibo.it/LingComp/ Linguistica Computazionale ] ||Both || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Italy ||Universita' di Padova ||Natural Language Processing ||Graduate ||C++ Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Italy ||University of Siena||[http://www.ciscl.unisi.it/corsi.htm?id=29 Linguistica Computazionale ] ||Both || C Java PHP ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Japan ||Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ||[http://www.jaist.ac.jp/~gakusei/kyoumu/syll14/k417e.html Methodology for Knowledge Discovery ] ||Graduate ||C Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Japan ||Yamagata University ||[http://www.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Japan ||Yamaguchi University ||Introduction to Computational Linguistics ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Korea ||Postech ||[http://nlp.postech.ac.kr/Course/CS704/index.html Machine Learning for NLP ] ||Graduate ||C C++ ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Korea ||Postech, Korea ||[http://nlp.postech.ac.kr/Course/CS730b/2001/index.html Statistical Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||C C++ ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Mexico ||National Polytechnic Institute ||[http://www.gelbukh.com/clbook/ Computational linguistics] ||Both || ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|Mexico ||National Polytechnic Institute ||[http://www.gelbukh.com/courses/ Information Retrieval] ||Both || ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|New Zealand ||University of Otago ||Computational linguistics ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Norway ||University of Trondheim ||[http://www.idi.ntnu.no/~natlang/ Natural Language Interfaces ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Poland ||Warsaw University ||[https://usosweb.mimuw.edu.pl/kontroler.php?_action=actionx:katalog2/przedmioty/pokazPrzedmiot(prz_kod:3301-JF-21J-SO) Computational Syntax ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2007<br />
|-<br />
|Poland ||Warsaw University ||[https://usosweb.mimuw.edu.pl/kontroler.php?_action=actionx:katalog2/przedmioty/pokazPrzedmiot(prz_kod:1000-2M07LK) Linguistic Engineering - Constructions ] ||Both ||Perl, Python, etc. ||2007<br />
|-<br />
|Poland ||Warsaw University ||[https://usosweb.mimuw.edu.pl/kontroler.php?_action=actionx:katalog2/przedmioty/pokazPrzedmiot(prz_kod:1000-2M07LS) Linguistic Engineering - Words ] ||Both ||Perl, Python, etc. ||2007<br />
|-<br />
|Portugal ||University of Lisbon ||[http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/sobre/?lei-detalhesdisciplinas#PLN Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Portugal ||University of Lisbon ||[http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/sobre/?lei-detalhesdisciplinas#ILN Interaction in Natural Language ] ||Both ||C Java Perl Prolog Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Portugal ||University of Lisbon ||[http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/sobre/?lei-detalhesdisciplinas#MQL Quantitative Language Nodelling ] ||Both ||Java Perl Prolog Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Romania ||University A.I. Cuza, Iasi ||[http://www.infoiasi.ro/fcs/en/plan/plan-1-ml.html Introduction to Computational Linguistics, Corpus Linguistics ] ||Graduate ||C C++ Java Lisp Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Slovenia ||University of Ljubljana ||[http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/hp/pj/seminar/bes_in_rac.html Besedilo in ra&#269;unalnik ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Spain ||University of the Basque Country and Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea ||[http://ixa.si.ehu.es/master/diseinua_html Hizkuntzaren Azterketa eta Prozesamendua (Analysis and Processing of Language) ] ||Graduate || Perl ||2008 <br />
|-<br />
|Spain ||University of the Basque Country ||[http://moodle.ehu.es/moodle/course/view.php?id=1025 Lengoaia Naturalaren Prozesamendua (Natural Language Processing) ] [http://moodle.ehu.es/moodle/course/view.php?id=971 (es) ]||Undergraduate ||Lisp Prolog Python||2008<br />
|-<br />
|Spain ||Universidad Complutense de Madrid || Lingüística Computacional ||Undergraduate ||Lisp Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Spain ||Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ||[http://liceu.uab.es/~joaquim/Tecnologies_Parla.html Tecnologies de la parla (Speech Technologies) ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Spain ||Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ||[http://www.eps.uam.es/~ealfon/nlp/ Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Spain ||Universidade da Coruña ||[http://www.grupolys.org/docencia/ln/ Lenguajes Naturales ] ||Undergraduate ||Java C Python ||2009<br />
|-<br />
|Sri Lanka ||University of Colombo School of Computing||Natural Language Processing ||Both ||Prolog, Python ||2009<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||[http://www.gu.se/ Göteborg University] ||[http://www.cling.gu.se/ Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate ||Java Prolog Python Oz Perl||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||Linköping University ||[http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDB71/ Språkteknologi (Language technology) ] ||Undergraduate ||Java Lisp Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||Linköping University ||[http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDB73/ Språkteknologiska system (Language Engineering Systems) ] ||Undergraduate ||Java Lisp ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||Lunds tekniska högskola ||[http://www.cs.lth.se/Education/Courses/EDA171/ Language processing and computational linguistics ] ||Undergraduate ||Perl Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||[http://www.gslt.hum.gu.se/ Swedish National Graduate School of Language Technology] ||[http://www.gslt.hum.gu.se/courses/ Ph.D. Courses in Language Technology ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||Uppsala University ||[http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/utbildning/ Language Technology ] ||Undergraduate ||Java Prolog Python||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Sweden ||Växjö University ||[http://w3.msi.vxu.se/~nivre/teaching/nlp/dac723.html Language Technology ] ||Undergraduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ||[http://lithwww.epfl.ch/teaching/rdf/ Pattern Recognition ] ||Undergraduate ||C++ Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||University of Zurich ||[http://www.cl.unizh.ch/siclemat/lehre/ss02/pcl2/ Programming Techniques in Computational Linguistics II ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||University of Zurich ||[http://www.cl.unizh.ch/siclemat/lehre/ws0102/pcl1/ Programming Techniques in Computational Linguistics I ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||University of Zurich ||[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/CL/hess/classes/dsa/ Discourse Analysis ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||University of Zurich ||[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/CL/hess/classes/ecl Introduction to Computational Linguisticss ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||University of Zurich ||[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/CL/hess/classes/mki/ AI Methods in Computational Linguistics ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||University of Zurich ||[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/CL/hess/classes/sma/ Methods of Semantic Analysis ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Switzerland ||Zurich University ||[http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/cl/klenner/lehre/ws0203/fg.html/ Statistical Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Taiwan ||[http://www.nccu.edu.tw/english/main.php National Chengchi University] || [http://www.cs.nccu.edu.tw/~chaolin/courses/nlp06f.html Natural Language Processing] || Graduate || student choice || 2006<br />
|-<br />
|Taiwan ||National Taiwan University ||[http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/courses/IR/course_IR.html Information Retrieval and Extraction] ||Both ||Student Choice ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Taiwan ||National Taiwan University ||[http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/courses/NLP/ Natural Language Processing] ||Both ||Student Choice||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Taiwan ||National Tsing Hua University ||Natural Language Processing ||Graduate ||Foxpro ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Taiwan ||National Tsing Hua University ||Natural Language Processing Lab ||Graduate ||Foxpro ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|Taiwan ||The Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica ||[http://clclp.ling.sinica.edu.tw/ Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing] ||Graduate || ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|Thailand ||Chulalongkorn University ||[http://pioneer.chula.ac.th/~awirote/ling/2209674.htm Computational Linguistics I ] ||Graduate ||Perl Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Turkey ||Middle East Technical University ||[http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~bozsahin/nli/ceng563/ computational linguistics I ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|Turkey ||Middle East Technical University ||[http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~bozsahin/nli/ceng584/ cognitive aspects of NLP ] ||Graduate ||C Java Lisp Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||Imperial College ||[http://www.hu.ic.ac.uk/translation Introduction to Language Engineering ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||Loughborough University ||[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/co/teaching/mcomp.html (BROKEN LINK) Natural Language and Speech Systems ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Birmingham ||[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/internal/modules/current/02495.html Natural Language Processing 1 ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Birmingham ||[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/internal/modules/current/11223.html Natural Language Processing and Applications ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Birmingham ||[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/internal/modules/current/02648.html Natural Language Processing 2 ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Brighton ||[http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/courses/MScLex (BROKEN LINK) MSc in Lexical Computing and Lexicography ] ||Graduate ||Awk Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Brighton ||[http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/ Lexical Computing and Lexicography ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Cambridge ||[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Teaching/2005/NLP/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Cambridge ||[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/cstit/ MPhil in Computer Speech Text and Internet Technology ] ||Graduate ||C++ Java Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Edinburgh ||[http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/teaching/postgrad/mscslp/ M.Sc. in Speech and Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||Java Perl Prolog Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Essex ||[http://courses.essex.ac.uk/lg/LG511 Computatiuonal Linguistics 1 ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Essex ||[http://courses.essex.ac.uk/lg/LG519 Prolog I ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Essex ||[http://courses.essex.ac.uk/lg/LG611 Computational Linguistics II ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Essex ||[http://courses.essex.ac.uk/lg/LG619 Prolog II ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Essex ||[http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/poesio/cc437 Advanced Natural Language Engineering ] ||Graduate ||Java Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Leeds ||[http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/eric/ar32/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||C++ Java Perl Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Leeds ||[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cts Computers and the Translator ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Leeds ||[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cts Principles and Applications of MT ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Sheffield ||[http://www.shef.ac.uk/dcs/postgrad/taught/hlt.html M.Sc. Human Language Technology ] ||Postgraduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Sheffield ||[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/intranet/teaching/modules/art/2005-6/stevenson.htm Language Engineering: Information Extraction ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Sheffield ||[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/intranet/teaching/modules/level3/com4250.html Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Sheffield ||[http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/intranet/teaching/modules/level3/com3110.html Text Processing ] ||Both ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Sussex ||[http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/courses/nlp/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Prolog Java||2006<br />
|-<br />
|UK ||University of Ulster ||[http://www.infj.ulst.ac.uk/nlp/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Arizona State University ||[http://www.eas.asu.edu/~cse476 (BROKEN LINK) Introduction to Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Java Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Brigham Young University ||[http://faculty.cs.byu.edu/~ringger/CS401R/ Statistical Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Java ||2005 <br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Brigham Young University ||[http://faculty.cs.byu.edu/~ringger/CS601R/ Text Mining ] ||Graduate ||Java ||2007<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Brown University ||[http://cog.brown.edu/~mj/classes/cg136/ Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Both ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Brown University ||[http://www.cs.brown.edu/courses/cs241/ Statistical Natural-Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA || Carnegie Mellon University || [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~nasmith/NLP Natural Language Processing] || Undergraduate || various || 2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Carnegie Mellon University ||[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-55/lti/Courses/711/www/ Algorithms for Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Carnegie Mellon University ||[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-55/lti/Courses/721/2006/www/ Grammars and Lexicons ] ||Graduate || LISP ||2006<br />
|-<br />
| USA || Carnegie Mellon University || [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~roni/11761-s07 Language and Statistics I] || Graduate || || 2007<br />
|-<br />
| USA || Carnegie Mellon University || [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~nasmith/LS2 Language and Statistics II] || Graduate || || 2007<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Carleton College ||[http://www.mathcs.carleton.edu/faculty/jondich/cs395/ (BROKEN LINK) Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate ||C++ Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs172 Computation, Information, and Intelligence ] ||Undergraduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs324 Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs430 Information Retrieval ] ||Undergraduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs474 Introduction to Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs674 Advanced Language Technologies ] ||Graduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University || Speech Synthesis by Rule||Graduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs775/2001sp/default.html Statistical Natural Language Processing: Models and Methods ] ||Graduate || ||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||CUNY Graduate Center ||[http://bb.gc.cuny.edu/ (BROKEN LINK) Language Technology ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Georgetown University ||[http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/mad87/06/362/ Introduction to Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Georgetown University ||[http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/wilsong/Tools/Ling367.html Computational Linguistics: Tools for Linguists ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Georgetown University ||[http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/mad87/06/561/ Seminar: Computational Linguisics ] ||Graduate ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Georgetown University ||[http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/mad87/06/420/ Statistical NLP] ||Both ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Harvard University ||[http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~cs187/ Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Both ||Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Hunter College CUNY ||[http://bb.hunter.cuny.edu/ Language Technology ] ||Undergraduate ||C++ ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Johns Hopkins University ||[http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~jason/465 Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||student choice ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Johns Hopkins University ||[http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/~sanjeev/520.666/ Information Extraction ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Johns Hopkins University ||[http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~jason/465 Seminar in Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Johns Hopkins University ||[http://cs.jhu.edu/~jason/405/ Finite-State Methods in Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Johns Hopkins University ||[http://cs.jhu.edu/~jason/665/ Statistical Language Learning ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||The Ohio State University ||[http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~fosler/794L/ Foundations of Spoken Language Processing ] ||Both ||MATLAB student choice ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||The Ohio State University ||[http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/cgi-bin/syllabus-view.cgi?cgi_state=view;SYLLABUS_ID=598 Computational Linguistics ] ||Both ||Java ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||The Ohio State University ||[http://ling.ohio-state.edu/courses/course_info/?course_no=684.01 Symbolic Computational Linguistics ] ||Both || Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||The Ohio State University ||[http://ling.ohio-state.edu/courses/course_info/?course_no=684.02 Data-Intensive Computational Linguistics ] ||Both || Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||The Ohio State University ||[http://ling.ohio-state.edu/courses/course_info/?course_no=684.03 Computational Semantics ] ||Both || Prolog ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Purdue University ||[http://min.ecn.purdue.edu/~ee669/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||C C++ Java Lisp Perl Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Rutgers University ||[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/class/533 (BROKEN LINK) Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Java Perl Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||San Diego State University ||Computational Corpus Linguistics ||Both ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||San Diego State University ||Introduction to Computational Linguistics ||Both ||Python ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Smith College ||Introduction to Computational Linguistics ||Undergraduate ||Lisp ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stanford University ||[http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Java ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stanford University ||[http://www.stanford.edu/class/linguist180/ Introduction to Computer Speech and Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate ||Perl Python Java ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stanford University ||[http://www.stanford.edu/class/linguist288/ Natural Language Understanding ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stanford University ||[http://www.stanford.edu/~mjkay/ Human and Machine Translation]||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stanford University ||[http://www.stanford.edu/~mjkay/ Programming and Algorithms for NLP]||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stanford University || Finite-State Methods in NLP||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||Stony Brook University ||[http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~cse507 (BROKEN LINK) Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Graduate ||Java Perl Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||SUNY Buffalo ||[http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/alphonce/Courses/Fall2006/cse467 Computational Linguistics ] ||Both||Lisp Perl||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||SUNY Buffalo ||[http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/675.html Advanced Topics in Computational Linguistics ] ||Graduate ||Lisp ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||The University of Chicago ||[http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/goldsmith/StatNLP/index.htm Statistical NLP ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of California, Berkeley ||[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~klein/cs294-5/index.html Statistical NLP ] ||Graduate ||Java ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of California, San Diego ||[http://ling.ucsd.edu/~kehler/ling165.html Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of California, San Diego || Natural Language Processing in LISP ||Graduate ||Lisp ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Colorado, Boulder || [http://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/Ling7800/index.html Advanced Computational Linguistics] || Graduate ||||2007<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Colorado, Boulder || [http://www.colorado.edu/catalog/catalog05-06/cgi-bin/search.pl?abbr=ling&num=5200 Computational Corpus Linguistics ] || Graduate || Python || 2009<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Colorado, Boulder || [http://www.colorado.edu/catalog/catalog09-10/search.pl?abbr=CSCI&num=5832&=Search Natural Language Processing ] || Graduate || Python || 2009<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Colorado, Boulder || Natural Language Processing ||Undergraduate ||||2000<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Colorado, Boulder ||[http://www.cs.colorado.edu/courses/csci6302.html Speech Recognition and Synthesis ]||Graduate ||||2002<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Central Florida ||Advanced Artificial Intelligence ||Graduate ||Lisp ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Central Florida ||Natural Language Understanding || ||Lisp Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Chicago ||[http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/goldsmith/Industrial/syllabus.htm An Overview of Industrial Linguistics ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Georgia ||[http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc/nlpfaq.html Applied Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Georgia ||[http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc/nlpfaq.html Natural Language Processing Techniques ] ||Graduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Illinois - Chicago ||[http://www.cs.uic.edu/~bdieugen/teaching.html Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||C Java Lisp Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign ||[http://catarina.ai.uiuc.edu/L406_06/ Introduction to Computational Linguisticss ] ||Both ||||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign ||[http://l2r.cs.uiuc.edu/#teaching Machine Learning and Natural Language ] ||Graduate ||||2005<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign ||[http://l2r.cs.uiuc.edu/#teaching Machine Learning] ||Both ||||2005<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Maryland, College Park ||[http://www.clis2.umd.edu/courses/796 (BROKEN LINK) Information Retrieval Systems ] ||Graduate ||C C++ Java ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Maryland, College Park ||[http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~resnik/ling723/ Computational Linguistics I ] ||Graduate || Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Maryland, College Park ||[http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~resnik/ling647/ Computational Linguistics II ] ||Graduate || Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Maryland, College Park ||[http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~resnik/ling848_fa2004/ Seminar in Computational Linguistics ] ||Graduate || ||2004<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Michigan ||[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~radev/eecs597 Language and Information ] ||Both || ||2004<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Michigan ||[http://tangra.si.umich.edu/~radev/650w05 Information Retrieval ] ||Both || ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Michigan ||[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~radev/eecs595 Natural Language Processing ] ||Both || ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Michigan ||[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~radev/eecs767 Advanced NLP/IR ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Minnesota, Duluth ||[http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse/teaching.html Introduction to Natural Language Processing ] ||Undergraduate ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Minnesota, Duluth ||[http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse/teaching.html Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of North Texas ||[http://www.cs.unt.edu/~rada/CSCE5290 Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Pennsylvania ||[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cis520 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Pennsylvania ||[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cis630 Advanced Topics in Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||C++ Java Perl Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Pennsylvania ||[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cse391 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence ] ||Undergraduate ||Prolog ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Pittsburgh ||[http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~litman/courses/CS3730/cs3730.html Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Rochester ||[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~schubert/247-447/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Lisp ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Rochester ||[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~gildea/2006_Fall/ Language, Parsing, and Complexity ] ||Both || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Rochester ||[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~gildea/2005_Fall/ Speech Recognition and Statistical Natural Language Processing ] ||Both || ||2005<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Rochester ||[http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~gildea/2004_Spring/ Seminar in AI: Statistical Machine Translation ] ||Graduate || ||2004<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Southern California ||[http://www.isi.edu/~marcu/544/ Introduction to Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Southern California ||[http://www.isi.edu/~marcu/544/ Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate ||C++ Java Lisp Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Southern California ||[http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/people/cs562-f2006-syll.htm Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate || ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul MN ||Information Retrieval ||Graduate ||C Java Perl Python ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at Austin ||[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/jbaldrid/icl Introduction to Computational Linguistics ] ||Undergraduate||Python||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at Austin ||Natural Language Processing||Undergraduate||Python, Java||[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/courses/2008/fall/natural_language_processing 2008]<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at Austin ||Natural Language Processing||Graduate||Java||[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mooney/cs388/ 2008]<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at Austin ||Computational Linguistics I ||Graduate||Python||[http://www.utexas.edu/courses/jbaldrid/2006/compling1 2006], [http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/courses/2007/cl1/ 2007], [http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/courses/2008/cl1_08/ 2008]<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at Austin ||Computational Linguistics II ||Graduate||Python Java||[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/jbaldrid/cl2 2006], [http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/courses/2007/cl2_07/ 2007]<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at Austin<br />
||Intro to working with corpora and programming || Both||Python||[http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/erk/corpora06.html 2006] [http://comp.ling.utexas.edu/courses/2007/corpora07/ 2007]<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Texas at El Paso ||[http://www.cs.utep.edu/nigel/nlp/ Statistical Approaches to Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Utah ||[http://www.cs.utah.edu/classes/cs5340 Natural Language Processing ] ||Both ||C C++ Java Lisp Perl ||2003<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Washington||[http://courses.washington.edu/ling472 Introduction to Computational Linguistics] ||Undergraduate ||Perl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Washington||[http://courses.washington.edu/ling570/ Shallow Methods in Natural Language Processing]||Graduate ||Python Java C++ Perl||2007<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Washington||[http://courses.washington.edu/ling571/ Deep Processing Techniques for Natural Language Processing] ||Graduate ||Python Java C++ Perl||2007<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Washington||[http://courses.washington.edu/ling572/ Advanced Statistical Methods for Natural Language Processing] ||Graduate ||Python Java C++ Perl||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Washington||[http://courses.washington.edu/ling573/ Systems/Applications] ||Graduate ||Python Java C++ Perl||2008<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Washington||[http://courses.washington.edu/ling567 Knowledge Engineering for NLP] ||Graduate ||tdl ||2006<br />
|-<br />
|USA ||University of Wisconsin-Madison ||Intensive Computational Linguistics ||Both ||C++ Java ||2003<br />
|- <br />
|USA ||University of Wisconsin-Madison ||[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~jerryzhu/cs769.html Advanced Natural Language Processing ] ||Graduate||student choice||2008<br />
|- |]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Education]]<br />
[[Category:Natural language processing]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Generation_grammars&diff=7303Generation grammars2009-11-04T20:53:48Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +HPSG, LFG</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: Generation_Grammars --><br />
<!-- Comment: --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: Generation Grammars --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000005 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Sat Nov 19 19:30:30 2005 (1132428630000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists sets of generation grammars that can be used for natural language generation tasks when applied to an appropriate NLG system.<br />
<br />
== FUF/SURGE surface generation grammars ==<br />
[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html SURGE, SURG-SP, and SURG-IT] are the Systemic Unification Reusable Grammars for English, Spanish and Italian, repectively. See also [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/ more information on FUF and SURGE, and older versions].<br />
<br />
== KPML generation grammars ==<br />
<br />
Generation grammars for the following language are available for the KPML generation system [http://www.purl.org/net/kpml]:<br />
<br />
* Bulgarian [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/agile-generation-results/BULGARIAN--mismatches-20001025.html],<br />
* Chinese [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/CHINESE-penman-primer-mismatches-20010904/index.html], <br />
* Czech [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/agile-generation-results/CZECH-991105-CZ-LC-mismatches-20001025.html], <br />
* Dutch [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/DUTCH--mismatches-20001007/index.html], <br />
* English [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/R3b12-English/Docu/index.htm],<br />
* French (contact developer), <br />
* German [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/german-root.htm], <br />
* Greek [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/GREEK-test-greek-mismatches-20001114/index.html], <br />
* Japanese [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/japanese-20020916/index.html], <br />
* Russian [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/agile-generation-results/RUSSIAN-RU-LINGV-COVERAGE-mismatches-20001025.html], <br />
* Spanish [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/spanish-root.htm]<br />
<br />
Resource sets also include examples containing semantic specifications for input.<br />
<br />
A full list of available grammars can be found in the [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html generation bank].<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], free a parser/realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]], is distributed with several sample grammars, which are bidirectional. They include pretty large grammars for Classical Arabic and English, and small grammars for Basque, Dyirbal, English, Inuit, Nez Percé, Tagalog and Turkish.<br />
<br />
== HPSG ==<br />
HPSG grammars are reversible in theory. In practice however, most of them are geared towards parsing, not generation. HPSG grammars and grammar engineering environments are available via the [http://www.delph-in.net/ DELPH-IN website] and [http://wiki.delph-in.net/ wiki].<br />
<br />
== LFG ==<br />
What has been said about HPSG by and large also applies for LFG. Unfortunately, LFG grammars and grammar engineering environments tend to be proprietary and non-free.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Collections and Datasets]]<br />
[[Category:Resources by language|*]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=List_of_NLG_systems&diff=7302List of NLG systems2009-11-02T22:19:11Z<p>ChristianPietsch: List of NLG systems moved to User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems: suggested by User:Pdturney</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch/List_of_NLG_systems&diff=7301User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems2009-11-02T22:19:11Z<p>ChristianPietsch: List of NLG systems moved to User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems: suggested by User:Pdturney</p>
<hr />
<div>This is an attempt to represent [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/NLG-table-root.htm John Bateman and Michael Zock's list of NLG systems] in a wiki format.<br />
<br />
Some works remains to be done:<br />
* BibTeX keys should be hotlinked to the entries in http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/nlg-cite.html<br />
* The HTML code (incl. IMG links) in the long descriptions has been de-activated for the moment<br />
* The table should be visually compressed to fit on smaller screens<br />
* Perhaps the data should rather be stored in a wiki with the [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/ Semantic MediaWiki] extension? Suggestions are welcome on the discussion page.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Table of NLG systems ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 75%; width: 100%;"<br />
|-valign="top" bgcolor="#CDCDCD"<br />
!BibTeX cite keys<br />
!main workers<br />
!starting year<br />
!ending year<br />
!languages generated<br />
!name of system<br />
!short description<br />
!long description<br />
!entry updated<br />
!theoretical framework<br />
!URL<br />
!domain or application<br />
!name of forerunner system<br />
!unique permanent name<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kohl90, Kohl89<br />
| Kohl, Gardent, Plainfossé, Reape<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| Accord<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Accord<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Elhadad:1992-phd<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Advisor<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| Advisor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kruijff-etal-2000-coling, Bateman-etal2000-lrec, Agile-note97<br />
| Krujiff, Korbayová, Teich, Hartley, Bateman, Sharoff, Scott, Staykova, Sokolova<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2001<br />
| Bulgarian, Czech, Russian<br />
| AGILE<br />
| generates instructions in the domain of Computer-Aided Design<br />
| AGILE is a tool which allows a technical author to specify, in a non-linguistic representation, the 'content' of different tasks that can be performed by users of CAD-CAM software. The AGILE system can then automatically express these content specifications in styles appropriate to different sections of a CAD-CAM manual (procedures, ready reference ...) in Bulgarian, Czech and Russian. The generated texts are displayed in a browser as hyperlinked documents. No expertise in knowledge representation is required, although some training with the interface is needed. The system has been evaluated and the results are described in the relevant project deliverables.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/agile<br />
| CAD, instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| AGILE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch-etal95, Coch96a, CochDavid94-anlp<br />
| Coch, David<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stock91<br />
| Stock<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1991<br />
| Italian<br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich83<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| ANA<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| ANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Blocher92<br />
| Blocher<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal98<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| ARIANNA<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ARIANNA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kim-etal02-artequakt<br />
| Kim, Alani, Hall, Lewis, Millard, Shadbolt, Weal<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Artequakt<br />
| Automatic generation of narrative biographies of artists <br />
| The Artequakt project is working towards automatically generating narrative biographies of artists from knowledge that has been extracted from the Web and maintained in a knowledge base. An overview of the system architecture is presented here and the three key components of that architecture are explained in detail, namely knowledge extraction, information management and biography construction. It is our belief that by building a story-schema layer on top of an ontology we can create dynamic stories within a certain domain.<br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biographies<br />
| <br />
| Artequakt<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Astrogen<br />
| Generation from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS specifications. <br />
| <nowiki>ASTROGEN (Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator) is a Natural Language Generator written in Prolog. Which hopefully can be used by almost anybody. ASTROGEN has been used for generation of natural language (English) from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS Specifications. ASTROGEN consists basically of two modules the Deep and the Surface generator. ASTROGEN was written originally for generating Natural Language from formal specifications for the telecom domain. <img src=../images/astrogen.gif ></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html<br />
| telecom<br />
| <br />
| Astrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vavargard2000<br />
| Vargagard<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, Swedish<br />
| Autotext<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Autotext<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldman75<br />
| Goldman<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| BABEL<br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice <br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice on the basis of abstract representations (conceptual dependencies)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BABEL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kronfeld:1986<br />
| Kronfeld<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| BERTRAND<br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BERTRAND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weiner80<br />
| Weiner<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| BLAH<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| income tax<br />
| <br />
| BLAH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mittal-etal98, Mittal-etal95<br />
| Mittal, Moore, Carenini, Roth, Mattis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| figure captions<br />
| FUF<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| sharp-88<br />
| Sharp<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1995<br />
| EU<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.wh2.tu-dresden.de/~dagmar/cat2/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CAT-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jokinen94<br />
| Jokinen<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| CDM<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| CDM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kan-etal01, Kan-etal01-doc<br />
| Kan, McKeown, Klavans<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
| A multidocument summarization system<br />
| Centrifuser is a multidocument summarization system for documents which are in the same domain and genre. Centrifuser's indicative module employs NLG techniques to produce text that discusses groups of documents and their metadata properties by mimicking library card catalog entries.<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| http://centrifuser.cs.columbia.edu/<br />
| summaries<br />
| <br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Kohl, Eisele, Momma, Dörre, Geltz, Netter, Kärcher, Tappe, Frank, Meier, van Geenhoven<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1992<br />
| French, German<br />
| CHARON<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/charon.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CHARON<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Freedman98<br />
| Freedman<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| <br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlshawiPulman92<br />
| Alshawi, Pulman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, Swedish, French, Spanish<br />
| CLE<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| CLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Evans-etal2006, Piwek-etal98, Piwek-etal99-itri, Piwek-etal99<br />
| Piwek, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, French<br />
| CLIME<br />
| Automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any prescriptive semi-formal documentation<br />
| CLIME is a system to provide automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any semi-formal documentation of a prescriptive nature, such as codes of practice and other quasi-legal documentation. The CLIME project takes advantage of the semi-regular nature of this information to allow the integration of working NL software with existing expertise in codifying legal reasoning, to provide a usable and useful system.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.bmtech.co.uk/clime<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| CLIME<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Gedalia, Elhadad<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| CLINT<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| CLINT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellWhite97, WhiteCaldwell97-anlp, WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CogentHelp<br />
| on-line help for GUIs<br />
| <nowiki>Semi-automatic generation of on-line help for GUIs, with authoring interface for human-written "snippets". Additional information at: <A href=http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml>http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml</A></nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/systems/cogenthelp/<br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| CogentHelp<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vandeRiet-etal98<br />
| van de Riet, Burg, Dehne<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Color-X<br />
| NLG for verification of models of information and communication systems<br />
| In Color-X, tools were developed for building executable prototypes of information and communication systems from specifications expressed in natural language. Papers referenced here refer to the addition of NLG capabilities for verification of the models and requirements.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| communication systems<br />
|<br />
| Color-X<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal90<br />
| McKeown et al.<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| COMET<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| COMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd83, Sigurd84<br />
| Sigurd<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1984<br />
| Swedish<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett:1988, Fawcett90-nlgw5<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof99-ki<br />
| Geldof<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| COMRIS<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| COMRIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marsi01, Marsi98, Marsi95, Marsi98-text<br />
| Marsi<br />
| 1995<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| CONPAS<br />
| Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech<br />
| CONPAS (Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech) is a front-end generator for producing spoken output with appropriate prosody. It consists of three modules: SynR, a module for syntactic realization, ProsR, a module for prosodic realization and, SpeechS, a module for speech synthesis. It is driven by a planning component (PlanR) and produces spoken output in a number of domains; the text planner is specific for each domain. Particular emphasis was placed on the pitch accent placement, and this has been evaluated. <br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| prosody generation<br />
|<br />
| CONPAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smadja:1991, SmadjaMcKeown90<br />
| Smadja, McKeown<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COOK<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| COOK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown:1979<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| Co-Op<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Co-Op<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LevineMellish94<br />
| Mellish, Levine<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CORECT<br />
| Generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment<br />
| a system using NLG techniques to generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment; developed jointly with Racal Research, Racal Instruments, the Unis of Edinburgh and Sussex, and Intelligent Applications Ltd. Builds on its predesessor, the IDAS system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/hct/corect/<br />
| electronics<br />
| IDAS<br />
| CORECT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Busemann, Declerck, Kader, Diagne, Dini, Klein, Schmeier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| Cosma<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
| TG/2<br />
| Cosma<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NealShapiro88<br />
| Neal, Shapiro<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Cubricon<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cubricon<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Theune-etal01-jle<br />
| Theune, Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Krahmer<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| D2S<br />
| System for producing spoken language from data<br />
| D2S is a system for the creation of data-to-speech systems in different languages and domains. The most important characteristic of a data-to-speech system is that it combines language and speech generation: language generation is used to produce a natural language text expressing the system's input data, and speech generation is used to make this text audible. In D2S, this combination is exploited by using linguistic information available in the language generation module for the computation of prosody. This allows us to achieve a better prosodic output quality than can be achieved in a plain text-to-speech system. For language generation in D2S, the use of syntactically enriched templates is guided by knowledge of the discourse context, while for speech generation pre-recorded phrases are combined in a prosodically sophisticated manner. This combination of techniques makes it possible to create linguistically sound but efficient systems with high quality language and speech output.<br />
| 2001-09-30<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
| LGM<br />
| D2S<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman-etal01-dart, Bateman-etal98-inlgw, Reichenberger-etal95-acm, Reichenberger-etal95-ave<br />
| Bateman, Alexa, Teich, Kamps, Reichenberger, Kleinz, Rondhuis<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
| Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus<br />
| <nowiki>Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus. Producing formatted pages in response to selections of artists made by the user with a graphical information retrieval interface.</p><p>Generation was performed using the KOMET generation system. An example page generated from a very large knowledge base compiled from the Dictionary of Art at that time is:</p><p><img src=../images/pic1-layout.gif width=700 height=525></p></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| biographies, art history, layout and text<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller90<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
| A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought<br />
| <nowiki>A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought. The source code of the program can be found <a href=http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/src/dd_gen.cl>here</a>.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/dd.htm<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sgouros99<br />
| Bailey, Mellish, Ritchie, Sgouros<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| DEFACTO<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories.<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories. It seeks to develop and test a prototype system which incorporates Artificial Intelligence techniques into interactive, multi-media story generation and presentation, in order to create a richer, and therefore more satisfying, experience for its user/s.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/daidb/infweb/people/homes/paulba/defacto/<br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| DEFACTO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sprenger93, Horacek93<br />
| Müller, Sprenger, Horacek<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| DIAMOD<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| DIAMOD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WendholtNovak93<br />
| Novak, Wendholt<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| DING<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NirenburgNirenburg88-coling, Nirenburg-etal89<br />
| Nirenburg<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DIOGENES<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DIOGENES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Uszkoreit-etal94, Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Uszkoreit, Busemann<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| DISCO<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| DISCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Seligman91-phd<br />
| Seligman<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Discourser<br />
| Structured discourse <br />
| System developed in a dissertation that presents two components. First: An inheritance-based grammar which represents syntactic and semantic structures as well as the mapping relations between these as frames. The approach to sentence generation features the merging of structures via inheritance and the tracking of expressive choices using 'multiple worlds'. Second: new semantic/pragmatic representations for paragraph-length discourses, and expression procedures based upon them. Discourse relations are discovered via judgements of synonomy, and are arranged in lattices (rather than exclusively in hierarchies). A small set of network traversal strategies permits the repeated application of the sentence generator to generate paragraphs expressing the whole net. A facility for expressing 'situational formulas' adds a pragmatic component to the system. <br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| inheritance grammar<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Discourser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gruber-etal95<br />
| Gruber, Vemuri, Rice<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/top-level.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HoughtonPearson88<br />
| Houghton, Pearson<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DORIS<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DORIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Drafter95<br />
| Scott, Hartley, Power, Paris, Vander Linden, Evans<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, French<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ScottEvans98, Power-etal98<br />
| Scott, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French, Italian<br />
| Drafter-II<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| Drafter-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Deemter:Odijk:97, vanDeemter97<br />
| van Deemter, Leermakers, Odijk<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| DYD<br />
| generates a spoken monologue describing a selected music composition and its recording<br />
| DYD (Dial Your Disc) is an interactive system that supports browsing through a large music database (Mozart compositions); each time a track is selected, it generates a spoken monologue describing the composition and its recording<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| DYD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof98, GeldofVelde97-ewnlg, GeldofVelde97-aaai, GeldofVandeVelde97<br />
| Geldof, van de Velde<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| Ecran<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| templates<br />
| http://arti.vub.ac.be/AAAI97/ecran.html<br />
| movie description<br />
|<br />
| Ecran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey90<br />
| Cawsey<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EDGE<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/AAAI.ps<br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| EDGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen92<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Edward<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Edward<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MooreIJCAI89, EES-87<br />
| Moore, Swartout, Paris<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EES<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| Penman<br />
| EES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Poller-etal96, PollerHeisterkamp96<br />
| Poller<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German, English<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions for train inquiries<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions: development and implementation of an efficient How-to-Say component for the generation of system utterances of a speech dialogue system for train inquiries. Extends the TAG-GEN generator developed within the WIP system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| train inquiries<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weizenbaum66<br />
| Weizenbaum<br />
| 1966<br />
| 1966<br />
| English<br />
| ELIZA<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ELIZA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <nowiki><i>unclaimed</i></nowiki><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale90-dale, Dale89<br />
| Dale<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EPICURE<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| EPICURE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| ERMA<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ERMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellKorelsky94<br />
| Caldwell, Korelsky<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| job descriptions<br />
|<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Exemplars<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exemplars<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Chester76<br />
| Chester<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1976<br />
| English<br />
| Expound<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| Expound<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BangaloreRambow2000, Bangalore-etal2000-learning, Bangalore-etal2000-evaluation, BangaloreRambow2000-corpus<br />
| Bangalore, Rambow<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| FERGUS<br />
| Flexible Empiricist/Rationalist Generation Using Syntax<br />
| Extends statistically guided generation using n-grams with a tree-based statistical model as well as a traditional tree-based syntactic grammar based on the wide coverage XTAG grammar<br />
| 2002-11-17<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FERGUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ward94, Ward92<br />
| Ward<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| FIG<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.sanpo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~nigel/clg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| FIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeunierDanlos98<br />
| Meunier, Danlos<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| French, English<br />
| Flaubert<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Flaubert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter90-dale, MarksReiter90, Reiter90, Reiter91-ci<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| FN<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal94, Bourbeau-etal90-coling, Goldberg-etal94-ieee<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère, Driedger<br />
| 1989<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| FoG<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports.<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports. The first operational forecast produced by FoG was issued on Feb.27, 1992. <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| FoG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EndrissKlabunde2000<br />
| Endriss, Klabunde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| German<br />
| FOGS<br />
| generates narratives with a focus background structure <br />
| The system (acronym for "focus generation system") generates renarratives with a focus background structure (more specifically, the single sentences are annotated with prosodic features to indicate which element functions as bearer of the respective focal accent).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| FOGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Contant86, Contant:1985<br />
| Contant<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| French<br />
| FRANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
| ANA<br />
| FRANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele86, Emele87-gwai, HeidMomma87<br />
| Emele, Heid, Momma<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| FREGE<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FREGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin92, Elhadad93-fuf, ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1990<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent, English, Spanish, Hebrew<br />
| FUF<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peyragrosse:1993<br />
| Peyragrosse<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| ??<br />
| GASPAR<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| 2002-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB queries<br />
| <br />
| GASPAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Etchegoyhen98<br />
| Etchegoyhen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| GBgen<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| GB<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GBgen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adachi97<br />
| Adachi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mitkov90-geo<br />
| Mitkov<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Bulgarian <br />
| GECO<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Henschel-etal02-konvens, Henschel02-gem-manual<br />
| Delin, Bateman, Henschel, Allen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GeM<br />
| multimodal generation<br />
| <nowiki>GeM (Genre and Multimodality) investigated the relationship between multimodal document genres and their realization in text, layout and diagrams. As part of this work a prototype page generation system was developed based on XML, XSLT and the GeM project multimodal annotation scheme. The prototype concentrates specifically on the controlled generation of the layout (including placing of text and graphics, titles, and font selections) adopted on the page, making this sensitive to generic constraints holding for the multimodal document type; the generation of the language elements included is not in focus. The generic constraints are derived from the corpus analysis done within the GeM project and are represented following the GeM annotation scheme. <P>Two examples of generated pages from the prototype are the following, the first from the genre of bird field guides and the second from the genre of instruction manuals.<P> <table><tr><td><img src=../images/gem-bird-konvens.gif ></td><td><img src=../images/gem-pegasys-konvens.gif > </td></tr></table></nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-28<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/gem<br />
| layout and text<br />
|<br />
| GeM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Conklin:1987<br />
| Conklin<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| GENARO<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| picture description<br />
|<br />
| GENARO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glass-etal94<br />
| Glass, Seneff, Polifroni<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESIS<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| GENESIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett90-nlgw5, FawcettTucker90-coling<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESYS<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENESYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Shieber88-coling<br />
| Shieber<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GeneSys<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| 2002-05-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GeneSys<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal96, deCarolis-etal97<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis, Pizzutilo, Grasso, Rossiello, Berry, Gillie<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Italian<br />
| GeNet<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GeNet<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teunissen97<br />
| Teunissen<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| GENIUSS<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENIUSS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| TomitaNyberg88<br />
| Tomita, Nyberg<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English?<br />
| GenKit<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GenKit<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Maybury89<br />
| Maybury<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GENNY<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENNY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl86<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| German<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GEOTEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl89<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English, German<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pemberton89<br />
| Pemberton<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GESTER<br />
| story generation<br />
| story generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| GESTER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marchant-etal96<br />
| Marchant, Mellish, Cerbah, Levine<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| GhostWriter<br />
| generation assisting human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| a demonstration of how plan-based modelling and NLG can be used to assist human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~johnl/ghostwriter/<br />
| manuals<br />
| <br />
| GhostWriter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Williams2004-nlg, Williams02-connectives, WilliamsReiter03<br />
| Williams<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| GIRL<br />
| Microplanning discourse-level choices for people with poor literacy<br />
| System for generating appropriate texts for people with different reading levels<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html]<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| GIRL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| gistgenerator<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| GIST<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GIST-medical<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NotStock94, ParisScott94-inlgw, PowerCavallotto96-gist, PianesiPianta94-gist, VanderLindenScott95-ijcai, Not96-mercatali, Pemberton-etal94, HartleyParis97-MT, Bateman-etal94-ecai, Delin-etal96, MatiasekTrost96, MatiasekBuchberger95<br />
| Cavallotto, Magnini, Lavid, Matiasek, Not, Paris, Pianesi, Pianta, Power, Scott, Stock, Trost, Vander Linden<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Italian<br />
| GIST<br />
| generates instructions for filling in tax forms<br />
| <nowiki>The GIST project addresses the construction of a multilingual generation system for texts describing administrative procedures (e.g., how to apply for a social security facility, what to do in order to get visas, etc.) starting from language independent specifications. We considered three languages: English, German and Italian. The application domain of the developed prototype is represented by instructions on how to fill out pension forms. <P>A longer set of references is available <A HREF=http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist/gist-bibliography.html> here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| SFG, FUF, GB<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist.html<br />
| tax forms<br />
| <br />
| GIST-tax<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kantrowitz92<br />
| Kantrowitz, Bates<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| GLINDA<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GLINDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98, TheuneKlabbers98-inlg<br />
| Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Theune<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1995<br />
| Dutch<br />
| GoalGetter<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://iris19.ipo.tue.nl:9000/index.html<br />
| football<br />
| <br />
| GoalGetter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal88-coling<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GOSSIP<br />
| implementation of the meaning-text theory, praphrase<br />
| An implementation of the meaning-text theory, producing paraphrase<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GOSSIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rich79<br />
| Rich<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Langkilde:2000<br />
| Langkilde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Halogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Halogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| wahlster-ijcai, Wahlster78, Hoeppner-etal83, Hoeppner84<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1983<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System)<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System) An interactive system where the determination of the adequate level of a response in dialogue interactions played a central role.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| jameson80, vonHahn-etal80, Wahlster78<br />
| Jameson, Hoeppner, von Hahn, Wahlster<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DiMarco-etal95, WannerHovy96, DiMarco-etal97<br />
| DiMarco, Hovy, Hirst, Wanner<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| KPML<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gailly88-hermes, Gailly89-phd, Gailly88-quantifier<br />
| Gailly<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| French<br />
| HERMES<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HERMES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kaplan-etal93<br />
| Kaplan, Fenwick, Chen<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benelli-etal99<br />
| Benelli, Bianchi, Marti, Not, Sennati, Mellish, O'Donnell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| HIPS<br />
| developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces<br />
| The HIPS project aims at developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces. The objective of the project is to enrich the "user experience" of a city by overlapping a further dimension with the physical space: contextual and personalised information on the human environment. The project was originally designed to include NLG elements.<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://marconi.ltt.dii.unisi.it/progetti/HIPS/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| HIPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cross92-lexis, Cross92-thesis<br />
| Cross<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Horace<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| physics<br />
| <br />
| Horace<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NetzerElhadad98-hebrew<br />
| Netzer, Elhadad<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| Hebrew<br />
| HUGG<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew, where the form of the input is intended to be as similar as possible to that for FUF/SURGE for English. The places where this does not appear possible suggest interesting places of linguistic contrast, as well as raising questions about the possible modularities involved in the generation task. <br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
| HUGG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BontchevaWilks01-IJCAI, BontchevaWilks99, Bontcheva01-um, Bontcheva01-impact, Bontcheva02-diss<br />
| Bontcheva<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| Hylite+<br />
| Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. Architecture based on a new recursive pipeline model.<br />
| <nowiki>Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. <P>The goal of our dynamic hypertext generation system, HYLITE+, is to produce encyclopaedia-style explanations of domain terminology. The corpus analysis of online encyclopaedia and previous empirical studies have shown the positive effect of additional information -- e.g., definition of key vocabulary, less-technical content, supply of background information and illustrations -- on the subjects' reading comprehension and reading behaviour. On the other hand, hypertext usability studies have shown that people read 25 per cent slower on the screen, so hypertext needs to be concise with formatting, that facilitates skimming. Our empirical studies have shown that users prefer different additional information depending on the chosen formatting and desired explanation length.<P>The majority of existing language generation systems have a pipeline architecture which offers efficient sequential execution of modules, but does not allow decisions about text content to be revised in later stages. However, in some cases choosing appropriate content can depend on text length and formatting, which in a pipeline architecture are determined after content planning is completed. Unlike pipelines, interleaved and revisionbased architectures can deal with such dependencies but tend to be more expensive computationally. Since our system needs to generate acceptable hypertext explanations reliably and quickly, the pipeline architecture was modified instead to allow additional content to be requested in later stages of the generation process if necessary. in such an architecture it is not possible to take into account text formatting and length (which are determined towards the end) when choosing the text content (which happens in the beginning).<P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/hylite-arch.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Hylite+<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Springer-etal91<br />
| Springer, Buta, Wolf<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| ICG<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| ICG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy-etal96-call<br />
| McCoy, Pennington, Suri<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| ICICLE<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ICICLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-inlg, Bouayad2000-lrec, Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-idj, Bouayad-Agha99, Power2000-coling, Power2000-itri, Power-etal99-englw<br />
| Power, Bouayad-Agha, Scott<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
| Combining layout and linguistic constraints<br />
| In the ICONOCLAST project, we developed a framework for integrating constraints on the style and layout of the output documents in an NLG system. By interacting with the system, authors are able to determine the optimal set of constraints whose interaction will lead to the production of documents in the desired style and layout.<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/iconoclast/<br />
| layout and text, patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RuthPeroutka93, Peroutka-etal98<br />
| Ruth, Peroutka<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ICWF<br />
| Interactive Computer Worded Forecast<br />
| (Interactive Computer Worded Forecast) further development of the IFPS system (in which it might now be incorporated?)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| IFPS<br />
| ICWF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal95, Reiter-etal92, ReiterMellish93<br />
| Reiter et al<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IDAS<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/chrism/idas.html<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| IDAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HallerShapiro96<br />
| Haller, Shapiro<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| IDP<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IDP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glahn70<br />
| Glahn, Peroutka, Ruth<br />
| 1970<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| IFPS<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) "Interactive Forecast Preparation System". Early weather report generation still on the point of being deployed commercially. Also led on to the ICWF system (now incorporated?) .IFPS is in the template-based category, much of it written in Fortran. Does not claim an AI-basis, but must do some kind of text planning/organisation.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.nws.noaa.gov/tdl/icwf/ifp.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IFPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rubinoff2000, Rubinoff92<br />
| Rubinoff<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1999<br />
| English <br />
| IGEN<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IGEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell-etal01, ODonnell-etal2000-inlg, Oberlander-etal97, Dale-etal97, Milosavljevic99-phd, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Hitzeman-etal97, Mellish-etal98-opportunism<br />
| Oberlander, Mellish, O'Donnell, Knott<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ILEX<br />
| a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue<br />
| <nowiki>ILEX is a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue, in such a way as to reflect the interest of the user and also opportunistically to further certain educational goals. Developed in cooperation with the National Museums of Scotland, Interactive Information and VIS Interactive Media.<P>The current version of the system, Ilex2.0, produces textual descriptions of objects in a museum gallery. The user is presented with a set of objects, and chooses objects to be described by clicking, as in a conventional hypertext. When an object is selected, a description is produced on-line, which is tailored to the user and the communicative context.<P>An online demonstration is available <A href=http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex<br />
| museums<br />
| WAG<br />
| ILEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Bates, Ingria<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| ILIAD<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ILIAD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vanderlinden-etal92, VanderLinden93-thesis<br />
| Vander Linden<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson87-book<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| IMP<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| IMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rehm99<br />
| Rehm<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| IPaGe<br />
| Incremental Parallell Generator<br />
| Generates descriptions of a construction kit on the basis of conceptual structures. Generation is incremental.<br />
| 2002-04-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| description<br />
| <br />
| IPaGe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| de-Smedt90<br />
| de Smedt<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPF<br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kempen79<br />
| Kempen, Hoenkamp<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPG<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colineau-etal02, Paris-etal01-anlpw, Paris-etal01-hci, Lu-etal99, Paris-etal98-adcs, Paris-etal00-impacts<br />
| Paris, Vander Linden, Lu<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| ISOLDE<br />
| automatic generation of software instructions<br />
| <nowiki>The Integrated Software and On-Line Documentation Environment (ISOLDE) is a novel, integrated software environment developed by the IIT group at CSIRO with Calvin College in the United States, and is partially funded by the US Office of Naval Research.<P>ISOLDE is providing the opportunity to streamline the software production and software documentation process, while facilitating the development of a usable, easily upgraded application. Inherent in the design is the ability to re-use software in upgrades or to totally new generation applications, with dynamically updated documentation and interaction models to match the changes. Automatic and semi-automatic task modelling forms an additional important area of work within this project. The system has been evaluated. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/isolde-Archit2.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.cmis.csiro.au/iit/Projects/Isolde/index.htm<br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| ISOLDE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BinstedRitchie94, BinsteadRitchie96<br />
| Binsted, Ritchie<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| JAPE<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| jokes<br />
| <br />
| JAPE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RambowKorelsky92<br />
| Rambow, Korelsky<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| JOYCE<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| JOYCE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mauldin:1984<br />
| Mauldin<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1984<br />
| English<br />
| KAFKA<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAFKA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ClineNutter94<br />
| Cline<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| KALOS<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KALOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt85-AI, Appelt88-plan<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| KAMP<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MannMoore81<br />
| Mann, Moore<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| KDS<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs87-nlgw<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| KING<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| KING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Kiss B.V.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Dutch, English, German, French<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| FG?<br />
| <br />
| DB and OO descriptions<br />
|<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peters93-kleist, Peters-etal91<br />
| Peters, Rutz, Siegel, Novak, Hoeppner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, Japanese<br />
| Kleist<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Kleist<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LesterPorter97<br />
| Lester, Porter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| KNIGHT<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biology<br />
| <br />
| KNIGHT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BatemanTeich95, Alexa-etal94-sant, Alexa-etal96-ercim, Teich99-dis, Teich-etal96, Degand96-enlgw<br />
| Bateman, Teich, Maier, Wanner, Henschel, Degand<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Dutch<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| KOMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman97-jle, Bateman-etal99-aai, Bateman-etal91-ijcai, BatemanSharoff98<br />
| Bateman, Matthiessen, Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Czech, Russian, Bulgarian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, independent<br />
| KPML<br />
| large-scale multilingual generation and development environment<br />
| <nowiki>The KPML system is an ongoing development drawing on over a decade of experience in large-scale grammar development work for natural language generation (NLG). It is currently maintained at the University of Bremen, Faculty of Linguistics and Literature. The system is a graphically-based development environment for the construction, maintenance, and use of large-scale grammars written with the framework of Systemic-Functional Linguistics.<P> KPML offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation.Grammars have been developed using KPML for a variety of languages including English, German, Dutch, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Bulgarian, and Czech. Many of these grammars are freely available for further research and development work within the NLG community. The English grammar is the very large Nigel grammar under development since the early 1980s in the Penman project at USC/ISI, Los Angeles. <P> A variety of configurations of KPML are available, suitable for use both by absolute beginners in a teaching environment and by large-scale grammar work. The variations are summarised on the main KPML page. KPML is written in ANSI Common Lisp, with the graphical interface in the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). The source code may be compiled and installed in full using commercial Common Lisp products supporting Common Lisp and CLIM under Unix and Windows. There are also standalone executable images available for Windows systems that may be downloaded and used without compilation and without requiring an additional Lisp software licence. </nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/kpml<br />
| independent<br />
| Penman<br />
| KPML<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal92<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, French<br />
| LFS<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| LFS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98<br />
| Klabbers, Theune, Krahmer<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch, English<br />
| LGM<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| LGM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak91, DobesNovak91<br />
| Novak, Dobes<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German, English<br />
| LILOG<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| LILOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Copestake02<br />
| Copestake<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| LKB<br />
| General workbench for typed feature grammar formalisms, including a tactical generation component<br />
| <nowiki>The LKB system is a grammar and lexicon development environment for use with constraint-based linguistic formalisms. The LKB software is distributed by the LinGO initiative, a loosely-organized consortium of research groups working on unification-based grammars and processing schemes. The download page for the LKB system and other available LinGO software and grammars is http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp. <P>The LinGO English Resource Grammar (with associated lexicons and so on) may be downloaded from http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp as erg.tgz. Note that it requires at least 250 MBytes of RAM to run with the LKB. No documentation for the ERG is available at this time (other than the source file comments). <P>The LKB system includes a tactical generation capability.<P>The LKB system is Open Source and there is no registration process. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~aac/lkb.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| LKB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Block91<br />
| Block, Gehrke, Hunze, Schachtl, Schmid, Zünkler<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| LKP<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/lkp.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| LKP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smith-etal94<br />
| Garigliano, Smith, Morgan<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Lolita<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Lolita<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal97-magic<br />
| McKeown, Feiner, Jordan, Dalal, Pan, Shaw, Zhou, Chen, Concepcion<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| MAGIC<br />
| Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data<br />
| MAGIC (Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data) is a real-time multimedia presentation system in the medical domain which generates concise and fluent spoken reports by incorporating prosody modeling for speech and advance linguistic constructions such as right-node raising and ellipsis.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| FUF<br />
| MAGIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal88<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| MARWORDS<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MARWORDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchanan-etal92<br />
| Buchanan, Moore, Foresythe, Banks, Ohlsson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
| health explanations<br />
| health explanations<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii-etal98<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii, Hasida, Noda<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English, French, Japanese<br />
| MIKE<br />
| automatic soccer commentary system<br />
| MIKE is an automatic commentary system that generates a commentary of a simulated soccer game in English, French and Japanese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| MIKE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Frenger98<br />
| Murray<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://sourceforge.net/projects/mind/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner94<br />
| Turner<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
| A story generator<br />
| A story generator<br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| story generation<br />
|<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Callaway-etal98, Towns-etal98, Daniel-etal99<br />
| Callaway, Daniel, Lester, Bares, Towns<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
| employs both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| A multilingual generation component within a learning environment employing both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| learning<br />
| FUF<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yao-etal98<br />
| Yao, Zhang, Wang<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| MLWFA<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MLWFA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie-etal97, Lavoie-etal96<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow, Reiter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/research/modex/index.shtml<br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede99-book, Stede98-cl, Stede96-enlgw, Stede96-phd<br />
| Stede<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| MOOSE<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| manuals<br />
| Penman, KPML<br />
| MOOSE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Androutsopoulos-etal01, Dimitromanolaki-etal01, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg, Isard-etal2003<br />
| Androutsopoulos, Kokkinaki, Dimitromanolaki, Calder, Oberlander, Not , O'Donnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English, Greek, Italian, Spanish<br />
| M-PIRO<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments.<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments. M-PIRO stands for "multilingual personalised information objects".<br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/mpiro/<br />
| museums<br />
| <br />
| M-PIRO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Spyns-etal97<br />
| Spyns, Deprez, Van Tichelen, Van Coile<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| MTS<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| 2001-11-10<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| MTS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zeng95-pacling, Matthiessen-etal95, Zeng93, Zeng96-phd<br />
| Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, Chinese<br />
| MulTex<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| MulTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch98-multimeteo, Coch98-inlg, Coch-etal99, Coch99-gat<br />
| Coch, Chevreau<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch<br />
| Multimeteo<br />
| in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts<br />
| <nowiki>in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts. URL of the operational site is <A href = http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html>http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| [http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm]<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Multimeteo<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McDonald80, Meteer-etal87<br />
| McDonald, Meteer<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak:1986, Novak:1988-book, Novak:1987, NeumannNovak86<br />
| Novak<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| NAOS<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| NAOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Becker-etal92<br />
| Strobel<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| NAUDA<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/nauda.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| NAUDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KnightHatzivassiloglou95, LangkildeKnight98<br />
| Knight, Hatzivassiloglou, Langkilde<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FroelichRiet97, Froelich98<br />
| Frölich<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| NLG(db)<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| NLG-DB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RubinoffFainLehman94<br />
| Rubinoff, Lehman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| NL-Soar<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NL-Soar<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jablonski88<br />
| Jablonski et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| NUGGET<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NUGGET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Aguado-etal98, GalindoAguado01<br />
| Aguado, Gómez-Pérez, Bateman<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Spanish<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| ontology<br />
| KPML<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRosis-etal99<br />
| de Rosis, Grasso, Berry<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| OPADE<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| OPADE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cohen78, Cohen81<br />
| Cohen<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| OSCAR<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| OSCAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vanZanten-etal98, Nederhof-etal97<br />
| van Noord, Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sima'an, Bonnema<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| OVIS<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| OVIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout77<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| OWL<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| OWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fiedler01-ijcai, Fiedler01-ijcar, Fiedler01-phd, Fiedler99<br />
| Fiedler<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| P.rex<br />
| an interactive, user-adaptive proof explanation system<br />
| <nowiki>P.rex is an interactive proof explanation system that adapts its explanations to the user and flexibly reacts to his questions or requests.<P><H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex/figures/architecture.jpg> <P>As a generic system, P.rex can be connected to different theorem provers, namely by means of the formal language TWEGA for specifying proofs and mathematical theories. Mathematical theories are organized in a hierarchical knowledge base. Each theory in it may contain, for example, axioms, definitions, and theorems along with proofs. A proof of a theorem can be represented hierarchically in TWEGA such that the various levels of abstraction are made explicit. <P>The central component of the system is the dialog planner. It is implemented in ACT-R, a goal-directed production system that aims to model human cognition. In ACT-R, declarative and procedural representations of knowledge are explicitly separated into the declarative memory and the procedural production rule base. The plan operators of the dialog planner are defined in terms of productions and the discourse plan is represented in the declarative memory. <P>The dialog plan is passed on through the sentence planner to the surface realizer. Currently, we use a derivate of PROVERB's sentence planner to plan the internal structure of the sentences, which are then realized by the surface realizer TAG-GEN. <P> The uttered sentences are finally displayed on the user interface. It also allows the user to enter remarks, requests and questions anytime. An analyzer receives the user's interactions and passes them on to the dialog planner. In the current stage, we use a simplistic analyzer that understands a small set of predefined interactions. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex<br />
| proofs<br />
| PROVERB, TAG-GEN<br />
| P.rex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finney-etal:1987<br />
| de Finney et al.<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| PARDA<br />
| generation of arguments<br />
| System for the generation of arguments.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| PARDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ebert-etal96, Porzel-etal2002<br />
| Ebert, Jansche, Klabunde, Porzel<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| PAROLE<br />
| generates addressee-oriented spatial descriptions<br />
| (partner-oriented linguistic explicating): The system generates spatial descriptions. It is an example for cognitive modeling, because the choice which point of view the system should take to determine spatial directions is based on several empirical studies on addressee-orientation in speaking. Furthermore, the system generates certain hypotheses on viewpoint-taking if some features of the addressee (like his/her position within the spatial environment, his cognitive competence etc.) are known. <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spatial descriptions<br />
|<br />
| PAROLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colby75<br />
| Colby<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| Parry<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| Parry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sheremetyeva-etal96, SheremetyevaNirenburg96<br />
| Sheremetyeva, Nirenburg<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
| generates patent claims<br />
| generates patent claims concerning devices on the basis of knowledge elicitation where the user selects objects and relations from an ontology<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| patents<br />
| <br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Granville83<br />
| Granville<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| PAUL<br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hovy88-book, Hovy87-JPrag<br />
| Hovy<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PAULINE<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAULINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moore89-thesis, MooreSwartout90-catalina<br />
| Moore<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PEA<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| Penman<br />
| PEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Milosavljevic99-phd, MilosavljevicDale96, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Milosavljevic97, Milosavljevic-etal96<br />
| Milosavljevic, Dale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links<br />
| <nowiki>Peba-II is an on-line animal encyclopedia which produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as world wide web pages. The Peba system contains information about hundreds of animals, but it has more information about Australian Monotremes (the Echidna and Platypus) and Marsupials (such as the Kangaroo, Koala and Wombat). There is also a lot of information on the cat family (Lion, Cheetah, Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard etc), and lots of other mammals like the Alligator, Porcupines (American and African), Elephants (African and Indian), Rabbit, Baboon, Gorilla, Plains Zebra, Goat, Sheep, and so on.<P>The system produces descriptions and comparisons of animals by using underlying representation of information, similar to a database. The web pages you are given do not exist on the server, but are dynamically created as and when you ask for information. Because the descriptions are created by a system, the system can adapt the descriptions to your particular knowledge or experience. The system thus produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-04<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
| animal comparisons<br />
|<br />
| Peba-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bullock94-msc<br />
| Bullock<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system, devised by the Medical Informatics Group at the University of Manchester. The system produces texts describing the contents of the medical records.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MatthiessenBateman91, MannMatthiessen85-benson, Hovy-etal92-nlgw, Hovy93-AI, Matthiessen90-coling, MannMatthiessen83, Kasper89-spl, Matthiessen88-inquiries<br />
| Mann, Matthiessen, Hovy, Kasper, Bateman, Whitney, Albano, Poulton, O'Donnell<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| PENMAN<br />
| Portable systemic generator for domain-independent large-scale text generation <br />
| Penman was the major text generation project established by William C. Mann in the early 1980s. Within this project were developed resources such as the very large Nigel grammar of English and several approaches to text planning that came to define some of the standard approaches in the field.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PENMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finkler97-phdbook<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| PERFECTION<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PERFECTION<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs85<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| PHRED<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PHRED<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beale96<br />
| Beale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Picard<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Picard<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Binsted-etal95, Cawsey-etal96-ecai, Cawsey-etal95-dagstuhl<br />
| Cawsey, Binsted, Bental, Jones, Carter, Grasso<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records<br />
| PIGLIT (personalized patient education): a system for generating personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records so as to help patients understand them<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/pigtext.html<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| PIGLIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KreyssNovak90<br />
| Kreyss, Novak<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| PIT<br />
| text planning<br />
| text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal94-plandoc<br />
| McKeown, Kukich, Shaw<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| telecom<br />
| FUF<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Waltz, Waltz76-PLANES<br />
| Waltz, Finin, Green, Conrad, Goodman, Hadden<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PLANES<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PLANES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Neumann, van Noord<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German, Dutch<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/playmobild.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beurer91, Zadrozny93<br />
| Beurer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| PLNLP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele-etal90-coling<br />
| Momma, Zajac, Emele<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polygloss<br />
| typed-unification-based generation<br />
| Typed-unification-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TFS<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Polygloss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerNeumann89, Finkler89<br />
| Finkler, Neumann<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger91, Reithinger87-gwai<br />
| Reithinger<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FascianoLapalme2000, FascianoLapalme96<br />
| Fasciano, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| French<br />
| PostGraphe<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PostGraphe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal98-realities, Milosavljevic-etal98-highway<br />
| Green, Dale, Williams<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Power<br />
| another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects<br />
| Another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects. Original prototype based on Peba-II. Final system closely resembling ILEX in output although more like Peba in architecture.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| template<br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/~peba/Power/system.html<br />
| museums<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| Power<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal98-iui, Andre-etal93-ppp<br />
| André, Müller, Rist<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| PPP<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| PPP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gulla96, Gulla93, GullaWillumsen93, Gulla-etal91<br />
| Gulla<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PPP<br />
| An explanation generation facility for knowledge validation in computer-aided software engineering<br />
| A system that uses rhetorical strategies for the generation of explanation of dynamic and other information within a CASE (computer-assisted software engineering) system, all collectively called PPP. <br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| CASE models<br />
|<br />
| PPP-case<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson-etal94<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| PRACMA<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRACMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre95-book<br />
| André<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| PREPLAN<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PREPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie98<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Presentor<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Presentor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GagnonLapalme96<br />
| Gagnon, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dik96, Dik92<br />
| Dik<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| ProfGlot<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ProfGlot<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Project Reporter<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive GANNT chart applet. Commercially available over the web since 3/99.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter/<br />
| Commercial<br />
| <br />
| Project Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adorni87<br />
| Adorni<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| Promethius<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Promethius<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PROSENET <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROSENET <br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nicolov-etal96, NicolovMellish99-englw, Nicolov-etal97-ranlp<br />
| Nicolov et al.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| DTG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Davey78<br />
| Davey<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| game commentary<br />
|<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HuangFiedler97, HuangFiedler96<br />
| Fiedler, Huang<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| PROVERB<br />
| natural language presention of machine-found proofs<br />
| PROVERB is a system presenting machine-found proofs in natural language. It is embedded in the interactive proof development environment OMEGA. Settled between automated theorem proving (ATP) and natural language generation (NLG), PROVERB uses techniques of both these fields. In order to present proofs in a way as they can be found in mathematical textbooks, PROVERB first transforms and abstracts resolution proofs or natural deduction proofs to so-called assertion level proofs, which abstract from the basic calculus inference rules. Here, most justifications are in terms of the application of a definition, a lemma, or a theorem, which are collectively called assertions. Assertion level proofs are then verbalized in English using NLG techniques. First, a macroplanner determines the order and content of the information to be conveyed. Then, a microplanner plans the internal structure of the paragraphs and sentences. Finally, the surface sentences are produced by the system TAG-GEN. Furthermore, PROVERB allows for the automatic creation of a LaTeX document from the English proof. <br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~afiedler/<br />
| formal proofs<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| PROVERB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lehnert78-book<br />
| Lehnert<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| QUALM<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| QUALM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal00-rags, Cahill-etal01, RAGS-intro-01, Cahill-etal99, rags99<br />
| Mellish, Scott, Evans, Doran, Tipper, Cahill, Paiva, Reape<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| ''independent''<br />
| RAGS<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/rags/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| RAGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kittredge-etal86-coling<br />
| Kittredge et al.<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| French, English<br />
| RAREAS<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| RAREAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LavoieRambow97-realpro<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| RealPro<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| RealPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Codd, Codd77<br />
| Codd<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB<br />
| <br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal01<br />
| Cahill, Evans, Paiva, Scott, Power, Carroll, van Deemter<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| RICHES<br />
| Instructional texts for patients<br />
| Generates instructional texts for using different medicine delivery methods from rhetorical plans<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| RICHES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen97<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Dutch<br />
| ROIS<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| segment grammar<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| ROIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy86<br />
| McCoy<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| ROMPER<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ROMPER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harvey98<br />
| Harvey, Carberry<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| RTPI<br />
| integration and aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| RTPI (Rule-based Text Plan Integrator): integration, aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9805010<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| RTPI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RothHefley93<br />
| Roth, Hefley<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| SAGE<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| SAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sibun91, Sibun91-phd<br />
| Sibun<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Salix<br />
| generates extended texts in domains including house layouts and family relations.<br />
| Salix incrementally generates extended texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter, in several domains including house layouts and family relations. The code still works.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| house layouts<br />
|<br />
| Salix<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| Carbonell et al.<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching geography<br />
|<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Verret-etal99<br />
| Vigneux, Marcoux, Verret<br />
| 1991<br />
| 2000<br />
| French, English<br />
| Scribe<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). The system is deployed across Canada, but its acceptance and use is regionally dependent (same could be said for FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/cmc/bibliotheque/PREVISIONS/f_9_2.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Scribe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlexanderssonPoller98-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000, Reithinger-etal2000<br />
| Alexandersson, Engel, Kipp, Poller, Reithinger<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, German<br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~janal<br />
| summary<br />
| <br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner88<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| SEMSYN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner87<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SemTex<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| SemTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann95-sereal<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| SeReal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SeReal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Winograd72<br />
| Winograd<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
| description of a microworld (cubes, blocks)<br />
| <nowiki>The pioneer system capable of answering questions and moving objects within a microworld consisting of variously coloured cubes, blocks, pyramids, and so on. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in an interactive English dialog. The system contains a parser, a recognition grammar of English, programs for semantic analysis, and a general problem solving system. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carrying them out. From the generation perspective the interest of the system lies in its dialog capabilities, particularly, for example, the ability to initiate clarification dialogs when references were not clear. Knowledge in the system is represented in the form of procedures, rather than tables of rules or lists of patterns. The system showed natural language, planning and actions working together for the first time in a complete system and would still give some current systems a run for their money! <P>A 'recreation' of SHRDLU has now been prepared by the <A HREF=http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/shrdlu.html>Semaphore corporation</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-11-23<br />
| <br />
| http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/shrdlu/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dilley-etal92<br />
| Dilley, Thiel, Tissen, Bateman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SIC!<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Penman<br />
| SIC!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Driedger-etal2000<br />
| Driedger<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
| Siren<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Siren<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Patten88-book, Patten86<br />
| Patten<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SLANG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SLANG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wahlster2006, Wahlster01, Wahlster2003-fusion<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2006<br />
| German<br />
| SmartKom<br />
| A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology.<br />
| <nowiki>A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology. This should include substantial presentation design components, involving natural language as one of several output modalities. <H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://smartkom.dfki.de/image/archi_eng.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2008-01-10<br />
| <br />
| http://smartkom.dfki.de/eng/start_en.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SmartKom<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herzog:1989, Andre-etal88-soccer<br />
| Herzog, André, Rist, Bosch<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| SOCCER<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| SOCCER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hitzeman-etal99<br />
| Hitzeman, Oberlander, Taylor<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| SOLE<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sole.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SOLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teich-etal97-specom, Grote-etal96, Grote-etal97-speak, HagenStein96, Speak-description98, Stein98-speakeval<br />
| Bateman, Stein, Hagen, Teich, Grote, Thiel<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| metadialog<br />
| KPML<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kosseim-etal96, KosseimLapalme2000<br />
| Kosseim, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| SPIN<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pollack:1986<br />
| Pollack<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SPIRIT<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SPIRIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meteer92-anlp, Meteer90-catalina<br />
| Meteer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| StoneDoran97, StoneDoran96, Stone-etal2000<br />
| Stone, Doran<br />
| 1997<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SPUD<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| SPUD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ReiterDale2000<br />
| Dale et al.<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| StockReporter<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data: StockReporter takes numeric data that describes the performance of a particular stock produces from this data, given an user-specified Reporting Period, a textual summary that describes how the stock performed over that reporting period. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| StockReporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal03-ai, Lennox:bmj01, Reiter-etal97-content, Reiter-etal99, Reiter:cl00, Reiter:nlg00, Reiter:acl01, Reiter-etal97-ewnlg, ReiterOsman97<br />
| Reiter, Robertson, Osman, Lennox<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| STOP<br />
| Generates personalized smoking-cessation letters<br />
| <nowiki>The STOP (Smoking Termination with cOmputerised Personalisation) system generates personalized smoking-cessation letters. The aims of the project are: <UL><LI>To develop a computer system for generating tailored letters to help people stop smoking<LI> To research knowledge acquisition (KA) techniques to acquire text-planning and sentence-planning rules from domain experts <LI>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the computer generated letters in a general practice setting<LI>To evaluate the cost effectiveness of this brief smoking cessation intervention</UL>The system evaluation has now been completed.<P>An online demo of the system can be reached <A href=http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/onlineQ.htm>here.</A></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop<br />
| medical, smoking cessation<br />
|<br />
| STOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CallawayLester95, CallawayLester97, Callaway01, Callaway00-phd, CallawayLester01-ijcai, CallawayLester01-cogsci<br />
| Callaway, Lester<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| StoryBook<br />
| Multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain<br />
| StoryBook produces multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain at the deep structure level using the FUF/SURGE surface realizer. It follows a standard pipelined architecture for generating English and (to a lesser extent) Spanish. The English component includes revision, a discourse history, and limited lexical choice. StoryBook underwent a comprehensive evaluation in March 2000.<br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/callaway/<br />
| little red-riding hood<br />
| FUF, SURGE<br />
| StoryBook<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Robin96, Robin94-phd, Robin93<br />
| Robin, McKeown<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| STREAK<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| baseball<br />
| FUF<br />
| STREAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SaggionLapalme2000<br />
| Lapalme, Saggion<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Summum<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| abstracting<br />
| <br />
| Summum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sripada-etal01-ka, Sripada-etal01-weather, Yu-etal2002-gas, Yu-etal01-sumtime, ReiterSripada2002-inlg, Sripada-etal2002-corpus, ReiterSripada-fc-cl, Sripada-etal2002-weather, Sripada:enlg01, ReiterSripada-2004-inlg, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter, Sripada, Yu, Hunter<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime<br />
| English summary descriptions of time-series data sets<br />
| <nowiki>Our goal is to develop technology for producing English summary descriptions of a time-series data set. Currently there are many visualisation tools for time-series data, but techniques for producing textual descriptions of time-series data are much less developed. ... <P>From a natural-language generation perspective, we expect to focus on lexicalisation and user-modelling. For example, we need to write rules which determine when a particular data set can be described as "rising"; prototype or exemplar models of word meaning may be useful here. We also need to define user models which allow us to decide what information should be communicated in a space-limited text, given the huge number of things that could be said about a particular data set. This should be a very exciting project for anyone interested in the challenge of generating good English texts from non-linguistic input data.<P>To take a concrete example, consider the following extract from a (real-life) weather report: <blockquote>Saturday will be yet another generally dull day with early morning mist or fog and mainly cloudy skies being prevalent. There will be the odd bright spell here and there, but it will feel rather damp with patches of mainly light rain to be found across many parts, especially the west and south.</blockquote> This was produced by a human forecaster from an underlying data set (generated by numerical modelling and prediction techniques) which gave predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest. The underlined phrases are some of the places where the human forecaster has used short textual summaries to describe this complex data. Our goal is to be able to perform similar types of summarisation in a computer system. That is, for example, to take raw data on cloud cover and solar flux over course of a day, and from this produce a phrase such as odd bright spell here and there. This involves research in both time-series analysis (to detect patterns and phenomena in the data) and natural-language generation (to decide how to best describe these patterns and phenomena in language). </nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime<br />
| weather, gas turbines<br />
|<br />
| SumTime<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| YoudMcGlashan92<br />
| McGlashan<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kraus02, Hueske-Kraus2003<br />
| Kraus<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German<br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
| Medical document generation<br />
| <nowiki>A system for the generation of medical documents such as findings, surgical reports or referral letters. SUREGEN-2 uses a hybrid approach, combining canned text phrases (with variables) and bottom up generation. It includes<UL><LI>a (simple, though sufficient) surface generator<LI> a predefined, rudimentary but open ontology for medicine<LI> mechanisms for conceptual and sentence aggregation<LI> a mechanism for referring expressions<LI> a feature for the quite frequent (in medicine) enumerative phrases<LI> a module for generation based on semantic functions (recurring semantic constellations)<LI>a simple mechanism for dealing with synonymity, antonymity and cohyponyms, mainly used for aggregation</UL><P>A standalone demo version of the system is available for download <A HREF=http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip>here</A>. The demo requires some facility with Common Lisp. The system will be used within a larger application context and will be in 'part of a larger enterprise which will be in routine use in our hospital by DEC 2002' (Dirk Kraus, email, 4.Nov.02).</nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.suregen.de/ http://www.suregen.de]<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad, Robin<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| SURGE<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| FUF<br />
| SURGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Luckhardt83<br />
| Luckhardt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| Susy<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Susy<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann88, Busemann:1987<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| SUTRA<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| GPSG<br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| SUTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zock89<br />
| Zock<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SWIM<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching French<br />
|<br />
| SWIM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nogier91<br />
| Nogier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SYLAE<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SYLAE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Abb-etal93, Abb-etal96-synphonics, Guenter-etal95<br />
| Abb, Günther, Herweg, Lebeth, Maienborn, Schopp<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| Synphonics<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| Synphonics<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harbusch-etal91<br />
| Finkler, Harbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, English<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme; used in WIP and EFFENDI<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/tag-gen.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris93, Cecile-user-CL88, CECILE-STRATEGIES<br />
| Paris<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TAILOR<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUG<br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| TAILOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| talespin, Meehan80<br />
| Meehan<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RoesnerStede94-coling, RoesnerStede92-techdoc-pub<br />
| Rösner, Stede, Grote<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman, SEMSYN<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt82-acl<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klenner91<br />
| Klenner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| TELOS<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2001-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TELOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Schilder93<br />
| Schilder<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus-Hor:97<br />
| Busemann, Horacek<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| German, French, English, Portuguese<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo<br />
| environment<br />
| TG/2<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bunt87<br />
| Bunt<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| TENDUM<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TENDUM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TEXNET<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TEXNET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Maybury<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| English<br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown82-ACL<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| TEXT<br />
| use of schemata for determining content & text structure<br />
| use of schemata for determining content and text structure<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchin99<br />
| Buchin, Schmerl<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| TextPro<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-01-01<br />
| Template<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TextPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann96, Busemann98-bremen, Busemann99, Wein96<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| TG/2<br />
| shallow generation component using generalized templates<br />
| <nowiki>TG/2 stands for a new generation of template-based generators. The system is organized as a classical production system, separating the generation rules from their interpreter. Generation rules are defined as condition-action pairs. They can represent not only templates but also context-free grammar rules, using category symbols. Integrating these rule types into a single formalism allows for a shallow modelling of language where this proves sufficient, or for more fine-grained models whenever necessary. The interpreter consists of the standard three-step processing cycle: determine the set of applicable rules, select one from this set, and execute it. The TG/2 system is used in the generators TEMSIS and COSMA. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/tg2-e.gif><P></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-06<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/~busemann/more-tg2.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| TG/2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EdgarPelletier93<br />
| Edgar, Pelletier<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| THINKER<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| THINKER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller98<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| ThoughtTreasure generator<br />
| Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined<br />
| <nowiki>Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined. Under development since 1994, ThoughtTreasure is a comprehensive platform for natural language processing (English and French) and commonsense reasoning. ThoughtTreasure contains a database of 25, 000 concepts organized into a hierarchy. For example, <tt>Evian</tt> is a type of <tt>flat-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>drinking-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>beverage</tt>, which is a type of <tt>food</tt>, and </nowiki><nowiki>so on. <p> Each concept has one or more English and French approximate synonyms, for a total of 55, 000 words and phrases. For example, associated with the <tt>food</tt> concept are the English words <em>food</em> and <em>foodstuffs</em> and the French words <em>aliment</em> and <em>nourriture</em> (and others). <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 50, 000 assertions about concepts, such as: a <tt>green-pea</tt> is a <tt>seed-vegetable</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is <tt>green</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is part of a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt>, and a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt> is found in a typical grocery store. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains about 100 scripts, or computer-understandable descriptions of typical activities such as going to a restaurant or birthday party. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 70, 000 lines of C code implementing: <ul> <li> text agents for recognizing words, phrases, names, and phone numbers, <li> mechanisms for learning new words, <li> a syntactic parser, <li> a natural language generator, <li> a semantic parser for producing a surface-level understanding of a sentence, <li> an anaphoric parser for resolving pronouns, <li> planning agents for achieving goals on behalf of simulated actors, and <li> understanding agents for producing a more detailed understanding of a discourse. </ul> <P>The ThoughtTreasure system was developed by Erik Mueller under the guide of the company Signiform. Signiform was founded in 1997; it shut down business in 2000.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/tt.htm<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| ThoughtTreasure<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris-etal01-um, Lu-etal2000-tiddler<br />
|<br />
| 1999<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Tiddler<br />
| Personalized travel guides<br />
| <nowiki>Tiddler is a prototype system for delivering tailored information to users. Tiddler combines structured information from databases with text from existing web pages to deliver information tailored both to the user and the delivery medium. <P> The information is tailored for delivery to a full-featured web browser or a hand held device like a personal organiser. As screen size decreases, there is a need to reformat information while preserving meaning and clarity. Tiddler is designed to automate this process. Tiddler technology is applicable in any situation where tailoring of information from diverse sources is required to deliver value-added services to customers </nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-31<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.ted.cmis.csiro.au/proj/Tiddler/<br />
| tourism<br />
| <br />
| Tiddler<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey-etal2000<br />
| Cawsey, Bental, Jones<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TIGGER<br />
| Time-based Explanation Generation includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| TIGGER (Time-based Explanation Generation Gives Explanatory Relevance) is an extension over PIGLIT that includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/nlgtalk.html<br />
| medical<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| TIGGER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies using the same technology as the ILEX museum explorer<br />
| 2002-10-13<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/whisky/Web/<br />
| whisky<br />
| ILEX<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Webber-etal97<br />
| Webber, Carberry, Clarke, Gertner, Harvey, Rymon, Washington<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TraumGen<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TraumGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Somers-etal97-tree<br />
| Somers<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| TREE<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| job adverts<br />
| <br />
| TREE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrOlsen96, DorrGaasterland94<br />
| Dorr, Olsen, Gaasterland<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| Unitran<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LCS<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Unitran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Schütz, Becker<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing?<br />
| EU<br />
| UNL<br />
| An international cooperation to provide information on the internet in the languages of the members of the United Nations<br />
| The UNL project is a large scale international cooperation with the goal to provide information on the internet in all national languages of the members of the United Nations. The United Nations University (UNU) in Tokyo which leads the project has developed a single representation language ``Universal Networking Language'' (UNL). Source language specific analysis components will automatically transfer texts into a UNL representation from which target language specific generation components can generate text in all languages. These generation components will be available as plug-ins for WWW-browsers. This approach reduces the enormous translation task to a one-time analysis into a UNL document and the subsequent utilization of a generator for the selected target language.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/services/NLG/IUI-generation/unl-e.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| UNL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MaierReithinger95, Reithinger-etal95, Maier-etal97-clarif, Alexandersson-etal97-vm197, Alexandersson-etal98-vm226<br />
| Maier, Reithinger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| VERBMOBIL:dialog<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Verbmobil-dialog<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchberger-etal91-dialog<br />
| Buchberger<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-DU<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-DU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BuchbergerHoracek88<br />
| Buchberger, Horacek<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis95-anldb<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| VINST<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VINST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HerzogWazinski94, Herzog:1989, Herzog-etal96, Herzog-etal98, Wahlster89-words, Herzog-etal93-vitra-conf, HerzogRist88<br />
| Herzog, Blocher, Gapp, Stopp, Wahlster, André, Rist, Nagel, Enkelmann, Zimmermann, Wazinski<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| VITRA<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions. VITRA: Visual Translator<br />
| 2002-01-04<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VITRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (I)<br />
| The generation task is solved by two modules. The microplanner decides about syntactic structures and word choice using constraint-satisfaction techniques. The syntactic generator uses a declarative grammar to produce a syntactically correct utterance. The generator's output is an (annotated) English utterance which is handed over to the speech synthesis component for articulation. The input to VM-GECO is a sequence of semantic representations for utterances in the target language. They have been produced by the transfer component of the VERBMOBIL system by mapping semantic representations for German or Japanese input utterances onto semantic structures for English.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/geco-sol-e<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| German, English, Japanese<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (II)<br />
| The generation component VM-GECO-II is based on declarative knowledge sources, such that the processing mechanisms can be used for several target languages. Just as in VM-GECO-I, the principle of off-line preprocessing is used to guarantee the consistency of knowledge sources of several generation components as well as to increase efficiency during on-line processing. For each target language an HPSG is used as basis for syntactic generation and is preprocessed off-line into a TAG.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/vmII-e<br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerKilger95, Becker-etal98<br />
| Becker, Finkler, Karbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| VM-GEM<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VM-GEM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell95-wag, ODonnell94<br />
| O'Donnell<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| WAG<br />
| a system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis<br />
| A system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis. The Sentence Generation component of this system generates single sentences from a semantic input. This semantic input could be supplied by a human user. Alternatively, the semantic input can be generated as the output of a multi-sentential text generation system, allowing such a system to use the WAG system as its realisation component. The sentence generator can thus be treated a black-box unit. Taking this approach, the designer of the multi-sentential generation system can focus on multi-sentential concerns without worrying about sentential issues.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.wagsoft.com/wag.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| WAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd-etal92-weathra<br />
| Sigurd, Willners, Eeg-Olofsson, Johansson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Swedish, English<br />
| Weathra<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Weathra<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Inui-etal92<br />
| Inui et al. <br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Japanese<br />
| WEIVER<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WEIVER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal93<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WIP<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| WIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Horacek93, Horacek-etal88-wisber<br />
| Horacek, Sprenger<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WISBER<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WISBER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zuckerman90<br />
| Zukerman<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching algebra<br />
|<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ZuckermanMcConachy95<br />
| Zuckerman, McConachy<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PowerScott98, Power99-enlgw, Power99-eacl, Scott99-ijcai, Piwek-etal99, Kibble-etal99, Power-etal98, Scott-etal98, vanDeemterPower98<br />
| Power, Evans<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
| What you see is what you meant': knowledge-editing with natural language generation<br />
| <nowiki>WYSIWYM aims to allow domain experts to encode their knowledge directly, by interacting with a feedback text, generated by the system, which presents the knowledge defined so far and the options for extending or revising it. Previous knowledge editors have provided a graphical interface so that users can interact with diagrams rather than writing code; WYSIWYM takes a step further, exploiting automatic text generation so that the user interacts with an ordinary natural language document rather than a relatively unfamiliar diagram.<P>The acronym means `What You See Is What You Meant'. The feedback text presented to the user (What You See) reveals the knowledge that has been encoded during the interaction so far (What You Meant). Documentation of knowledge bases becomes automatic, since the system is designed to produce a description in natural language of any knowledge base in any state of completion. The only limitation is that the knowledge base must conform to an ontology which from the user's point of view is fixed. If this ontology proves insufficient, it must be extended by a programmer; the user cannot add new concepts because the system would lack the linguistic resources to express them.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/WYSIWYM/wysiwym.html<br />
| knowledge editing<br />
|<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PiantaTovena99, Pianesi-etal99<br />
| Pianta, Tovena, Pianesi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| XIG<br />
| generates sentences from an interlingua content representation in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| C-STAR II generator producing sentences from an interlingua content representation (Cstar Interchange Format): target of Cstar project is to build a speech-to-speech translation system able to deal with spontaneous speech in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/<br />
| tourist info<br />
| <br />
| XIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout81<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| XPLAIN<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XPLAIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger87, Allgayer-etal89-xtra<br />
| Reithinger, Allgayer, Harbusch, Kobsa<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| XTRA<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stenzhorn2002-nlpxml, Stenzhorn2002-diplom<br />
| Stenzhorn<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| XtraGen<br />
| Template-based generation with XML and Java interfaces<br />
| XtraGen is a recently developed commercial software system for the flexible, real-time generation of natural language via sophisticated templates that can be easily integrated into real-world, industrial application environments through its open XML- and Java-based implementation and interfaces. A new library also allows to incorporate XtraGen in Java Server Pages directly with simple tags and no additional programming code. The actual generation kernel is founded in the fundamental ideas employed by TG/2 and other advanced template-based systems but incorporates a completely new and independent object-oriented design and implementation.<br />
| 2003-09-11<br />
| template<br />
| [http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html]<br />
|<br />
| TG/2<br />
| XtraGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Channarukul99, McRoy-etal2000, McRoy-etal99<br />
| McRoy, Channarukul, Ali<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| YAG<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://tigger.cs.uwm.edu/~nlkrrg<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| YAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gabriel88<br />
| Gabriel<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| YH<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| simulation<br />
| <br />
| YH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| VealeConway94<br />
| Veale, Conway<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Sign<br />
| Zardoz<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Zardoz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jung-etal89<br />
| Jung, Kresse, Reithinger, Schäfer<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| ZORA<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ZORA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BoyerLapalme85<br />
| Boyer, Lapalme<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BoyerLapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll:1980-teaching<br />
| Carroll<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching English<br />
|<br />
| Carroll<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cerbah92-coling, Cerbah92-ecai, Cerbah91, Cerbah92-avignon<br />
| Cerbah<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1992<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cerbah<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Danlos87, Danlos87-kempen<br />
| Danlos<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| French, English<br />
|<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Danlos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRoeckLowden86<br />
| de Roeck, Lowden<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| deRoeck<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fournier91<br />
| Fournier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Fournier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fraczak-etal98-subway, Lizogat2000, Fraczak98-phd, Fraczak-etal98-taln, FraczakLapalme99<br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1998<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| directions<br />
| <br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Friedman69<br />
| Friedman<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Friedman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GreenCarberry99-cl, GreenCarberry99, GreenCarberry95<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| The system generates indirect answers to Yes-No questions in English and was built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| conversational implicature, indirect answers, answers to Yes-No questions<br />
|<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HakkaniOflazer98, Hakkani-etal96<br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Harper et al.<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Harper-etal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herskovits73<br />
| Herskovitz<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Herskovitz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hoffman94, Hoffman95<br />
| Hoffman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hoffman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ishizaki1983, Ishizaki88<br />
| Ishizaki<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| Japanese<br />
| <br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| Ishizaki<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kalita89, KalitaShastri87, KalitaShende88<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business reports<br />
|<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| story generator<br />
| story generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein-stories<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KleinSimmons63<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1963<br />
| 1963<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Klein-coherence<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65-style<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts<br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts using the same set of dependency/Phrase-Structure rules with variant settings of rule probabilities for syntax and pronoun usage. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| Klein-para<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal79, Klein-etal73<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| program for generating murder mysteries on the basis of simulation data<br />
| The output texts were the output of a simulation program for generating murder mysteries in a relational calculus semantic notation. The logic included some 1st order logical quantification strategies. The output of each time frame of the simulation was sent to a generator that used semantic/syntactic production rules. The outputs described the events in the simulations as as they were taking place.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| murder mysteries<br />
|<br />
| Klein-mysteries<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal74, Klein-etal77, Klein-etal76<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1974<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale<br />
| <nowiki>An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, formulated in and generated by the Meta-symbolic Simulation system. Program listing included, with comments that references to page numbers in Propp's book. Also contains myth texts derived from a model of the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss', THE RAW AND THE COOKED. <P><B>Comments from the author</B><BR> The English version of the Propp model appeared first as the UWCS Technical Report in 1974. The 1974 Tech Report version is exactly the same as the one that appeared in the 1977 book. <P>For historical reasons, the 1974 tech report is significant-- in December 1974, I mailed a copy to Claude Lévi-Strauss, whom I had never met. This led to his obtaining a visiting post for me in Paris at L'Ecole des hautes études en Science Sociale in 1976-- to work on modelling the thought processes he used in producing Mythologiques.<P> A revised French version of the paper, with a revised Propp model and an revised model for generating the 'double twist' transformation in the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss' The Raw & the Cooked was published in 1976. Parts of this French version are in English: a. the full set of rules for the Propp model are listed, with explanatory comments in English. b. the texts of the generated Russian tales are in English.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-26<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kreyss94-phd<br />
| Kreyss<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kreyss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich:1987<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kukich<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeleroFont-Llitjos2001<br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| Spanish<br />
| <br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mellish:1986, MellishEvans89<br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Memmi79<br />
| Memmi<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Memmi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meunier97-phd<br />
| Meunier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Meunier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moghrabi:1980<br />
| Moghrabi<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| Moghrabi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mooney93, Mooney-etal91<br />
| Mooney<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| Mooney<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Namer89, Namer90<br />
| Namer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| French, Italian<br />
|<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| Namer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| OhRudnicky2000<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| stochastic<br />
| http://fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu/Communicator/papers/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ACLShapiro, Shapiro82-ajcl<br />
| Shapiro<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Shapiro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SimmonsSLOCUM<br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Simonin:1987<br />
| Simonin<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| economics<br />
| <br />
| Simonin<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karkaletsis-etal98, Spyropoulos-etal96<br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Greek<br />
| <br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tait85<br />
| Tait<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Tait<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wagner-etal99, Wagner-etal97-aime, Wagner-etal94, Wagner-etal95, Wagner-etal95-iccs, Rassinoux-etal98<br />
| Wagner, Solomon, Baud, Michel, Juge, Rector, Scherrer, Rassinoux<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
|<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation on the basis of the large-scale GALEN medical ontology, including both term and procedure generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Wagner-med<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wanner97-phd<br />
| Wanner<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wanner<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wilcock93-msc<br />
| Wilcock<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user<br />
| A demonstration protoype of an interactive generation system, in which inquiries concerning factors needed in the generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user. The necessary factors are used as an SFG network of choices, and the inquiries are based on felicity conditions for the appropriateness of the choices. The prototype system can be used for iterative revision of the generated sentences. This suggests an approach to knowledge-based post-editing.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/kit/2001s/ctl310gen/GW-MScThesis/thesis.html<br />
| interactive MT<br />
|<br />
| Wilcock<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wong75<br />
| Wong<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wong<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yang92, Yang98<br />
| Yang<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| <br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yang<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yngve61-random<br />
| Yngve<br />
| 1961<br />
| 1961<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yngve<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Murray2002-mind<br />
| Murray<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| Mind-1.1<br />
| Concept-based generation system comprising a miniature Mind<br />
| Tutorial AI in JavaScript for Microsoft Internet Explorer<br />
| 2002-12-21<br />
| <br />
| http://mind.sourceforge.net/jsaimind.html<br />
| software tutorial<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Mind<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lareau2002<br />
| Lareau <br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| French<br />
| Sentence Garden<br />
| A generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory<br />
| Sentence Garden is an experimental prototype generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory. The system is language-independent in theory, although only a fragment of description of a French lexicon and grammar has been developed for it so far. The lexicon it uses is the DiCo, a Meaning-Text dictionary that is developed at the U. of Montreal by Mel'cuk and Polguère.<br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/ling/olst/lareau<br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| SenGarden<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash00-oxygen, Habash2001, Habash-etal-2001, HabashDorr2001<br />
| Habash<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| independent<br />
| OxyGen<br />
| A language independent Linearization Engine<br />
| <nowiki>A language independent Linearization Engine. OxyGen takes an input expression in the form of the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) developed for the <a href=Nitrogen.htm > Nitrogen </a> generator and works out a linear ordering for the specified lexical items. The output of the linearization process is a word lattice. A language (oxyL) is specified for writing linearization rules. The linearization process is hybrid, combining symbolic and statistical information. The system has been used in machine translation efforts such as <a href=http://hanne.umiacs.umd.edu:11111/chinmt/ >ChinMT</a> and others from Bonnie Dorr.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Oxygen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Brun-etal2000-inlg, Dyetman-etal00-mda, BrunDymetman02-mda<br />
| Xerox: DCM (Document Content Models) at XRCE (Xerox Research Center Europe)<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French, German<br />
| MDA<br />
| Multilingual Document Authoring system<br />
| <nowiki>MDA (Multilingual Document Authoring) is an interactive natural language generation system which uses a unification grammar formalism for the specification of well-formedness conditions both on the semantics and on the surface realization of documents. The MDA project provides interactive tools, such as context-aware menus, for assisting monolingual writers in the production of multilingual documents. The author's choices have language-independent meanings (example: choosing between a solution and an emulsion in a drug description document), which are automatically rendered in any of the languages known to the system, along with their grammatical consequences on the surrounding text. Although the author is not explicitly following standards, the text produced by the system is implicitly controlled both:<UL><LI> Syntactically: the choice of the standard term for expressing a given notion is under system control, as is the choice between grammatical variants (such as active/passive sentences) for expressing a given information;</LI><LI>Semantically: the consequences of a choice somewhere are reflected across the whole document, the author cannot forget to provide some information that the system requires, dependencies between semantic parameters such as gender and pregnancy can be described.</LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/dcm<br />
| patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| MDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Ceusters<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Dutch, French<br />
| Anthem<br />
| Generation of medical diagnoses<br />
| <nowiki>The aim of the ANTHEM (Advanced Natural Language Interface for Multilingual Text Generation) project was to have ready in September 1996 an API for medical systems able to generate out of medical diagnosis sublanguage statements in French or Dutch, language independent representations of the utterances that will generate translations of the original input in Dutch, French or German, and to perform automatic encoding following the ICD-10 classification rules. A second aim of ANTHEM was to use the same sublanguage approach for the analysis of standardised medical diagnosis expressions such as those used in international classification systems in order to facilitate cross-mapping to other systems and a smooth transition from older to new versions.<P> ANTHEM undertook testing of the final prototypes in a real world environment. Validation of the prototypes were carried out from a threefold perspective: linguistically (by testing the performance of the various subsystems with respect to automatic encoding and translation), technically (by assessing the flexibility with which the APIs can be integrated in existing healthcare applications) and operationally (by allowing end-users to comment on the overall user-friendliness and practical performance of the system).</nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/detail.php?acronym=ANTHEM<br />
| healthcare, medical diagnoses<br />
|<br />
| Anthem<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Axelrod2000<br />
| Axelrod<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| flight information<br />
|<br />
| IBMflight<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roh-etal01<br />
| Roh, Kang, Lee<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| Korean<br />
| XEplainer<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| homeshopping<br />
|<br />
| XEplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Striegnitz2000, GardentThater01<br />
| Striegnitz, Gardent<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| InDiGen<br />
| Integrated generation from declarative grammar-semantics-goal specifications<br />
| <nowiki>The goal of this project is to develop an integrated approach to discourse and sentence planning which captures the interaction of discourse marker selection, ellipsis, and discourse structure. This project will focus on (a) empirical investigations and the formalization of the corresponding linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, and (b) the declarative modelling and implementation of those constraints by means of first order logic theorem proving and expressive concurrent constraint languages. <P> The system has an <B>online demo</B> at <A HREF=http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen/demo/>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2003-05-04<br />
| LTAG<br />
| http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen.html<br />
| general<br />
| SPUD<br />
| InDiGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ratnaparkhi01<br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Air travel reservation dialogue system<br />
| Explores a surface generation framework that allows a dynamic word re-ordering in the context of a conversational system. The system attempts to duplicate the use of "word re-ordering" in order to maximize their communicative effectiveness. The surface NLG module expresses new information differently from old information. The input to the system consists of attribute-value pairs, some mandatory, some optional. Generation is a carried out by a hybrid statistical and grammar-based process.<br />
| 2003-06-01<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| air travel<br />
| <br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilksBy2003<br />
| Wilks, By, Lee, Ballim<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| ViewGen<br />
| ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling being implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext as part of this overall project.<br />
| <nowiki>ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext and builds on a particular philosophical position concerning discourse and belief. <p> <strong>Extract from website: </strong> NLG systems often represent user-related information into a separate knowledge source, i.e., a user model. Typically, a user model will track some of user's beliefs, goals, interests, differences between a user's and system's beliefs, and nested beliefs (i.e., an agent's beliefs about other agent's beliefs). In our view, what is needed is an independent, powerful agent modelling component which can be used to support both understanding and generation. The advantage of using such a component is that potentially it could be reused between application domains and also between generators. Therefore we are now attempting to integrate ViewGen into a hypertext generation system. From that perspective, an important advantage of ViewGen is its account for common knowledge (i.e., default ascription) and stereotypes, as this will allow the modelling of different classes of users and tasks and the use of the most relevant one(s). In addition, the topic environments will restrict the search for relevant information to be included in the generated text. </nowiki><br />
| 2003-09-07<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/ http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/]<br />
| hypertext<br />
| <br />
| ViewGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrGaasterland02<br />
| Dorr, Gaasterland<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| CONGEN<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect. The system takes time-stamped dependency trees and derives appropriate temporal connectives. It is assumed to be embedded within a full generation system.<br />
| 2003-10-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MT<br />
| <br />
| ConGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| schnell02-umset-konzep-sprac<br />
| Schnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| Demosthenes<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation.<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation. The system is a concept-to-speech generation system containing stages adapted from Levelt's model of language production. Modules are present for all the major stages of language production and output containing fine-grained information about prosodic features is produced as final result. The system is implemented in Haskell and can produce output suitable for a variety of speech synthesis components. <br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| wine descriptions<br />
|<br />
| ex-Demosthenes<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gamon-etal02, Corston-Oliver-etal02, Smets-etal02<br />
| Gamon, Ringger, Corston-Oliver, Moore<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German, French, English<br />
| Amalgam<br />
| Amalgam is a sentence realization component based on data-driven, machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.<br />
| <nowiki>Amalgam is a novel system developed in the Natural Language Processing group at Microsoft Research for sentence realization during natural language generation. Sentence realization is the process of generating (“realizing”) a fluent sentence from a semantic representation. From the outset, the goal of the Amalgam project has been to build a sentence realization system in a data-driven fashion using machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.To date, we have implemented Amalgam for both German and French, with English in the works.<H3>Example of Amalgam input</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-input.jpg><H3>Example of Amalgam structural output</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-output.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| machine learning<br />
| [http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx]<br />
| technical manuals<br />
|<br />
| Amalgam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Piwek03-mnlg<br />
| Piwek<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| MNLG<br />
| NMLG: Multimodal Natural Language Generation module<br />
| <nowiki>NECA MNLG is a fully implemented Multimodal Natural Language Generation module. The MNLG is deployed as part of the NECA system which generates dialogues be-tween animated agents. The generation module supports the seamless integration of full grammar rules, templates and canned text. The generator takes input which allows for the specification of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic constraints on the output. <P>The input is processed in a pipeline that consists of the following modules in this order: <UL> <LI>A DIALOGUE PLANNER, which produces an abstract description of the dialogue (the dialogue plan). <LI>A MULTI-MODAL NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERA-TOR which specifies linguistic and non-linguistic real-izations for the dialogue acts in the dialogue plan. <LI>A SPEECH SYNTHESIS MODULE, which adds infor-mation for Speech. <LI>A GESTURE ASSIGNMENT MODULE, which controls the temporal coordination of gestures and speech. <UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-17<br />
| mixed<br />
| <br />
| animated interfaces<br />
|<br />
| MNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal2005-routes, Dale-etal2003-coral, Dale-etal2002-coral, Geldof2003-enlgw, GeldofDale-2002<br />
| Dale, Geldof, Prost<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| Coral<br />
| Automatic generation of navigational route descriptions<br />
| Route directions have been the subject of extensive research in various areas, including cognitive science, psychology, artificial intelligence and natural language generation. Our primary perspective is that of natural language generation. Thus our aim is to investigate in how far natural language generation technology can improve the efficiency of automatically generated route descriptions. The current technological context allows for information delivery in the physical context of usage via mobile devices. This is particularly relevant for instructional discourse, such as route descriptions.<br />
| 2008-04-12<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html]<br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Coral<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KranzdorfGrefahn92-itex<br />
| Kranzdorf, Grefahn<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ITEX<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning that investigates the flexible relationship between macrostructure and microstructure. Surface generation is done with an LFG-based generator.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| LFG-f<br />
| ITEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DoerreMomma87-gwai, MommaDoerre87<br />
| Dörre, Momma<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Generation from LFG f-structures<br />
| A method for generating sentences from LFG f-structures<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LFG-f<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| reitter04-mug, Reitter-etal2004-ui<br />
| Reitter<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| MUG<br />
| Multimodal functional unification generation<br />
| When grammar-based techniques for natural language generation (and analysis alike) find their way into collaborative projects or actual application, big grammars tend to become hard to extend and debug. The MUG system represents a new tool set with a graphical debugging environment for functional unification grammars, which is designed to help grammar developers inspect the results of their work. The particular formalism supported is Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar, which is similar to Functional Unification Grammars, but supports several coordinated modes, such as voice prompts or structural and/or language-based screen displays. For each input description, the grammar can generate a range of coherent realization variants, which are ranked by a scoring function in order to optimize the output towards situational and device-related factors.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| FUG<br />
| [http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html]<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| MUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benamara-2004-inlg<br />
| Benamara<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English, French<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
| Logic-based model for question answering<br />
| A logic-based model for the accurate generation of intensional responses within a co-operative question-answering framework. Generation is template-based.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| template<br />
| <br />
| transportation<br />
|<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll-etal2000<br />
| Carroll, Nicolov, Smets, Shaumyan, Weir<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| LEXSYS<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LEXSYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede2002-coling, ChiarcosStede-2004-inlg<br />
| Stede, Chiarcos<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polibox<br />
| Hypertext generator <br />
| Hypertext generator<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Polibox<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash-2004-inlg<br />
| Habash<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| EXERGE<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English using statistical methods and an N-gram language model<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| n-grams<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exerge<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MarciniakStrube-2004-inlg<br />
| Marciniak, Strube<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Generator for route descriptions<br />
| Generation of route descriptions by apply automatic learning techniques to drive a TAG-based generation system. The training corpus is for route descriptions.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Marciniak<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PaivaEvans-2004-inlg<br />
| Paiva, Evans<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Stylistic control for generation<br />
| System that derives stylistic control for generation from a corpus analysis of a range of language varieties that will be covered. The corpus analysis follows factorial analysis (Biber) and applies a correlation technique to ensure that generated texts are situated appropriately within the space of possibilities.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| LEXSYS, RICHES<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Paiva-style<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PanShaw-2004-inlg<br />
| Pan, Shaw<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEGUE<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SEGUE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Foster-2004-inlg, White-2004-inlg<br />
| Foster, White, Moore<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| COMIC<br />
| COnversational Multimodal Interaction with Computers<br />
| Multimodal dialogue system that adds a spoken-language dialogue interface to a CAD-like application used in bathroom sales situations to help clients redesign their rooms. Input to the system includes speech, handwriting and pen gestures; the output combines synthesized speech, a 'talking head' avatar and control of teh underlying application.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| CCG<br />
| [http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/ http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/]<br />
| interior design<br />
|<br />
| COMIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klarner-2004-inlg<br />
| Klarner<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
| A hybrid NLG system for generating dialogue: 'Hybrid pragmatically embedded realization with bottom-up generation'<br />
| Mixes shallow and deep generation for dialogue generation. Currently used in three domains: home audio-visual management, model train control, and B2B e-procurement.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassens2005-ola<br />
| Claassens<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| OLA<br />
| English Question/Answer (Q&A) system, template-based and not very sophisticated, but the open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <br />
| <nowiki>This English Question/Answer (QA) system is template-based and is not very sophisticated. However, this open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <P>Till now, this QA system can be used to answer questions that are related to rids. This domain has a very restricted lexicon. Therefore, it is an easy domain in which such a system can be applied to. <P>O.L.A. is developed in Linux environment in AWK programming code (see website). The gaps of the randomly chosen template sentences are filled with usage of external data. Furthermore, an example of an avatar will be generated (form: emoticon). </nowiki><br />
| 2005-03-03<br />
| <br />
| http://pi0959.uvt.nl/s883247/acklin.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| OLA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carenini2001-gea, CareniniMoore2000<br />
| Carenini<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GEA<br />
| Generator of Evaluative Arguments (GEA): GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments.<br />
| GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments. GEA covers all aspects of generating evaluative arguments from selecting and organizing the content of the argument, to expressing the selected content into natural language. For content selection and organization, GEA applies an argumentation strategy based on guidelines from argumentation theory. For expressing the content into natural language, GEA relies on a set of techniques that extend and integrate previous work in computational linguistics on micro-planning and realizing evaluative arguments. Finally, a quantitative model of user preferences expressed as an additive multiattribute value function (AMVF) is the key knowledge source used by GEA in tailoring the content, organization and phrasing of the generated arguments to its users. <br />
| 2005-05-21<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.ubc.ca/%7Ecarenini/THESIS/gea.html<br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| GEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AbellaKender99<br />
| Abella, Kender<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Spatial language generation<br />
| Generating sentences from images employing spatial relations<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Abella<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Boyd98<br />
| Boyd<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| TREND<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| time-series<br />
| <br />
| TREND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karamanis-etal2004, Karamanis2003, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg<br />
| Karamanis<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEEC<br />
| System for Evaluating Entity Coherence<br />
| A text structuring module for NLG that implements a search-oriented, corpus-based methodology for evaluating metrics of entity coherence based on different vers ions of Centering Theory.Various permutations of input expressions are evaluated with respect to the corpus-derived metrics.<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| text structuring<br />
|<br />
| SEEC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CziferszkyWinter2002<br />
| Cziferszky, Winter<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Route description generation<br />
| Route description generation<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| CziferszkyWinter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilliamsReiter2005-enlg, WilliamsReiter2005-ijcai, WilliamsReiter2005-selrules, WilliamsReiter2004-errors, Reiter-etal2005-sgai<br />
| Williams, Reiter<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SkillSum<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/skillsum/<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| SkillSum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Szilas2007<br />
| Szilas<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| IDtension<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama. The narrative planning and realisation is intended to be medium-independent; early version of the system produces text descriptions by template generation.<br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| templates<br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| IDtension<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Levison-etal2001, LessardLevison95, LevisonLessard96, LevisonLessard92<br />
| Lessard, Levison<br />
| 1986<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French<br />
| VINCI<br />
| VINCI is a natural language generation environment used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. <br />
| <nowiki><P>VINCI is a natural language generation environment under development for the past 20-odd years. It has been used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. Most research has been done in French or English, but the system was designed to be multilingual and some work has been done in other languages as well.<P>The system includes a variety of features, including:<UL><LI>a semantic metalanguage which is not language-specific</LI><LI>lexical preselection mechanisms which allow initial choice of lexical items in some natural language and inheritance of traits from these items in subsequent syntactic development</LI><LI>a system of attributes which provides the 'glue' between semantics, syntax, morphology and lexicon; attributes may be partially ordered, compounded, and deconstructed</LI><LI>a syntactic mechanism based on a context-free grammar with attribute attachment, which allows inheritance, guarded syntax rules allowing for conditional development of child nodes, and transformations of syntax trees</LI><LI>lexical representation based on syntactic and semantic attributes, morphological traits, orthography, phonology, and frequency; also included are lexical pointer mechanisms to permit representation of relations such as hyponymy, synonymy, etc.</LI><LI>morphology rules based on attribute values, orthography, phonology, and preceding and following context</LI><LI>lexical transformation devices which permit the synthesis by rule of sets of derived or compound words, either statically or dynamically</LI><LI>error analysis mechanisms which take some user input and compare it to some set of rule-governed candidate parses at the phonological, phonographic, orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels.</LI></UL><P>VINCI is embedded in an editing environment (IVI) which provides for easy modification of language specifications, including template-based editing of lexical records. IVI also permits the use of driver programs written in C or some other language. The program is written in C and runs under Solaris, Linux, and Windows (using Cygwin). It is freely available from the project website, which also contains documentation on the system, sample language descriptions, and references to the papers and articles to which the project has given rise.</nowiki><br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.queensu.ca/CompLing/<br />
| CALL<br />
| <br />
| VINCI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CheongYoung2006<br />
| Cheong, Young<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2006<br />
| English<br />
| Suspenser<br />
| A framework for narrative generation<br />
| Suspenser, a computational model of narrative generation that takes as input a given story world and constructs a narrative structure intended to evoke the desirable level of suspense from the reader at a specific moment in the story.<br />
| 2008-01-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| Suspenser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KamalMellish-2004-inlg<br />
| Kamal, Mellish<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| STAGE<br />
| Generating using an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS)<br />
| The STylistics-Aware GEnerator (STAGE) system brings together systemic-functional linguistic resources and established an AI search mechanism. The generator uses systemic networks tranlsated into a particular form in order to generate nature language texts that can build on the ATMS in order to incorporate surface constraints. <br />
| 2008-01-16<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| STAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2007<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| BabyTalk<br />
| BabyTalk is developing computerised tools to summarise and interpret data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).<br />
| BabyTalk is investigating ways of summarising and presenting patient information to medical professionals and family members. Our focus is on data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. <br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/babytalk<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| BabyTalk<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal2005-words, Sripada-etal2003-mousam<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Sripada, Davy<br />
| 2005<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
| Weather Forecast System<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for marine weather reports<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
| Medical Care Reports<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for medical reports: see also BabyTalk<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medicine<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yu-etal2005<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Mellish<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
| System for generating textual summaries of sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| industrial<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gupta-etal2007, Gupta-etal2007-ENLG, Gupta-etal2008<br />
| Gupta, Walker, Romano<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| POLLy<br />
| POliteness in Language Learning<br />
| <nowiki>The system contains a generalised mechanism for generating utterances and dialogues, drawing on a sociolinguistics theory of politeness. It combines a Spoken Language Generator (using full NLG techniques) with an AI planner to model linguistic politeness in collaborative task oriented dialogue with the ultimate goal of providing a stimulating environment and a fun way for learning politeness in English as a Second Language (ESL). <P>Dialogues are demonstrated within Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) capable of dialogues with human ESL learners, interacting with them using spoken language to practice politeness in role play situations.<P><IMG src=../images/polly.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ESL<br />
| <br />
| Polly<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MariesseWalker2007, MariesseWalker2008<br />
| Mairesse, Walker<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
| Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits.<br />
| <nowiki>Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits by controlling parameters derived from the psychology literature. Personage-PE---an extension of Personage---uses statistical models trained on human judgements to predict the optimal parameters given target personality scores along the Big Five dimensions of personality. <p>A Java real-time demo is available at <a href=http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html>http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html</a></nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html<br />
| Affect<br />
| <br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AllmanBeale2006<br />
| Allman, Beale, Denton<br />
| 1993<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Korean, Jula, Kewa<br />
| TBTA<br />
| The Bible Translator's Assistant<br />
| <nowiki>The Bible Translator's Assistant is a multilingual natural language generator based on linguistic universals and typologies. This project is intended to generate rough drafts of the Bible and many community development articles in the world's 3000+ minority languages. Experiments indicate that these rough drafts quadruple the productivity of experienced mother tongue translators. (<a href=../images/tbta-allman2008.pdf>Cached unpublished paper</a>)</nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| UG<br />
| http://www.thebibletranslatorsassistant.com/<br />
| translation<br />
| <br />
| TBTA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99-volvex<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
| Validation Of Specifications by Natural Language Generation for VOLVO expressed in STEP/EXPRESS<br />
| STEP Application Protocols (APs) are often very large and complicated general descriptions of different domains mainly within the manufacturing industry. STEP AP's are expressed in the EXPRESS language which is a static modeling language of Entity-Relationship type. Users of STEP AP have often large problems to understand the whole AP and therefore they need a tool which helps them to validate the STEP AP. The tool we are proposing is a natural language English paraphraser of the STEP AP. The VOLVEX system supports automatically building a domain lexicon from one STEP AP and with this lexicon automatically translate one arbitrary STEP AP EXPRESS file into a Prolog based format to be used by a Natural Language Generator called ASTROGEN. The translation from EXPRESS format to EXPRESS Prolog format and the construction of the domain lexicon is carried out by a set of Perl programs.<br />
| 2008-12-10<br />
| <br />
| [http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html]<br />
| formal specifications<br />
| ASTROGEN<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner-etal2008, Turner-etal2007<br />
| Turner, Sripada, Reiter, Davy<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| RoadSafe<br />
| Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing<br />
| <nowiki>A project for "Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing". The RoadSafe project is intended to<UL><LI>use Knowledge Aquisition techniques to understand how humans write textual instructions for road maintenance vehicle routing.</LI><LI>produce a system capable of automatically evaluating a region's geographical data combined with the weather forecast for 10000s of points in that region to provide textual routing and de-icer spread rate instructions</LI><LI>utilise Aerospace and Marine International's expert forecasters in order to post-edit generated advisory texts and therefore improve the performance of the system. </LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/RoadSafe/<br />
| geodata<br />
| <br />
| RoadSafe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Belz2007<br />
| Belz<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| pCRU<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| pCRU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GalanisAndroutsopoulos2007<br />
| Galanis, Androutsopoulos<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
| Description of concepts defined in OWL ontologies<br />
|<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://pages.cs.aueb.gr/nlp/software.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2009<br />
| General<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework. SimpleNLG is a relatively simple Natural Language Generation realiser, with a Java API. It has less grammatical coverage than many other realisers, but it does not require in-depth knowledge of a syntactic theory to use. The core of the package is the realiser, lexicon, and features packages <br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg/<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ThomasSripada2007<br />
| Thomas, Sripada, Reiter<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| Atlas.txt<br />
| Making geo-referenced data available via natural language generation<br />
| The Atlas.txt project aims to produce textual summaries of geo-referenced data which can be read out via a screenreader. Such data are often communicated via maps are so are inaccessible to the visually impaired population.<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ssripada/atlas/<br />
| geodata<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| Atlastxt<br />
<br />
|}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User_talk:ChristianPietsch&diff=7295User talk:ChristianPietsch2009-10-29T12:58:26Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* List of NLG systems */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Special interest groups ==<br />
<br />
''(Some SIGs are not ACL SIGs. Shall we also add relevant ACM SIGs?)''<br />
<br />
: Sure. --[[User:Pdturney|Pdturney]] 23:14, 25 January 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== List of NLG systems ==<br />
<br />
[[List of NLG systems]] is an orphan page -- nothing links to it.--[[User:Pdturney|Pdturney]] 03:15, 15 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
: Thank you for keeping an eye on things, but this is intentional. It is an early draft for a wikified version of the Bateman/Zock list of NLG systems. Currently I think these data are better represented in a Semantic Mediawiki, and I am working on such a version now. Do you think the ACL Wiki will eventually become a semantic wiki, i.e. will the [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/ SMW extension] be installed? --[[User:ChristianPietsch|ChristianPietsch]] 09:22, 22 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
:: I don't know much about Semantic Wikis. If you could explain how the SMW extension will benefit the ACL Wiki users, I could make a case to the system administrators, to see whether they can be persuaded to install the extension.--[[User:Pdturney|Pdturney]] 19:22, 26 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
::: Based on my experience with Wikipedia, if a page is not yet ready for the public, then the standard practice is to make a [http://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:Pdturney/Sandbox Sandbox].--[[User:Pdturney|Pdturney]] 19:27, 26 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
:::: Right. Do you want me to move the big table to my user name space? No problem. What I have done is to set up a Semantic Mediawiki based server loaded with the information from the Bateman/Zock list of NLG systems and their huge bibliography. It is not yet quite ready for prime time but I think it will be announced in about a week's time. If you like it, and the ACL Wiki can be turned into a semantic wiki, we can perhaps move everything into the ACL Wiki at a later stage. --[[User:ChristianPietsch|ChristianPietsch]] 12:58, 29 October 2009 (UTC)</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User_talk:ChristianPietsch&diff=7281User talk:ChristianPietsch2009-10-22T09:22:05Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* List of NLG systems */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Special interest groups ==<br />
<br />
''(Some SIGs are not ACL SIGs. Shall we also add relevant ACM SIGs?)''<br />
<br />
: Sure. --[[User:Pdturney|Pdturney]] 23:14, 25 January 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== List of NLG systems ==<br />
<br />
[[List of NLG systems]] is an orphan page -- nothing links to it.--[[User:Pdturney|Pdturney]] 03:15, 15 October 2009 (UTC)<br />
: Thank you for keeping an eye on things, but this is intentional. It is an early draft for a wikified version of the Bateman/Zock list of NLG systems. Currently I think these data are better represented in a Semantic Mediawiki, and I am working on such a version now. Do you think the ACL Wiki will eventually become a semantic wiki, i.e. will the [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/ SMW extension] be installed? --[[User:ChristianPietsch|ChristianPietsch]] 09:22, 22 October 2009 (UTC)</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch/List_of_NLG_systems&diff=6715User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems2009-04-21T15:47:30Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +description</p>
<hr />
<div>This is an attempt to represent [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/NLG-table-root.htm John Bateman and Michael Zock's list of NLG systems] in a wiki format.<br />
<br />
Some works remains to be done:<br />
* BibTeX keys should be hotlinked to the entries in http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/nlg-cite.html<br />
* The HTML code (incl. IMG links) in the long descriptions has been de-activated for the moment<br />
* The table should be visually compressed to fit on smaller screens<br />
* Perhaps the data should rather be stored in a wiki with the [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/ Semantic MediaWiki] extension? Suggestions are welcome on the discussion page.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Table of NLG systems ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 75%; width: 100%;"<br />
|-valign="top" bgcolor="#CDCDCD"<br />
!BibTeX cite keys<br />
!main workers<br />
!starting year<br />
!ending year<br />
!languages generated<br />
!name of system<br />
!short description<br />
!long description<br />
!entry updated<br />
!theoretical framework<br />
!URL<br />
!domain or application<br />
!name of forerunner system<br />
!unique permanent name<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kohl90, Kohl89<br />
| Kohl, Gardent, Plainfossé, Reape<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| Accord<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Accord<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Elhadad:1992-phd<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Advisor<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| Advisor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kruijff-etal-2000-coling, Bateman-etal2000-lrec, Agile-note97<br />
| Krujiff, Korbayová, Teich, Hartley, Bateman, Sharoff, Scott, Staykova, Sokolova<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2001<br />
| Bulgarian, Czech, Russian<br />
| AGILE<br />
| generates instructions in the domain of Computer-Aided Design<br />
| AGILE is a tool which allows a technical author to specify, in a non-linguistic representation, the 'content' of different tasks that can be performed by users of CAD-CAM software. The AGILE system can then automatically express these content specifications in styles appropriate to different sections of a CAD-CAM manual (procedures, ready reference ...) in Bulgarian, Czech and Russian. The generated texts are displayed in a browser as hyperlinked documents. No expertise in knowledge representation is required, although some training with the interface is needed. The system has been evaluated and the results are described in the relevant project deliverables.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/agile<br />
| CAD, instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| AGILE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch-etal95, Coch96a, CochDavid94-anlp<br />
| Coch, David<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stock91<br />
| Stock<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1991<br />
| Italian<br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich83<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| ANA<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| ANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Blocher92<br />
| Blocher<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal98<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| ARIANNA<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ARIANNA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kim-etal02-artequakt<br />
| Kim, Alani, Hall, Lewis, Millard, Shadbolt, Weal<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Artequakt<br />
| Automatic generation of narrative biographies of artists <br />
| The Artequakt project is working towards automatically generating narrative biographies of artists from knowledge that has been extracted from the Web and maintained in a knowledge base. An overview of the system architecture is presented here and the three key components of that architecture are explained in detail, namely knowledge extraction, information management and biography construction. It is our belief that by building a story-schema layer on top of an ontology we can create dynamic stories within a certain domain.<br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biographies<br />
| <br />
| Artequakt<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Astrogen<br />
| Generation from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS specifications. <br />
| <nowiki>ASTROGEN (Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator) is a Natural Language Generator written in Prolog. Which hopefully can be used by almost anybody. ASTROGEN has been used for generation of natural language (English) from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS Specifications. ASTROGEN consists basically of two modules the Deep and the Surface generator. ASTROGEN was written originally for generating Natural Language from formal specifications for the telecom domain. <img src=../images/astrogen.gif ></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html<br />
| telecom<br />
| <br />
| Astrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vavargard2000<br />
| Vargagard<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, Swedish<br />
| Autotext<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Autotext<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldman75<br />
| Goldman<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| BABEL<br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice <br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice on the basis of abstract representations (conceptual dependencies)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BABEL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kronfeld:1986<br />
| Kronfeld<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| BERTRAND<br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BERTRAND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weiner80<br />
| Weiner<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| BLAH<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| income tax<br />
| <br />
| BLAH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mittal-etal98, Mittal-etal95<br />
| Mittal, Moore, Carenini, Roth, Mattis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| figure captions<br />
| FUF<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| sharp-88<br />
| Sharp<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1995<br />
| EU<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.wh2.tu-dresden.de/~dagmar/cat2/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CAT-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jokinen94<br />
| Jokinen<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| CDM<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| CDM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kan-etal01, Kan-etal01-doc<br />
| Kan, McKeown, Klavans<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
| A multidocument summarization system<br />
| Centrifuser is a multidocument summarization system for documents which are in the same domain and genre. Centrifuser's indicative module employs NLG techniques to produce text that discusses groups of documents and their metadata properties by mimicking library card catalog entries.<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| http://centrifuser.cs.columbia.edu/<br />
| summaries<br />
| <br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Kohl, Eisele, Momma, Dörre, Geltz, Netter, Kärcher, Tappe, Frank, Meier, van Geenhoven<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1992<br />
| French, German<br />
| CHARON<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/charon.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CHARON<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Freedman98<br />
| Freedman<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| <br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlshawiPulman92<br />
| Alshawi, Pulman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, Swedish, French, Spanish<br />
| CLE<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| CLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Evans-etal2006, Piwek-etal98, Piwek-etal99-itri, Piwek-etal99<br />
| Piwek, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, French<br />
| CLIME<br />
| Automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any prescriptive semi-formal documentation<br />
| CLIME is a system to provide automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any semi-formal documentation of a prescriptive nature, such as codes of practice and other quasi-legal documentation. The CLIME project takes advantage of the semi-regular nature of this information to allow the integration of working NL software with existing expertise in codifying legal reasoning, to provide a usable and useful system.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.bmtech.co.uk/clime<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| CLIME<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Gedalia, Elhadad<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| CLINT<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| CLINT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellWhite97, WhiteCaldwell97-anlp, WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CogentHelp<br />
| on-line help for GUIs<br />
| <nowiki>Semi-automatic generation of on-line help for GUIs, with authoring interface for human-written "snippets". Additional information at: <A href=http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml>http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml</A></nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/systems/cogenthelp/<br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| CogentHelp<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vandeRiet-etal98<br />
| van de Riet, Burg, Dehne<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Color-X<br />
| NLG for verification of models of information and communication systems<br />
| In Color-X, tools were developed for building executable prototypes of information and communication systems from specifications expressed in natural language. Papers referenced here refer to the addition of NLG capabilities for verification of the models and requirements.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| communication systems<br />
|<br />
| Color-X<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal90<br />
| McKeown et al.<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| COMET<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| COMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd83, Sigurd84<br />
| Sigurd<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1984<br />
| Swedish<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett:1988, Fawcett90-nlgw5<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof99-ki<br />
| Geldof<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| COMRIS<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| COMRIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marsi01, Marsi98, Marsi95, Marsi98-text<br />
| Marsi<br />
| 1995<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| CONPAS<br />
| Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech<br />
| CONPAS (Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech) is a front-end generator for producing spoken output with appropriate prosody. It consists of three modules: SynR, a module for syntactic realization, ProsR, a module for prosodic realization and, SpeechS, a module for speech synthesis. It is driven by a planning component (PlanR) and produces spoken output in a number of domains; the text planner is specific for each domain. Particular emphasis was placed on the pitch accent placement, and this has been evaluated. <br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| prosody generation<br />
|<br />
| CONPAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smadja:1991, SmadjaMcKeown90<br />
| Smadja, McKeown<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COOK<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| COOK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown:1979<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| Co-Op<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Co-Op<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LevineMellish94<br />
| Mellish, Levine<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CORECT<br />
| Generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment<br />
| a system using NLG techniques to generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment; developed jointly with Racal Research, Racal Instruments, the Unis of Edinburgh and Sussex, and Intelligent Applications Ltd. Builds on its predesessor, the IDAS system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/hct/corect/<br />
| electronics<br />
| IDAS<br />
| CORECT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Busemann, Declerck, Kader, Diagne, Dini, Klein, Schmeier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| Cosma<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
| TG/2<br />
| Cosma<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NealShapiro88<br />
| Neal, Shapiro<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Cubricon<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cubricon<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Theune-etal01-jle<br />
| Theune, Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Krahmer<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| D2S<br />
| System for producing spoken language from data<br />
| D2S is a system for the creation of data-to-speech systems in different languages and domains. The most important characteristic of a data-to-speech system is that it combines language and speech generation: language generation is used to produce a natural language text expressing the system's input data, and speech generation is used to make this text audible. In D2S, this combination is exploited by using linguistic information available in the language generation module for the computation of prosody. This allows us to achieve a better prosodic output quality than can be achieved in a plain text-to-speech system. For language generation in D2S, the use of syntactically enriched templates is guided by knowledge of the discourse context, while for speech generation pre-recorded phrases are combined in a prosodically sophisticated manner. This combination of techniques makes it possible to create linguistically sound but efficient systems with high quality language and speech output.<br />
| 2001-09-30<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
| LGM<br />
| D2S<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman-etal01-dart, Bateman-etal98-inlgw, Reichenberger-etal95-acm, Reichenberger-etal95-ave<br />
| Bateman, Alexa, Teich, Kamps, Reichenberger, Kleinz, Rondhuis<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
| Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus<br />
| <nowiki>Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus. Producing formatted pages in response to selections of artists made by the user with a graphical information retrieval interface.</p><p>Generation was performed using the KOMET generation system. An example page generated from a very large knowledge base compiled from the Dictionary of Art at that time is:</p><p><img src=../images/pic1-layout.gif width=700 height=525></p></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| biographies, art history, layout and text<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller90<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
| A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought<br />
| <nowiki>A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought. The source code of the program can be found <a href=http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/src/dd_gen.cl>here</a>.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/dd.htm<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sgouros99<br />
| Bailey, Mellish, Ritchie, Sgouros<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| DEFACTO<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories.<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories. It seeks to develop and test a prototype system which incorporates Artificial Intelligence techniques into interactive, multi-media story generation and presentation, in order to create a richer, and therefore more satisfying, experience for its user/s.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/daidb/infweb/people/homes/paulba/defacto/<br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| DEFACTO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sprenger93, Horacek93<br />
| Müller, Sprenger, Horacek<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| DIAMOD<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| DIAMOD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WendholtNovak93<br />
| Novak, Wendholt<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| DING<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NirenburgNirenburg88-coling, Nirenburg-etal89<br />
| Nirenburg<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DIOGENES<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DIOGENES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Uszkoreit-etal94, Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Uszkoreit, Busemann<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| DISCO<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| DISCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Seligman91-phd<br />
| Seligman<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Discourser<br />
| Structured discourse <br />
| System developed in a dissertation that presents two components. First: An inheritance-based grammar which represents syntactic and semantic structures as well as the mapping relations between these as frames. The approach to sentence generation features the merging of structures via inheritance and the tracking of expressive choices using 'multiple worlds'. Second: new semantic/pragmatic representations for paragraph-length discourses, and expression procedures based upon them. Discourse relations are discovered via judgements of synonomy, and are arranged in lattices (rather than exclusively in hierarchies). A small set of network traversal strategies permits the repeated application of the sentence generator to generate paragraphs expressing the whole net. A facility for expressing 'situational formulas' adds a pragmatic component to the system. <br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| inheritance grammar<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Discourser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gruber-etal95<br />
| Gruber, Vemuri, Rice<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/top-level.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HoughtonPearson88<br />
| Houghton, Pearson<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DORIS<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DORIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Drafter95<br />
| Scott, Hartley, Power, Paris, Vander Linden, Evans<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, French<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ScottEvans98, Power-etal98<br />
| Scott, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French, Italian<br />
| Drafter-II<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| Drafter-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Deemter:Odijk:97, vanDeemter97<br />
| van Deemter, Leermakers, Odijk<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| DYD<br />
| generates a spoken monologue describing a selected music composition and its recording<br />
| DYD (Dial Your Disc) is an interactive system that supports browsing through a large music database (Mozart compositions); each time a track is selected, it generates a spoken monologue describing the composition and its recording<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| DYD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof98, GeldofVelde97-ewnlg, GeldofVelde97-aaai, GeldofVandeVelde97<br />
| Geldof, van de Velde<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| Ecran<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| templates<br />
| http://arti.vub.ac.be/AAAI97/ecran.html<br />
| movie description<br />
|<br />
| Ecran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey90<br />
| Cawsey<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EDGE<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/AAAI.ps<br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| EDGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen92<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Edward<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Edward<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MooreIJCAI89, EES-87<br />
| Moore, Swartout, Paris<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EES<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| Penman<br />
| EES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Poller-etal96, PollerHeisterkamp96<br />
| Poller<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German, English<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions for train inquiries<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions: development and implementation of an efficient How-to-Say component for the generation of system utterances of a speech dialogue system for train inquiries. Extends the TAG-GEN generator developed within the WIP system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| train inquiries<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weizenbaum66<br />
| Weizenbaum<br />
| 1966<br />
| 1966<br />
| English<br />
| ELIZA<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ELIZA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <nowiki><i>unclaimed</i></nowiki><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale90-dale, Dale89<br />
| Dale<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EPICURE<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| EPICURE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| ERMA<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ERMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellKorelsky94<br />
| Caldwell, Korelsky<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| job descriptions<br />
|<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Exemplars<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exemplars<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Chester76<br />
| Chester<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1976<br />
| English<br />
| Expound<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| Expound<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BangaloreRambow2000, Bangalore-etal2000-learning, Bangalore-etal2000-evaluation, BangaloreRambow2000-corpus<br />
| Bangalore, Rambow<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| FERGUS<br />
| Flexible Empiricist/Rationalist Generation Using Syntax<br />
| Extends statistically guided generation using n-grams with a tree-based statistical model as well as a traditional tree-based syntactic grammar based on the wide coverage XTAG grammar<br />
| 2002-11-17<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FERGUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ward94, Ward92<br />
| Ward<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| FIG<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.sanpo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~nigel/clg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| FIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeunierDanlos98<br />
| Meunier, Danlos<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| French, English<br />
| Flaubert<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Flaubert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter90-dale, MarksReiter90, Reiter90, Reiter91-ci<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| FN<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal94, Bourbeau-etal90-coling, Goldberg-etal94-ieee<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère, Driedger<br />
| 1989<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| FoG<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports.<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports. The first operational forecast produced by FoG was issued on Feb.27, 1992. <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| FoG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EndrissKlabunde2000<br />
| Endriss, Klabunde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| German<br />
| FOGS<br />
| generates narratives with a focus background structure <br />
| The system (acronym for "focus generation system") generates renarratives with a focus background structure (more specifically, the single sentences are annotated with prosodic features to indicate which element functions as bearer of the respective focal accent).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| FOGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Contant86, Contant:1985<br />
| Contant<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| French<br />
| FRANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
| ANA<br />
| FRANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele86, Emele87-gwai, HeidMomma87<br />
| Emele, Heid, Momma<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| FREGE<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FREGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin92, Elhadad93-fuf, ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1990<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent, English, Spanish, Hebrew<br />
| FUF<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peyragrosse:1993<br />
| Peyragrosse<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| ??<br />
| GASPAR<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| 2002-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB queries<br />
| <br />
| GASPAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Etchegoyhen98<br />
| Etchegoyhen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| GBgen<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| GB<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GBgen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adachi97<br />
| Adachi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mitkov90-geo<br />
| Mitkov<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Bulgarian <br />
| GECO<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Henschel-etal02-konvens, Henschel02-gem-manual<br />
| Delin, Bateman, Henschel, Allen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GeM<br />
| multimodal generation<br />
| <nowiki>GeM (Genre and Multimodality) investigated the relationship between multimodal document genres and their realization in text, layout and diagrams. As part of this work a prototype page generation system was developed based on XML, XSLT and the GeM project multimodal annotation scheme. The prototype concentrates specifically on the controlled generation of the layout (including placing of text and graphics, titles, and font selections) adopted on the page, making this sensitive to generic constraints holding for the multimodal document type; the generation of the language elements included is not in focus. The generic constraints are derived from the corpus analysis done within the GeM project and are represented following the GeM annotation scheme. <P>Two examples of generated pages from the prototype are the following, the first from the genre of bird field guides and the second from the genre of instruction manuals.<P> <table><tr><td><img src=../images/gem-bird-konvens.gif ></td><td><img src=../images/gem-pegasys-konvens.gif > </td></tr></table></nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-28<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/gem<br />
| layout and text<br />
|<br />
| GeM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Conklin:1987<br />
| Conklin<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| GENARO<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| picture description<br />
|<br />
| GENARO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glass-etal94<br />
| Glass, Seneff, Polifroni<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESIS<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| GENESIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett90-nlgw5, FawcettTucker90-coling<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESYS<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENESYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Shieber88-coling<br />
| Shieber<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GeneSys<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| 2002-05-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GeneSys<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal96, deCarolis-etal97<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis, Pizzutilo, Grasso, Rossiello, Berry, Gillie<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Italian<br />
| GeNet<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GeNet<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teunissen97<br />
| Teunissen<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| GENIUSS<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENIUSS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| TomitaNyberg88<br />
| Tomita, Nyberg<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English?<br />
| GenKit<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GenKit<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Maybury89<br />
| Maybury<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GENNY<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENNY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl86<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| German<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GEOTEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl89<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English, German<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pemberton89<br />
| Pemberton<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GESTER<br />
| story generation<br />
| story generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| GESTER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marchant-etal96<br />
| Marchant, Mellish, Cerbah, Levine<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| GhostWriter<br />
| generation assisting human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| a demonstration of how plan-based modelling and NLG can be used to assist human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~johnl/ghostwriter/<br />
| manuals<br />
| <br />
| GhostWriter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Williams2004-nlg, Williams02-connectives, WilliamsReiter03<br />
| Williams<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| GIRL<br />
| Microplanning discourse-level choices for people with poor literacy<br />
| System for generating appropriate texts for people with different reading levels<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html]<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| GIRL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| gistgenerator<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| GIST<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GIST-medical<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NotStock94, ParisScott94-inlgw, PowerCavallotto96-gist, PianesiPianta94-gist, VanderLindenScott95-ijcai, Not96-mercatali, Pemberton-etal94, HartleyParis97-MT, Bateman-etal94-ecai, Delin-etal96, MatiasekTrost96, MatiasekBuchberger95<br />
| Cavallotto, Magnini, Lavid, Matiasek, Not, Paris, Pianesi, Pianta, Power, Scott, Stock, Trost, Vander Linden<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Italian<br />
| GIST<br />
| generates instructions for filling in tax forms<br />
| <nowiki>The GIST project addresses the construction of a multilingual generation system for texts describing administrative procedures (e.g., how to apply for a social security facility, what to do in order to get visas, etc.) starting from language independent specifications. We considered three languages: English, German and Italian. The application domain of the developed prototype is represented by instructions on how to fill out pension forms. <P>A longer set of references is available <A HREF=http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist/gist-bibliography.html> here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| SFG, FUF, GB<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist.html<br />
| tax forms<br />
| <br />
| GIST-tax<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kantrowitz92<br />
| Kantrowitz, Bates<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| GLINDA<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GLINDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98, TheuneKlabbers98-inlg<br />
| Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Theune<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1995<br />
| Dutch<br />
| GoalGetter<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://iris19.ipo.tue.nl:9000/index.html<br />
| football<br />
| <br />
| GoalGetter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal88-coling<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GOSSIP<br />
| implementation of the meaning-text theory, praphrase<br />
| An implementation of the meaning-text theory, producing paraphrase<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GOSSIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rich79<br />
| Rich<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Langkilde:2000<br />
| Langkilde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Halogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Halogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| wahlster-ijcai, Wahlster78, Hoeppner-etal83, Hoeppner84<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1983<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System)<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System) An interactive system where the determination of the adequate level of a response in dialogue interactions played a central role.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| jameson80, vonHahn-etal80, Wahlster78<br />
| Jameson, Hoeppner, von Hahn, Wahlster<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DiMarco-etal95, WannerHovy96, DiMarco-etal97<br />
| DiMarco, Hovy, Hirst, Wanner<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| KPML<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gailly88-hermes, Gailly89-phd, Gailly88-quantifier<br />
| Gailly<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| French<br />
| HERMES<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HERMES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kaplan-etal93<br />
| Kaplan, Fenwick, Chen<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benelli-etal99<br />
| Benelli, Bianchi, Marti, Not, Sennati, Mellish, O'Donnell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| HIPS<br />
| developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces<br />
| The HIPS project aims at developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces. The objective of the project is to enrich the "user experience" of a city by overlapping a further dimension with the physical space: contextual and personalised information on the human environment. The project was originally designed to include NLG elements.<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://marconi.ltt.dii.unisi.it/progetti/HIPS/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| HIPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cross92-lexis, Cross92-thesis<br />
| Cross<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Horace<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| physics<br />
| <br />
| Horace<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NetzerElhadad98-hebrew<br />
| Netzer, Elhadad<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| Hebrew<br />
| HUGG<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew, where the form of the input is intended to be as similar as possible to that for FUF/SURGE for English. The places where this does not appear possible suggest interesting places of linguistic contrast, as well as raising questions about the possible modularities involved in the generation task. <br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
| HUGG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BontchevaWilks01-IJCAI, BontchevaWilks99, Bontcheva01-um, Bontcheva01-impact, Bontcheva02-diss<br />
| Bontcheva<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| Hylite+<br />
| Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. Architecture based on a new recursive pipeline model.<br />
| <nowiki>Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. <P>The goal of our dynamic hypertext generation system, HYLITE+, is to produce encyclopaedia-style explanations of domain terminology. The corpus analysis of online encyclopaedia and previous empirical studies have shown the positive effect of additional information -- e.g., definition of key vocabulary, less-technical content, supply of background information and illustrations -- on the subjects' reading comprehension and reading behaviour. On the other hand, hypertext usability studies have shown that people read 25 per cent slower on the screen, so hypertext needs to be concise with formatting, that facilitates skimming. Our empirical studies have shown that users prefer different additional information depending on the chosen formatting and desired explanation length.<P>The majority of existing language generation systems have a pipeline architecture which offers efficient sequential execution of modules, but does not allow decisions about text content to be revised in later stages. However, in some cases choosing appropriate content can depend on text length and formatting, which in a pipeline architecture are determined after content planning is completed. Unlike pipelines, interleaved and revisionbased architectures can deal with such dependencies but tend to be more expensive computationally. Since our system needs to generate acceptable hypertext explanations reliably and quickly, the pipeline architecture was modified instead to allow additional content to be requested in later stages of the generation process if necessary. in such an architecture it is not possible to take into account text formatting and length (which are determined towards the end) when choosing the text content (which happens in the beginning).<P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/hylite-arch.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Hylite+<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Springer-etal91<br />
| Springer, Buta, Wolf<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| ICG<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| ICG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy-etal96-call<br />
| McCoy, Pennington, Suri<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| ICICLE<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ICICLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-inlg, Bouayad2000-lrec, Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-idj, Bouayad-Agha99, Power2000-coling, Power2000-itri, Power-etal99-englw<br />
| Power, Bouayad-Agha, Scott<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
| Combining layout and linguistic constraints<br />
| In the ICONOCLAST project, we developed a framework for integrating constraints on the style and layout of the output documents in an NLG system. By interacting with the system, authors are able to determine the optimal set of constraints whose interaction will lead to the production of documents in the desired style and layout.<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/iconoclast/<br />
| layout and text, patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RuthPeroutka93, Peroutka-etal98<br />
| Ruth, Peroutka<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ICWF<br />
| Interactive Computer Worded Forecast<br />
| (Interactive Computer Worded Forecast) further development of the IFPS system (in which it might now be incorporated?)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| IFPS<br />
| ICWF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal95, Reiter-etal92, ReiterMellish93<br />
| Reiter et al<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IDAS<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/chrism/idas.html<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| IDAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HallerShapiro96<br />
| Haller, Shapiro<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| IDP<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IDP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glahn70<br />
| Glahn, Peroutka, Ruth<br />
| 1970<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| IFPS<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) "Interactive Forecast Preparation System". Early weather report generation still on the point of being deployed commercially. Also led on to the ICWF system (now incorporated?) .IFPS is in the template-based category, much of it written in Fortran. Does not claim an AI-basis, but must do some kind of text planning/organisation.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.nws.noaa.gov/tdl/icwf/ifp.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IFPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rubinoff2000, Rubinoff92<br />
| Rubinoff<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1999<br />
| English <br />
| IGEN<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IGEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell-etal01, ODonnell-etal2000-inlg, Oberlander-etal97, Dale-etal97, Milosavljevic99-phd, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Hitzeman-etal97, Mellish-etal98-opportunism<br />
| Oberlander, Mellish, O'Donnell, Knott<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ILEX<br />
| a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue<br />
| <nowiki>ILEX is a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue, in such a way as to reflect the interest of the user and also opportunistically to further certain educational goals. Developed in cooperation with the National Museums of Scotland, Interactive Information and VIS Interactive Media.<P>The current version of the system, Ilex2.0, produces textual descriptions of objects in a museum gallery. The user is presented with a set of objects, and chooses objects to be described by clicking, as in a conventional hypertext. When an object is selected, a description is produced on-line, which is tailored to the user and the communicative context.<P>An online demonstration is available <A href=http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex<br />
| museums<br />
| WAG<br />
| ILEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Bates, Ingria<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| ILIAD<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ILIAD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vanderlinden-etal92, VanderLinden93-thesis<br />
| Vander Linden<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson87-book<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| IMP<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| IMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rehm99<br />
| Rehm<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| IPaGe<br />
| Incremental Parallell Generator<br />
| Generates descriptions of a construction kit on the basis of conceptual structures. Generation is incremental.<br />
| 2002-04-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| description<br />
| <br />
| IPaGe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| de-Smedt90<br />
| de Smedt<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPF<br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kempen79<br />
| Kempen, Hoenkamp<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPG<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colineau-etal02, Paris-etal01-anlpw, Paris-etal01-hci, Lu-etal99, Paris-etal98-adcs, Paris-etal00-impacts<br />
| Paris, Vander Linden, Lu<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| ISOLDE<br />
| automatic generation of software instructions<br />
| <nowiki>The Integrated Software and On-Line Documentation Environment (ISOLDE) is a novel, integrated software environment developed by the IIT group at CSIRO with Calvin College in the United States, and is partially funded by the US Office of Naval Research.<P>ISOLDE is providing the opportunity to streamline the software production and software documentation process, while facilitating the development of a usable, easily upgraded application. Inherent in the design is the ability to re-use software in upgrades or to totally new generation applications, with dynamically updated documentation and interaction models to match the changes. Automatic and semi-automatic task modelling forms an additional important area of work within this project. The system has been evaluated. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/isolde-Archit2.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.cmis.csiro.au/iit/Projects/Isolde/index.htm<br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| ISOLDE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BinstedRitchie94, BinsteadRitchie96<br />
| Binsted, Ritchie<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| JAPE<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| jokes<br />
| <br />
| JAPE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RambowKorelsky92<br />
| Rambow, Korelsky<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| JOYCE<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| JOYCE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mauldin:1984<br />
| Mauldin<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1984<br />
| English<br />
| KAFKA<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAFKA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ClineNutter94<br />
| Cline<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| KALOS<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KALOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt85-AI, Appelt88-plan<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| KAMP<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MannMoore81<br />
| Mann, Moore<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| KDS<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs87-nlgw<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| KING<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| KING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Kiss B.V.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Dutch, English, German, French<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| FG?<br />
| <br />
| DB and OO descriptions<br />
|<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peters93-kleist, Peters-etal91<br />
| Peters, Rutz, Siegel, Novak, Hoeppner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, Japanese<br />
| Kleist<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Kleist<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LesterPorter97<br />
| Lester, Porter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| KNIGHT<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biology<br />
| <br />
| KNIGHT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BatemanTeich95, Alexa-etal94-sant, Alexa-etal96-ercim, Teich99-dis, Teich-etal96, Degand96-enlgw<br />
| Bateman, Teich, Maier, Wanner, Henschel, Degand<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Dutch<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| KOMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman97-jle, Bateman-etal99-aai, Bateman-etal91-ijcai, BatemanSharoff98<br />
| Bateman, Matthiessen, Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Czech, Russian, Bulgarian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, independent<br />
| KPML<br />
| large-scale multilingual generation and development environment<br />
| <nowiki>The KPML system is an ongoing development drawing on over a decade of experience in large-scale grammar development work for natural language generation (NLG). It is currently maintained at the University of Bremen, Faculty of Linguistics and Literature. The system is a graphically-based development environment for the construction, maintenance, and use of large-scale grammars written with the framework of Systemic-Functional Linguistics.<P> KPML offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation.Grammars have been developed using KPML for a variety of languages including English, German, Dutch, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Bulgarian, and Czech. Many of these grammars are freely available for further research and development work within the NLG community. The English grammar is the very large Nigel grammar under development since the early 1980s in the Penman project at USC/ISI, Los Angeles. <P> A variety of configurations of KPML are available, suitable for use both by absolute beginners in a teaching environment and by large-scale grammar work. The variations are summarised on the main KPML page. KPML is written in ANSI Common Lisp, with the graphical interface in the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). The source code may be compiled and installed in full using commercial Common Lisp products supporting Common Lisp and CLIM under Unix and Windows. There are also standalone executable images available for Windows systems that may be downloaded and used without compilation and without requiring an additional Lisp software licence. </nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/kpml<br />
| independent<br />
| Penman<br />
| KPML<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal92<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, French<br />
| LFS<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| LFS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98<br />
| Klabbers, Theune, Krahmer<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch, English<br />
| LGM<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| LGM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak91, DobesNovak91<br />
| Novak, Dobes<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German, English<br />
| LILOG<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| LILOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Copestake02<br />
| Copestake<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| LKB<br />
| General workbench for typed feature grammar formalisms, including a tactical generation component<br />
| <nowiki>The LKB system is a grammar and lexicon development environment for use with constraint-based linguistic formalisms. The LKB software is distributed by the LinGO initiative, a loosely-organized consortium of research groups working on unification-based grammars and processing schemes. The download page for the LKB system and other available LinGO software and grammars is http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp. <P>The LinGO English Resource Grammar (with associated lexicons and so on) may be downloaded from http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp as erg.tgz. Note that it requires at least 250 MBytes of RAM to run with the LKB. No documentation for the ERG is available at this time (other than the source file comments). <P>The LKB system includes a tactical generation capability.<P>The LKB system is Open Source and there is no registration process. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~aac/lkb.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| LKB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Block91<br />
| Block, Gehrke, Hunze, Schachtl, Schmid, Zünkler<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| LKP<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/lkp.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| LKP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smith-etal94<br />
| Garigliano, Smith, Morgan<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Lolita<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Lolita<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal97-magic<br />
| McKeown, Feiner, Jordan, Dalal, Pan, Shaw, Zhou, Chen, Concepcion<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| MAGIC<br />
| Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data<br />
| MAGIC (Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data) is a real-time multimedia presentation system in the medical domain which generates concise and fluent spoken reports by incorporating prosody modeling for speech and advance linguistic constructions such as right-node raising and ellipsis.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| FUF<br />
| MAGIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal88<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| MARWORDS<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MARWORDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchanan-etal92<br />
| Buchanan, Moore, Foresythe, Banks, Ohlsson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
| health explanations<br />
| health explanations<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii-etal98<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii, Hasida, Noda<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English, French, Japanese<br />
| MIKE<br />
| automatic soccer commentary system<br />
| MIKE is an automatic commentary system that generates a commentary of a simulated soccer game in English, French and Japanese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| MIKE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Frenger98<br />
| Murray<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://sourceforge.net/projects/mind/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner94<br />
| Turner<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
| A story generator<br />
| A story generator<br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| story generation<br />
|<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Callaway-etal98, Towns-etal98, Daniel-etal99<br />
| Callaway, Daniel, Lester, Bares, Towns<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
| employs both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| A multilingual generation component within a learning environment employing both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| learning<br />
| FUF<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yao-etal98<br />
| Yao, Zhang, Wang<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| MLWFA<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MLWFA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie-etal97, Lavoie-etal96<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow, Reiter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/research/modex/index.shtml<br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede99-book, Stede98-cl, Stede96-enlgw, Stede96-phd<br />
| Stede<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| MOOSE<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| manuals<br />
| Penman, KPML<br />
| MOOSE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Androutsopoulos-etal01, Dimitromanolaki-etal01, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg, Isard-etal2003<br />
| Androutsopoulos, Kokkinaki, Dimitromanolaki, Calder, Oberlander, Not , O'Donnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English, Greek, Italian, Spanish<br />
| M-PIRO<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments.<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments. M-PIRO stands for "multilingual personalised information objects".<br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/mpiro/<br />
| museums<br />
| <br />
| M-PIRO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Spyns-etal97<br />
| Spyns, Deprez, Van Tichelen, Van Coile<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| MTS<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| 2001-11-10<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| MTS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zeng95-pacling, Matthiessen-etal95, Zeng93, Zeng96-phd<br />
| Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, Chinese<br />
| MulTex<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| MulTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch98-multimeteo, Coch98-inlg, Coch-etal99, Coch99-gat<br />
| Coch, Chevreau<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch<br />
| Multimeteo<br />
| in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts<br />
| <nowiki>in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts. URL of the operational site is <A href = http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html>http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| [http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm]<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Multimeteo<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McDonald80, Meteer-etal87<br />
| McDonald, Meteer<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak:1986, Novak:1988-book, Novak:1987, NeumannNovak86<br />
| Novak<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| NAOS<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| NAOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Becker-etal92<br />
| Strobel<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| NAUDA<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/nauda.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| NAUDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KnightHatzivassiloglou95, LangkildeKnight98<br />
| Knight, Hatzivassiloglou, Langkilde<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FroelichRiet97, Froelich98<br />
| Frölich<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| NLG(db)<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| NLG-DB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RubinoffFainLehman94<br />
| Rubinoff, Lehman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| NL-Soar<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NL-Soar<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jablonski88<br />
| Jablonski et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| NUGGET<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NUGGET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Aguado-etal98, GalindoAguado01<br />
| Aguado, Gómez-Pérez, Bateman<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Spanish<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| ontology<br />
| KPML<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRosis-etal99<br />
| de Rosis, Grasso, Berry<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| OPADE<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| OPADE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cohen78, Cohen81<br />
| Cohen<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| OSCAR<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| OSCAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vanZanten-etal98, Nederhof-etal97<br />
| van Noord, Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sima'an, Bonnema<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| OVIS<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| OVIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout77<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| OWL<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| OWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fiedler01-ijcai, Fiedler01-ijcar, Fiedler01-phd, Fiedler99<br />
| Fiedler<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| P.rex<br />
| an interactive, user-adaptive proof explanation system<br />
| <nowiki>P.rex is an interactive proof explanation system that adapts its explanations to the user and flexibly reacts to his questions or requests.<P><H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex/figures/architecture.jpg> <P>As a generic system, P.rex can be connected to different theorem provers, namely by means of the formal language TWEGA for specifying proofs and mathematical theories. Mathematical theories are organized in a hierarchical knowledge base. Each theory in it may contain, for example, axioms, definitions, and theorems along with proofs. A proof of a theorem can be represented hierarchically in TWEGA such that the various levels of abstraction are made explicit. <P>The central component of the system is the dialog planner. It is implemented in ACT-R, a goal-directed production system that aims to model human cognition. In ACT-R, declarative and procedural representations of knowledge are explicitly separated into the declarative memory and the procedural production rule base. The plan operators of the dialog planner are defined in terms of productions and the discourse plan is represented in the declarative memory. <P>The dialog plan is passed on through the sentence planner to the surface realizer. Currently, we use a derivate of PROVERB's sentence planner to plan the internal structure of the sentences, which are then realized by the surface realizer TAG-GEN. <P> The uttered sentences are finally displayed on the user interface. It also allows the user to enter remarks, requests and questions anytime. An analyzer receives the user's interactions and passes them on to the dialog planner. In the current stage, we use a simplistic analyzer that understands a small set of predefined interactions. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex<br />
| proofs<br />
| PROVERB, TAG-GEN<br />
| P.rex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finney-etal:1987<br />
| de Finney et al.<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| PARDA<br />
| generation of arguments<br />
| System for the generation of arguments.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| PARDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ebert-etal96, Porzel-etal2002<br />
| Ebert, Jansche, Klabunde, Porzel<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| PAROLE<br />
| generates addressee-oriented spatial descriptions<br />
| (partner-oriented linguistic explicating): The system generates spatial descriptions. It is an example for cognitive modeling, because the choice which point of view the system should take to determine spatial directions is based on several empirical studies on addressee-orientation in speaking. Furthermore, the system generates certain hypotheses on viewpoint-taking if some features of the addressee (like his/her position within the spatial environment, his cognitive competence etc.) are known. <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spatial descriptions<br />
|<br />
| PAROLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colby75<br />
| Colby<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| Parry<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| Parry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sheremetyeva-etal96, SheremetyevaNirenburg96<br />
| Sheremetyeva, Nirenburg<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
| generates patent claims<br />
| generates patent claims concerning devices on the basis of knowledge elicitation where the user selects objects and relations from an ontology<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| patents<br />
| <br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Granville83<br />
| Granville<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| PAUL<br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hovy88-book, Hovy87-JPrag<br />
| Hovy<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PAULINE<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAULINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moore89-thesis, MooreSwartout90-catalina<br />
| Moore<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PEA<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| Penman<br />
| PEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Milosavljevic99-phd, MilosavljevicDale96, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Milosavljevic97, Milosavljevic-etal96<br />
| Milosavljevic, Dale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links<br />
| <nowiki>Peba-II is an on-line animal encyclopedia which produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as world wide web pages. The Peba system contains information about hundreds of animals, but it has more information about Australian Monotremes (the Echidna and Platypus) and Marsupials (such as the Kangaroo, Koala and Wombat). There is also a lot of information on the cat family (Lion, Cheetah, Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard etc), and lots of other mammals like the Alligator, Porcupines (American and African), Elephants (African and Indian), Rabbit, Baboon, Gorilla, Plains Zebra, Goat, Sheep, and so on.<P>The system produces descriptions and comparisons of animals by using underlying representation of information, similar to a database. The web pages you are given do not exist on the server, but are dynamically created as and when you ask for information. Because the descriptions are created by a system, the system can adapt the descriptions to your particular knowledge or experience. The system thus produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-04<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
| animal comparisons<br />
|<br />
| Peba-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bullock94-msc<br />
| Bullock<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system, devised by the Medical Informatics Group at the University of Manchester. The system produces texts describing the contents of the medical records.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MatthiessenBateman91, MannMatthiessen85-benson, Hovy-etal92-nlgw, Hovy93-AI, Matthiessen90-coling, MannMatthiessen83, Kasper89-spl, Matthiessen88-inquiries<br />
| Mann, Matthiessen, Hovy, Kasper, Bateman, Whitney, Albano, Poulton, O'Donnell<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| PENMAN<br />
| Portable systemic generator for domain-independent large-scale text generation <br />
| Penman was the major text generation project established by William C. Mann in the early 1980s. Within this project were developed resources such as the very large Nigel grammar of English and several approaches to text planning that came to define some of the standard approaches in the field.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PENMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finkler97-phdbook<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| PERFECTION<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PERFECTION<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs85<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| PHRED<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PHRED<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beale96<br />
| Beale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Picard<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Picard<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Binsted-etal95, Cawsey-etal96-ecai, Cawsey-etal95-dagstuhl<br />
| Cawsey, Binsted, Bental, Jones, Carter, Grasso<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records<br />
| PIGLIT (personalized patient education): a system for generating personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records so as to help patients understand them<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/pigtext.html<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| PIGLIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KreyssNovak90<br />
| Kreyss, Novak<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| PIT<br />
| text planning<br />
| text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal94-plandoc<br />
| McKeown, Kukich, Shaw<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| telecom<br />
| FUF<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Waltz, Waltz76-PLANES<br />
| Waltz, Finin, Green, Conrad, Goodman, Hadden<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PLANES<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PLANES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Neumann, van Noord<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German, Dutch<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/playmobild.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beurer91, Zadrozny93<br />
| Beurer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| PLNLP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele-etal90-coling<br />
| Momma, Zajac, Emele<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polygloss<br />
| typed-unification-based generation<br />
| Typed-unification-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TFS<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Polygloss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerNeumann89, Finkler89<br />
| Finkler, Neumann<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger91, Reithinger87-gwai<br />
| Reithinger<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FascianoLapalme2000, FascianoLapalme96<br />
| Fasciano, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| French<br />
| PostGraphe<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PostGraphe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal98-realities, Milosavljevic-etal98-highway<br />
| Green, Dale, Williams<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Power<br />
| another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects<br />
| Another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects. Original prototype based on Peba-II. Final system closely resembling ILEX in output although more like Peba in architecture.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| template<br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/~peba/Power/system.html<br />
| museums<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| Power<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal98-iui, Andre-etal93-ppp<br />
| André, Müller, Rist<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| PPP<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| PPP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gulla96, Gulla93, GullaWillumsen93, Gulla-etal91<br />
| Gulla<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PPP<br />
| An explanation generation facility for knowledge validation in computer-aided software engineering<br />
| A system that uses rhetorical strategies for the generation of explanation of dynamic and other information within a CASE (computer-assisted software engineering) system, all collectively called PPP. <br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| CASE models<br />
|<br />
| PPP-case<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson-etal94<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| PRACMA<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRACMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre95-book<br />
| André<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| PREPLAN<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PREPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie98<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Presentor<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Presentor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GagnonLapalme96<br />
| Gagnon, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dik96, Dik92<br />
| Dik<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| ProfGlot<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ProfGlot<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Project Reporter<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive GANNT chart applet. Commercially available over the web since 3/99.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter/<br />
| Commercial<br />
| <br />
| Project Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adorni87<br />
| Adorni<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| Promethius<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Promethius<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PROSENET <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROSENET <br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nicolov-etal96, NicolovMellish99-englw, Nicolov-etal97-ranlp<br />
| Nicolov et al.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| DTG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Davey78<br />
| Davey<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| game commentary<br />
|<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HuangFiedler97, HuangFiedler96<br />
| Fiedler, Huang<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| PROVERB<br />
| natural language presention of machine-found proofs<br />
| PROVERB is a system presenting machine-found proofs in natural language. It is embedded in the interactive proof development environment OMEGA. Settled between automated theorem proving (ATP) and natural language generation (NLG), PROVERB uses techniques of both these fields. In order to present proofs in a way as they can be found in mathematical textbooks, PROVERB first transforms and abstracts resolution proofs or natural deduction proofs to so-called assertion level proofs, which abstract from the basic calculus inference rules. Here, most justifications are in terms of the application of a definition, a lemma, or a theorem, which are collectively called assertions. Assertion level proofs are then verbalized in English using NLG techniques. First, a macroplanner determines the order and content of the information to be conveyed. Then, a microplanner plans the internal structure of the paragraphs and sentences. Finally, the surface sentences are produced by the system TAG-GEN. Furthermore, PROVERB allows for the automatic creation of a LaTeX document from the English proof. <br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~afiedler/<br />
| formal proofs<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| PROVERB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lehnert78-book<br />
| Lehnert<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| QUALM<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| QUALM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal00-rags, Cahill-etal01, RAGS-intro-01, Cahill-etal99, rags99<br />
| Mellish, Scott, Evans, Doran, Tipper, Cahill, Paiva, Reape<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| ''independent''<br />
| RAGS<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/rags/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| RAGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kittredge-etal86-coling<br />
| Kittredge et al.<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| French, English<br />
| RAREAS<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| RAREAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LavoieRambow97-realpro<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| RealPro<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| RealPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Codd, Codd77<br />
| Codd<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB<br />
| <br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal01<br />
| Cahill, Evans, Paiva, Scott, Power, Carroll, van Deemter<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| RICHES<br />
| Instructional texts for patients<br />
| Generates instructional texts for using different medicine delivery methods from rhetorical plans<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| RICHES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen97<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Dutch<br />
| ROIS<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| segment grammar<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| ROIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy86<br />
| McCoy<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| ROMPER<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ROMPER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harvey98<br />
| Harvey, Carberry<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| RTPI<br />
| integration and aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| RTPI (Rule-based Text Plan Integrator): integration, aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9805010<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| RTPI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RothHefley93<br />
| Roth, Hefley<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| SAGE<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| SAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sibun91, Sibun91-phd<br />
| Sibun<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Salix<br />
| generates extended texts in domains including house layouts and family relations.<br />
| Salix incrementally generates extended texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter, in several domains including house layouts and family relations. The code still works.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| house layouts<br />
|<br />
| Salix<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| Carbonell et al.<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching geography<br />
|<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Verret-etal99<br />
| Vigneux, Marcoux, Verret<br />
| 1991<br />
| 2000<br />
| French, English<br />
| Scribe<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). The system is deployed across Canada, but its acceptance and use is regionally dependent (same could be said for FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/cmc/bibliotheque/PREVISIONS/f_9_2.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Scribe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlexanderssonPoller98-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000, Reithinger-etal2000<br />
| Alexandersson, Engel, Kipp, Poller, Reithinger<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, German<br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~janal<br />
| summary<br />
| <br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner88<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| SEMSYN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner87<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SemTex<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| SemTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann95-sereal<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| SeReal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SeReal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Winograd72<br />
| Winograd<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
| description of a microworld (cubes, blocks)<br />
| <nowiki>The pioneer system capable of answering questions and moving objects within a microworld consisting of variously coloured cubes, blocks, pyramids, and so on. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in an interactive English dialog. The system contains a parser, a recognition grammar of English, programs for semantic analysis, and a general problem solving system. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carrying them out. From the generation perspective the interest of the system lies in its dialog capabilities, particularly, for example, the ability to initiate clarification dialogs when references were not clear. Knowledge in the system is represented in the form of procedures, rather than tables of rules or lists of patterns. The system showed natural language, planning and actions working together for the first time in a complete system and would still give some current systems a run for their money! <P>A 'recreation' of SHRDLU has now been prepared by the <A HREF=http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/shrdlu.html>Semaphore corporation</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-11-23<br />
| <br />
| http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/shrdlu/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dilley-etal92<br />
| Dilley, Thiel, Tissen, Bateman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SIC!<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Penman<br />
| SIC!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Driedger-etal2000<br />
| Driedger<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
| Siren<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Siren<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Patten88-book, Patten86<br />
| Patten<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SLANG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SLANG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wahlster2006, Wahlster01, Wahlster2003-fusion<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2006<br />
| German<br />
| SmartKom<br />
| A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology.<br />
| <nowiki>A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology. This should include substantial presentation design components, involving natural language as one of several output modalities. <H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://smartkom.dfki.de/image/archi_eng.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2008-01-10<br />
| <br />
| http://smartkom.dfki.de/eng/start_en.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SmartKom<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herzog:1989, Andre-etal88-soccer<br />
| Herzog, André, Rist, Bosch<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| SOCCER<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| SOCCER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hitzeman-etal99<br />
| Hitzeman, Oberlander, Taylor<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| SOLE<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sole.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SOLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teich-etal97-specom, Grote-etal96, Grote-etal97-speak, HagenStein96, Speak-description98, Stein98-speakeval<br />
| Bateman, Stein, Hagen, Teich, Grote, Thiel<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| metadialog<br />
| KPML<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kosseim-etal96, KosseimLapalme2000<br />
| Kosseim, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| SPIN<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pollack:1986<br />
| Pollack<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SPIRIT<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SPIRIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meteer92-anlp, Meteer90-catalina<br />
| Meteer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| StoneDoran97, StoneDoran96, Stone-etal2000<br />
| Stone, Doran<br />
| 1997<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SPUD<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| SPUD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ReiterDale2000<br />
| Dale et al.<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| StockReporter<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data: StockReporter takes numeric data that describes the performance of a particular stock produces from this data, given an user-specified Reporting Period, a textual summary that describes how the stock performed over that reporting period. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| StockReporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal03-ai, Lennox:bmj01, Reiter-etal97-content, Reiter-etal99, Reiter:cl00, Reiter:nlg00, Reiter:acl01, Reiter-etal97-ewnlg, ReiterOsman97<br />
| Reiter, Robertson, Osman, Lennox<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| STOP<br />
| Generates personalized smoking-cessation letters<br />
| <nowiki>The STOP (Smoking Termination with cOmputerised Personalisation) system generates personalized smoking-cessation letters. The aims of the project are: <UL><LI>To develop a computer system for generating tailored letters to help people stop smoking<LI> To research knowledge acquisition (KA) techniques to acquire text-planning and sentence-planning rules from domain experts <LI>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the computer generated letters in a general practice setting<LI>To evaluate the cost effectiveness of this brief smoking cessation intervention</UL>The system evaluation has now been completed.<P>An online demo of the system can be reached <A href=http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/onlineQ.htm>here.</A></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop<br />
| medical, smoking cessation<br />
|<br />
| STOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CallawayLester95, CallawayLester97, Callaway01, Callaway00-phd, CallawayLester01-ijcai, CallawayLester01-cogsci<br />
| Callaway, Lester<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| StoryBook<br />
| Multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain<br />
| StoryBook produces multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain at the deep structure level using the FUF/SURGE surface realizer. It follows a standard pipelined architecture for generating English and (to a lesser extent) Spanish. The English component includes revision, a discourse history, and limited lexical choice. StoryBook underwent a comprehensive evaluation in March 2000.<br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/callaway/<br />
| little red-riding hood<br />
| FUF, SURGE<br />
| StoryBook<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Robin96, Robin94-phd, Robin93<br />
| Robin, McKeown<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| STREAK<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| baseball<br />
| FUF<br />
| STREAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SaggionLapalme2000<br />
| Lapalme, Saggion<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Summum<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| abstracting<br />
| <br />
| Summum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sripada-etal01-ka, Sripada-etal01-weather, Yu-etal2002-gas, Yu-etal01-sumtime, ReiterSripada2002-inlg, Sripada-etal2002-corpus, ReiterSripada-fc-cl, Sripada-etal2002-weather, Sripada:enlg01, ReiterSripada-2004-inlg, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter, Sripada, Yu, Hunter<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime<br />
| English summary descriptions of time-series data sets<br />
| <nowiki>Our goal is to develop technology for producing English summary descriptions of a time-series data set. Currently there are many visualisation tools for time-series data, but techniques for producing textual descriptions of time-series data are much less developed. ... <P>From a natural-language generation perspective, we expect to focus on lexicalisation and user-modelling. For example, we need to write rules which determine when a particular data set can be described as "rising"; prototype or exemplar models of word meaning may be useful here. We also need to define user models which allow us to decide what information should be communicated in a space-limited text, given the huge number of things that could be said about a particular data set. This should be a very exciting project for anyone interested in the challenge of generating good English texts from non-linguistic input data.<P>To take a concrete example, consider the following extract from a (real-life) weather report: <blockquote>Saturday will be yet another generally dull day with early morning mist or fog and mainly cloudy skies being prevalent. There will be the odd bright spell here and there, but it will feel rather damp with patches of mainly light rain to be found across many parts, especially the west and south.</blockquote> This was produced by a human forecaster from an underlying data set (generated by numerical modelling and prediction techniques) which gave predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest. The underlined phrases are some of the places where the human forecaster has used short textual summaries to describe this complex data. Our goal is to be able to perform similar types of summarisation in a computer system. That is, for example, to take raw data on cloud cover and solar flux over course of a day, and from this produce a phrase such as odd bright spell here and there. This involves research in both time-series analysis (to detect patterns and phenomena in the data) and natural-language generation (to decide how to best describe these patterns and phenomena in language). </nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime<br />
| weather, gas turbines<br />
|<br />
| SumTime<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| YoudMcGlashan92<br />
| McGlashan<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kraus02, Hueske-Kraus2003<br />
| Kraus<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German<br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
| Medical document generation<br />
| <nowiki>A system for the generation of medical documents such as findings, surgical reports or referral letters. SUREGEN-2 uses a hybrid approach, combining canned text phrases (with variables) and bottom up generation. It includes<UL><LI>a (simple, though sufficient) surface generator<LI> a predefined, rudimentary but open ontology for medicine<LI> mechanisms for conceptual and sentence aggregation<LI> a mechanism for referring expressions<LI> a feature for the quite frequent (in medicine) enumerative phrases<LI> a module for generation based on semantic functions (recurring semantic constellations)<LI>a simple mechanism for dealing with synonymity, antonymity and cohyponyms, mainly used for aggregation</UL><P>A standalone demo version of the system is available for download <A HREF=http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip>here</A>. The demo requires some facility with Common Lisp. The system will be used within a larger application context and will be in 'part of a larger enterprise which will be in routine use in our hospital by DEC 2002' (Dirk Kraus, email, 4.Nov.02).</nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.suregen.de/ http://www.suregen.de]<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad, Robin<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| SURGE<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| FUF<br />
| SURGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Luckhardt83<br />
| Luckhardt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| Susy<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Susy<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann88, Busemann:1987<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| SUTRA<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| GPSG<br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| SUTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zock89<br />
| Zock<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SWIM<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching French<br />
|<br />
| SWIM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nogier91<br />
| Nogier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SYLAE<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SYLAE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Abb-etal93, Abb-etal96-synphonics, Guenter-etal95<br />
| Abb, Günther, Herweg, Lebeth, Maienborn, Schopp<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| Synphonics<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| Synphonics<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harbusch-etal91<br />
| Finkler, Harbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, English<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme; used in WIP and EFFENDI<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/tag-gen.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris93, Cecile-user-CL88, CECILE-STRATEGIES<br />
| Paris<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TAILOR<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUG<br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| TAILOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| talespin, Meehan80<br />
| Meehan<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RoesnerStede94-coling, RoesnerStede92-techdoc-pub<br />
| Rösner, Stede, Grote<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman, SEMSYN<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt82-acl<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klenner91<br />
| Klenner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| TELOS<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2001-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TELOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Schilder93<br />
| Schilder<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus-Hor:97<br />
| Busemann, Horacek<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| German, French, English, Portuguese<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo<br />
| environment<br />
| TG/2<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bunt87<br />
| Bunt<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| TENDUM<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TENDUM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TEXNET<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TEXNET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Maybury<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| English<br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown82-ACL<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| TEXT<br />
| use of schemata for determining content & text structure<br />
| use of schemata for determining content and text structure<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchin99<br />
| Buchin, Schmerl<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| TextPro<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-01-01<br />
| Template<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TextPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann96, Busemann98-bremen, Busemann99, Wein96<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| TG/2<br />
| shallow generation component using generalized templates<br />
| <nowiki>TG/2 stands for a new generation of template-based generators. The system is organized as a classical production system, separating the generation rules from their interpreter. Generation rules are defined as condition-action pairs. They can represent not only templates but also context-free grammar rules, using category symbols. Integrating these rule types into a single formalism allows for a shallow modelling of language where this proves sufficient, or for more fine-grained models whenever necessary. The interpreter consists of the standard three-step processing cycle: determine the set of applicable rules, select one from this set, and execute it. The TG/2 system is used in the generators TEMSIS and COSMA. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/tg2-e.gif><P></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-06<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/~busemann/more-tg2.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| TG/2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EdgarPelletier93<br />
| Edgar, Pelletier<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| THINKER<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| THINKER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller98<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| ThoughtTreasure generator<br />
| Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined<br />
| <nowiki>Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined. Under development since 1994, ThoughtTreasure is a comprehensive platform for natural language processing (English and French) and commonsense reasoning. ThoughtTreasure contains a database of 25, 000 concepts organized into a hierarchy. For example, <tt>Evian</tt> is a type of <tt>flat-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>drinking-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>beverage</tt>, which is a type of <tt>food</tt>, and </nowiki><nowiki>so on. <p> Each concept has one or more English and French approximate synonyms, for a total of 55, 000 words and phrases. For example, associated with the <tt>food</tt> concept are the English words <em>food</em> and <em>foodstuffs</em> and the French words <em>aliment</em> and <em>nourriture</em> (and others). <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 50, 000 assertions about concepts, such as: a <tt>green-pea</tt> is a <tt>seed-vegetable</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is <tt>green</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is part of a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt>, and a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt> is found in a typical grocery store. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains about 100 scripts, or computer-understandable descriptions of typical activities such as going to a restaurant or birthday party. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 70, 000 lines of C code implementing: <ul> <li> text agents for recognizing words, phrases, names, and phone numbers, <li> mechanisms for learning new words, <li> a syntactic parser, <li> a natural language generator, <li> a semantic parser for producing a surface-level understanding of a sentence, <li> an anaphoric parser for resolving pronouns, <li> planning agents for achieving goals on behalf of simulated actors, and <li> understanding agents for producing a more detailed understanding of a discourse. </ul> <P>The ThoughtTreasure system was developed by Erik Mueller under the guide of the company Signiform. Signiform was founded in 1997; it shut down business in 2000.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/tt.htm<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| ThoughtTreasure<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris-etal01-um, Lu-etal2000-tiddler<br />
|<br />
| 1999<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Tiddler<br />
| Personalized travel guides<br />
| <nowiki>Tiddler is a prototype system for delivering tailored information to users. Tiddler combines structured information from databases with text from existing web pages to deliver information tailored both to the user and the delivery medium. <P> The information is tailored for delivery to a full-featured web browser or a hand held device like a personal organiser. As screen size decreases, there is a need to reformat information while preserving meaning and clarity. Tiddler is designed to automate this process. Tiddler technology is applicable in any situation where tailoring of information from diverse sources is required to deliver value-added services to customers </nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-31<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.ted.cmis.csiro.au/proj/Tiddler/<br />
| tourism<br />
| <br />
| Tiddler<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey-etal2000<br />
| Cawsey, Bental, Jones<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TIGGER<br />
| Time-based Explanation Generation includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| TIGGER (Time-based Explanation Generation Gives Explanatory Relevance) is an extension over PIGLIT that includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/nlgtalk.html<br />
| medical<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| TIGGER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies using the same technology as the ILEX museum explorer<br />
| 2002-10-13<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/whisky/Web/<br />
| whisky<br />
| ILEX<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Webber-etal97<br />
| Webber, Carberry, Clarke, Gertner, Harvey, Rymon, Washington<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TraumGen<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TraumGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Somers-etal97-tree<br />
| Somers<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| TREE<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| job adverts<br />
| <br />
| TREE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrOlsen96, DorrGaasterland94<br />
| Dorr, Olsen, Gaasterland<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| Unitran<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LCS<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Unitran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Schütz, Becker<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing?<br />
| EU<br />
| UNL<br />
| An international cooperation to provide information on the internet in the languages of the members of the United Nations<br />
| The UNL project is a large scale international cooperation with the goal to provide information on the internet in all national languages of the members of the United Nations. The United Nations University (UNU) in Tokyo which leads the project has developed a single representation language ``Universal Networking Language'' (UNL). Source language specific analysis components will automatically transfer texts into a UNL representation from which target language specific generation components can generate text in all languages. These generation components will be available as plug-ins for WWW-browsers. This approach reduces the enormous translation task to a one-time analysis into a UNL document and the subsequent utilization of a generator for the selected target language.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/services/NLG/IUI-generation/unl-e.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| UNL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MaierReithinger95, Reithinger-etal95, Maier-etal97-clarif, Alexandersson-etal97-vm197, Alexandersson-etal98-vm226<br />
| Maier, Reithinger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| VERBMOBIL:dialog<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Verbmobil-dialog<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchberger-etal91-dialog<br />
| Buchberger<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-DU<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-DU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BuchbergerHoracek88<br />
| Buchberger, Horacek<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis95-anldb<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| VINST<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VINST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HerzogWazinski94, Herzog:1989, Herzog-etal96, Herzog-etal98, Wahlster89-words, Herzog-etal93-vitra-conf, HerzogRist88<br />
| Herzog, Blocher, Gapp, Stopp, Wahlster, André, Rist, Nagel, Enkelmann, Zimmermann, Wazinski<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| VITRA<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions. VITRA: Visual Translator<br />
| 2002-01-04<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VITRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (I)<br />
| The generation task is solved by two modules. The microplanner decides about syntactic structures and word choice using constraint-satisfaction techniques. The syntactic generator uses a declarative grammar to produce a syntactically correct utterance. The generator's output is an (annotated) English utterance which is handed over to the speech synthesis component for articulation. The input to VM-GECO is a sequence of semantic representations for utterances in the target language. They have been produced by the transfer component of the VERBMOBIL system by mapping semantic representations for German or Japanese input utterances onto semantic structures for English.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/geco-sol-e<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| German, English, Japanese<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (II)<br />
| The generation component VM-GECO-II is based on declarative knowledge sources, such that the processing mechanisms can be used for several target languages. Just as in VM-GECO-I, the principle of off-line preprocessing is used to guarantee the consistency of knowledge sources of several generation components as well as to increase efficiency during on-line processing. For each target language an HPSG is used as basis for syntactic generation and is preprocessed off-line into a TAG.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/vmII-e<br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerKilger95, Becker-etal98<br />
| Becker, Finkler, Karbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| VM-GEM<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VM-GEM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell95-wag, ODonnell94<br />
| O'Donnell<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| WAG<br />
| a system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis<br />
| A system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis. The Sentence Generation component of this system generates single sentences from a semantic input. This semantic input could be supplied by a human user. Alternatively, the semantic input can be generated as the output of a multi-sentential text generation system, allowing such a system to use the WAG system as its realisation component. The sentence generator can thus be treated a black-box unit. Taking this approach, the designer of the multi-sentential generation system can focus on multi-sentential concerns without worrying about sentential issues.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.wagsoft.com/wag.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| WAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd-etal92-weathra<br />
| Sigurd, Willners, Eeg-Olofsson, Johansson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Swedish, English<br />
| Weathra<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Weathra<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Inui-etal92<br />
| Inui et al. <br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Japanese<br />
| WEIVER<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WEIVER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal93<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WIP<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| WIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Horacek93, Horacek-etal88-wisber<br />
| Horacek, Sprenger<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WISBER<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WISBER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zuckerman90<br />
| Zukerman<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching algebra<br />
|<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ZuckermanMcConachy95<br />
| Zuckerman, McConachy<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PowerScott98, Power99-enlgw, Power99-eacl, Scott99-ijcai, Piwek-etal99, Kibble-etal99, Power-etal98, Scott-etal98, vanDeemterPower98<br />
| Power, Evans<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
| What you see is what you meant': knowledge-editing with natural language generation<br />
| <nowiki>WYSIWYM aims to allow domain experts to encode their knowledge directly, by interacting with a feedback text, generated by the system, which presents the knowledge defined so far and the options for extending or revising it. Previous knowledge editors have provided a graphical interface so that users can interact with diagrams rather than writing code; WYSIWYM takes a step further, exploiting automatic text generation so that the user interacts with an ordinary natural language document rather than a relatively unfamiliar diagram.<P>The acronym means `What You See Is What You Meant'. The feedback text presented to the user (What You See) reveals the knowledge that has been encoded during the interaction so far (What You Meant). Documentation of knowledge bases becomes automatic, since the system is designed to produce a description in natural language of any knowledge base in any state of completion. The only limitation is that the knowledge base must conform to an ontology which from the user's point of view is fixed. If this ontology proves insufficient, it must be extended by a programmer; the user cannot add new concepts because the system would lack the linguistic resources to express them.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/WYSIWYM/wysiwym.html<br />
| knowledge editing<br />
|<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PiantaTovena99, Pianesi-etal99<br />
| Pianta, Tovena, Pianesi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| XIG<br />
| generates sentences from an interlingua content representation in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| C-STAR II generator producing sentences from an interlingua content representation (Cstar Interchange Format): target of Cstar project is to build a speech-to-speech translation system able to deal with spontaneous speech in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/<br />
| tourist info<br />
| <br />
| XIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout81<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| XPLAIN<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XPLAIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger87, Allgayer-etal89-xtra<br />
| Reithinger, Allgayer, Harbusch, Kobsa<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| XTRA<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stenzhorn2002-nlpxml, Stenzhorn2002-diplom<br />
| Stenzhorn<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| XtraGen<br />
| Template-based generation with XML and Java interfaces<br />
| XtraGen is a recently developed commercial software system for the flexible, real-time generation of natural language via sophisticated templates that can be easily integrated into real-world, industrial application environments through its open XML- and Java-based implementation and interfaces. A new library also allows to incorporate XtraGen in Java Server Pages directly with simple tags and no additional programming code. The actual generation kernel is founded in the fundamental ideas employed by TG/2 and other advanced template-based systems but incorporates a completely new and independent object-oriented design and implementation.<br />
| 2003-09-11<br />
| template<br />
| [http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html]<br />
|<br />
| TG/2<br />
| XtraGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Channarukul99, McRoy-etal2000, McRoy-etal99<br />
| McRoy, Channarukul, Ali<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| YAG<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://tigger.cs.uwm.edu/~nlkrrg<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| YAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gabriel88<br />
| Gabriel<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| YH<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| simulation<br />
| <br />
| YH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| VealeConway94<br />
| Veale, Conway<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Sign<br />
| Zardoz<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Zardoz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jung-etal89<br />
| Jung, Kresse, Reithinger, Schäfer<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| ZORA<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ZORA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BoyerLapalme85<br />
| Boyer, Lapalme<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BoyerLapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll:1980-teaching<br />
| Carroll<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching English<br />
|<br />
| Carroll<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cerbah92-coling, Cerbah92-ecai, Cerbah91, Cerbah92-avignon<br />
| Cerbah<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1992<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cerbah<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Danlos87, Danlos87-kempen<br />
| Danlos<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| French, English<br />
|<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Danlos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRoeckLowden86<br />
| de Roeck, Lowden<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| deRoeck<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fournier91<br />
| Fournier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Fournier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fraczak-etal98-subway, Lizogat2000, Fraczak98-phd, Fraczak-etal98-taln, FraczakLapalme99<br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1998<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| directions<br />
| <br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Friedman69<br />
| Friedman<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Friedman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GreenCarberry99-cl, GreenCarberry99, GreenCarberry95<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| The system generates indirect answers to Yes-No questions in English and was built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| conversational implicature, indirect answers, answers to Yes-No questions<br />
|<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HakkaniOflazer98, Hakkani-etal96<br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Harper et al.<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Harper-etal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herskovits73<br />
| Herskovitz<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Herskovitz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hoffman94, Hoffman95<br />
| Hoffman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hoffman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ishizaki1983, Ishizaki88<br />
| Ishizaki<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| Japanese<br />
| <br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| Ishizaki<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kalita89, KalitaShastri87, KalitaShende88<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business reports<br />
|<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| story generator<br />
| story generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein-stories<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KleinSimmons63<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1963<br />
| 1963<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Klein-coherence<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65-style<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts<br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts using the same set of dependency/Phrase-Structure rules with variant settings of rule probabilities for syntax and pronoun usage. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| Klein-para<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal79, Klein-etal73<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| program for generating murder mysteries on the basis of simulation data<br />
| The output texts were the output of a simulation program for generating murder mysteries in a relational calculus semantic notation. The logic included some 1st order logical quantification strategies. The output of each time frame of the simulation was sent to a generator that used semantic/syntactic production rules. The outputs described the events in the simulations as as they were taking place.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| murder mysteries<br />
|<br />
| Klein-mysteries<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal74, Klein-etal77, Klein-etal76<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1974<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale<br />
| <nowiki>An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, formulated in and generated by the Meta-symbolic Simulation system. Program listing included, with comments that references to page numbers in Propp's book. Also contains myth texts derived from a model of the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss', THE RAW AND THE COOKED. <P><B>Comments from the author</B><BR> The English version of the Propp model appeared first as the UWCS Technical Report in 1974. The 1974 Tech Report version is exactly the same as the one that appeared in the 1977 book. <P>For historical reasons, the 1974 tech report is significant-- in December 1974, I mailed a copy to Claude Lévi-Strauss, whom I had never met. This led to his obtaining a visiting post for me in Paris at L'Ecole des hautes études en Science Sociale in 1976-- to work on modelling the thought processes he used in producing Mythologiques.<P> A revised French version of the paper, with a revised Propp model and an revised model for generating the 'double twist' transformation in the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss' The Raw & the Cooked was published in 1976. Parts of this French version are in English: a. the full set of rules for the Propp model are listed, with explanatory comments in English. b. the texts of the generated Russian tales are in English.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-26<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kreyss94-phd<br />
| Kreyss<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kreyss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich:1987<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kukich<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeleroFont-Llitjos2001<br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| Spanish<br />
| <br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mellish:1986, MellishEvans89<br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Memmi79<br />
| Memmi<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Memmi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meunier97-phd<br />
| Meunier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Meunier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moghrabi:1980<br />
| Moghrabi<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| Moghrabi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mooney93, Mooney-etal91<br />
| Mooney<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| Mooney<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Namer89, Namer90<br />
| Namer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| French, Italian<br />
|<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| Namer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| OhRudnicky2000<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| stochastic<br />
| http://fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu/Communicator/papers/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ACLShapiro, Shapiro82-ajcl<br />
| Shapiro<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Shapiro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SimmonsSLOCUM<br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Simonin:1987<br />
| Simonin<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| economics<br />
| <br />
| Simonin<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karkaletsis-etal98, Spyropoulos-etal96<br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Greek<br />
| <br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tait85<br />
| Tait<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Tait<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wagner-etal99, Wagner-etal97-aime, Wagner-etal94, Wagner-etal95, Wagner-etal95-iccs, Rassinoux-etal98<br />
| Wagner, Solomon, Baud, Michel, Juge, Rector, Scherrer, Rassinoux<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
|<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation on the basis of the large-scale GALEN medical ontology, including both term and procedure generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Wagner-med<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wanner97-phd<br />
| Wanner<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wanner<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wilcock93-msc<br />
| Wilcock<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user<br />
| A demonstration protoype of an interactive generation system, in which inquiries concerning factors needed in the generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user. The necessary factors are used as an SFG network of choices, and the inquiries are based on felicity conditions for the appropriateness of the choices. The prototype system can be used for iterative revision of the generated sentences. This suggests an approach to knowledge-based post-editing.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/kit/2001s/ctl310gen/GW-MScThesis/thesis.html<br />
| interactive MT<br />
|<br />
| Wilcock<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wong75<br />
| Wong<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wong<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yang92, Yang98<br />
| Yang<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| <br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yang<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yngve61-random<br />
| Yngve<br />
| 1961<br />
| 1961<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yngve<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Murray2002-mind<br />
| Murray<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| Mind-1.1<br />
| Concept-based generation system comprising a miniature Mind<br />
| Tutorial AI in JavaScript for Microsoft Internet Explorer<br />
| 2002-12-21<br />
| <br />
| http://mind.sourceforge.net/jsaimind.html<br />
| software tutorial<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Mind<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lareau2002<br />
| Lareau <br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| French<br />
| Sentence Garden<br />
| A generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory<br />
| Sentence Garden is an experimental prototype generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory. The system is language-independent in theory, although only a fragment of description of a French lexicon and grammar has been developed for it so far. The lexicon it uses is the DiCo, a Meaning-Text dictionary that is developed at the U. of Montreal by Mel'cuk and Polguère.<br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/ling/olst/lareau<br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| SenGarden<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash00-oxygen, Habash2001, Habash-etal-2001, HabashDorr2001<br />
| Habash<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| independent<br />
| OxyGen<br />
| A language independent Linearization Engine<br />
| <nowiki>A language independent Linearization Engine. OxyGen takes an input expression in the form of the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) developed for the <a href=Nitrogen.htm > Nitrogen </a> generator and works out a linear ordering for the specified lexical items. The output of the linearization process is a word lattice. A language (oxyL) is specified for writing linearization rules. The linearization process is hybrid, combining symbolic and statistical information. The system has been used in machine translation efforts such as <a href=http://hanne.umiacs.umd.edu:11111/chinmt/ >ChinMT</a> and others from Bonnie Dorr.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Oxygen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Brun-etal2000-inlg, Dyetman-etal00-mda, BrunDymetman02-mda<br />
| Xerox: DCM (Document Content Models) at XRCE (Xerox Research Center Europe)<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French, German<br />
| MDA<br />
| Multilingual Document Authoring system<br />
| <nowiki>MDA (Multilingual Document Authoring) is an interactive natural language generation system which uses a unification grammar formalism for the specification of well-formedness conditions both on the semantics and on the surface realization of documents. The MDA project provides interactive tools, such as context-aware menus, for assisting monolingual writers in the production of multilingual documents. The author's choices have language-independent meanings (example: choosing between a solution and an emulsion in a drug description document), which are automatically rendered in any of the languages known to the system, along with their grammatical consequences on the surrounding text. Although the author is not explicitly following standards, the text produced by the system is implicitly controlled both:<UL><LI> Syntactically: the choice of the standard term for expressing a given notion is under system control, as is the choice between grammatical variants (such as active/passive sentences) for expressing a given information;</LI><LI>Semantically: the consequences of a choice somewhere are reflected across the whole document, the author cannot forget to provide some information that the system requires, dependencies between semantic parameters such as gender and pregnancy can be described.</LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/dcm<br />
| patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| MDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Ceusters<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Dutch, French<br />
| Anthem<br />
| Generation of medical diagnoses<br />
| <nowiki>The aim of the ANTHEM (Advanced Natural Language Interface for Multilingual Text Generation) project was to have ready in September 1996 an API for medical systems able to generate out of medical diagnosis sublanguage statements in French or Dutch, language independent representations of the utterances that will generate translations of the original input in Dutch, French or German, and to perform automatic encoding following the ICD-10 classification rules. A second aim of ANTHEM was to use the same sublanguage approach for the analysis of standardised medical diagnosis expressions such as those used in international classification systems in order to facilitate cross-mapping to other systems and a smooth transition from older to new versions.<P> ANTHEM undertook testing of the final prototypes in a real world environment. Validation of the prototypes were carried out from a threefold perspective: linguistically (by testing the performance of the various subsystems with respect to automatic encoding and translation), technically (by assessing the flexibility with which the APIs can be integrated in existing healthcare applications) and operationally (by allowing end-users to comment on the overall user-friendliness and practical performance of the system).</nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/detail.php?acronym=ANTHEM<br />
| healthcare, medical diagnoses<br />
|<br />
| Anthem<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Axelrod2000<br />
| Axelrod<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| flight information<br />
|<br />
| IBMflight<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roh-etal01<br />
| Roh, Kang, Lee<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| Korean<br />
| XEplainer<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| homeshopping<br />
|<br />
| XEplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Striegnitz2000, GardentThater01<br />
| Striegnitz, Gardent<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| InDiGen<br />
| Integrated generation from declarative grammar-semantics-goal specifications<br />
| <nowiki>The goal of this project is to develop an integrated approach to discourse and sentence planning which captures the interaction of discourse marker selection, ellipsis, and discourse structure. This project will focus on (a) empirical investigations and the formalization of the corresponding linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, and (b) the declarative modelling and implementation of those constraints by means of first order logic theorem proving and expressive concurrent constraint languages. <P> The system has an <B>online demo</B> at <A HREF=http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen/demo/>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2003-05-04<br />
| LTAG<br />
| http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen.html<br />
| general<br />
| SPUD<br />
| InDiGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ratnaparkhi01<br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Air travel reservation dialogue system<br />
| Explores a surface generation framework that allows a dynamic word re-ordering in the context of a conversational system. The system attempts to duplicate the use of "word re-ordering" in order to maximize their communicative effectiveness. The surface NLG module expresses new information differently from old information. The input to the system consists of attribute-value pairs, some mandatory, some optional. Generation is a carried out by a hybrid statistical and grammar-based process.<br />
| 2003-06-01<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| air travel<br />
| <br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilksBy2003<br />
| Wilks, By, Lee, Ballim<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| ViewGen<br />
| ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling being implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext as part of this overall project.<br />
| <nowiki>ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext and builds on a particular philosophical position concerning discourse and belief. <p> <strong>Extract from website: </strong> NLG systems often represent user-related information into a separate knowledge source, i.e., a user model. Typically, a user model will track some of user's beliefs, goals, interests, differences between a user's and system's beliefs, and nested beliefs (i.e., an agent's beliefs about other agent's beliefs). In our view, what is needed is an independent, powerful agent modelling component which can be used to support both understanding and generation. The advantage of using such a component is that potentially it could be reused between application domains and also between generators. Therefore we are now attempting to integrate ViewGen into a hypertext generation system. From that perspective, an important advantage of ViewGen is its account for common knowledge (i.e., default ascription) and stereotypes, as this will allow the modelling of different classes of users and tasks and the use of the most relevant one(s). In addition, the topic environments will restrict the search for relevant information to be included in the generated text. </nowiki><br />
| 2003-09-07<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/ http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/]<br />
| hypertext<br />
| <br />
| ViewGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrGaasterland02<br />
| Dorr, Gaasterland<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| CONGEN<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect. The system takes time-stamped dependency trees and derives appropriate temporal connectives. It is assumed to be embedded within a full generation system.<br />
| 2003-10-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MT<br />
| <br />
| ConGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| schnell02-umset-konzep-sprac<br />
| Schnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| Demosthenes<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation.<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation. The system is a concept-to-speech generation system containing stages adapted from Levelt's model of language production. Modules are present for all the major stages of language production and output containing fine-grained information about prosodic features is produced as final result. The system is implemented in Haskell and can produce output suitable for a variety of speech synthesis components. <br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| wine descriptions<br />
|<br />
| ex-Demosthenes<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gamon-etal02, Corston-Oliver-etal02, Smets-etal02<br />
| Gamon, Ringger, Corston-Oliver, Moore<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German, French, English<br />
| Amalgam<br />
| Amalgam is a sentence realization component based on data-driven, machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.<br />
| <nowiki>Amalgam is a novel system developed in the Natural Language Processing group at Microsoft Research for sentence realization during natural language generation. Sentence realization is the process of generating (“realizing”) a fluent sentence from a semantic representation. From the outset, the goal of the Amalgam project has been to build a sentence realization system in a data-driven fashion using machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.To date, we have implemented Amalgam for both German and French, with English in the works.<H3>Example of Amalgam input</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-input.jpg><H3>Example of Amalgam structural output</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-output.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| machine learning<br />
| [http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx]<br />
| technical manuals<br />
|<br />
| Amalgam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Piwek03-mnlg<br />
| Piwek<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| MNLG<br />
| NMLG: Multimodal Natural Language Generation module<br />
| <nowiki>NECA MNLG is a fully implemented Multimodal Natural Language Generation module. The MNLG is deployed as part of the NECA system which generates dialogues be-tween animated agents. The generation module supports the seamless integration of full grammar rules, templates and canned text. The generator takes input which allows for the specification of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic constraints on the output. <P>The input is processed in a pipeline that consists of the following modules in this order: <UL> <LI>A DIALOGUE PLANNER, which produces an abstract description of the dialogue (the dialogue plan). <LI>A MULTI-MODAL NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERA-TOR which specifies linguistic and non-linguistic real-izations for the dialogue acts in the dialogue plan. <LI>A SPEECH SYNTHESIS MODULE, which adds infor-mation for Speech. <LI>A GESTURE ASSIGNMENT MODULE, which controls the temporal coordination of gestures and speech. <UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-17<br />
| mixed<br />
| <br />
| animated interfaces<br />
|<br />
| MNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal2005-routes, Dale-etal2003-coral, Dale-etal2002-coral, Geldof2003-enlgw, GeldofDale-2002<br />
| Dale, Geldof, Prost<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| Coral<br />
| Automatic generation of navigational route descriptions<br />
| Route directions have been the subject of extensive research in various areas, including cognitive science, psychology, artificial intelligence and natural language generation. Our primary perspective is that of natural language generation. Thus our aim is to investigate in how far natural language generation technology can improve the efficiency of automatically generated route descriptions. The current technological context allows for information delivery in the physical context of usage via mobile devices. This is particularly relevant for instructional discourse, such as route descriptions.<br />
| 2008-04-12<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html]<br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Coral<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KranzdorfGrefahn92-itex<br />
| Kranzdorf, Grefahn<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ITEX<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning that investigates the flexible relationship between macrostructure and microstructure. Surface generation is done with an LFG-based generator.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| LFG-f<br />
| ITEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DoerreMomma87-gwai, MommaDoerre87<br />
| Dörre, Momma<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Generation from LFG f-structures<br />
| A method for generating sentences from LFG f-structures<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LFG-f<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| reitter04-mug, Reitter-etal2004-ui<br />
| Reitter<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| MUG<br />
| Multimodal functional unification generation<br />
| When grammar-based techniques for natural language generation (and analysis alike) find their way into collaborative projects or actual application, big grammars tend to become hard to extend and debug. The MUG system represents a new tool set with a graphical debugging environment for functional unification grammars, which is designed to help grammar developers inspect the results of their work. The particular formalism supported is Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar, which is similar to Functional Unification Grammars, but supports several coordinated modes, such as voice prompts or structural and/or language-based screen displays. For each input description, the grammar can generate a range of coherent realization variants, which are ranked by a scoring function in order to optimize the output towards situational and device-related factors.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| FUG<br />
| [http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html]<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| MUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benamara-2004-inlg<br />
| Benamara<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English, French<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
| Logic-based model for question answering<br />
| A logic-based model for the accurate generation of intensional responses within a co-operative question-answering framework. Generation is template-based.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| template<br />
| <br />
| transportation<br />
|<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll-etal2000<br />
| Carroll, Nicolov, Smets, Shaumyan, Weir<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| LEXSYS<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LEXSYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede2002-coling, ChiarcosStede-2004-inlg<br />
| Stede, Chiarcos<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polibox<br />
| Hypertext generator <br />
| Hypertext generator<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Polibox<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash-2004-inlg<br />
| Habash<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| EXERGE<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English using statistical methods and an N-gram language model<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| n-grams<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exerge<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MarciniakStrube-2004-inlg<br />
| Marciniak, Strube<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Generator for route descriptions<br />
| Generation of route descriptions by apply automatic learning techniques to drive a TAG-based generation system. The training corpus is for route descriptions.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Marciniak<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PaivaEvans-2004-inlg<br />
| Paiva, Evans<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Stylistic control for generation<br />
| System that derives stylistic control for generation from a corpus analysis of a range of language varieties that will be covered. The corpus analysis follows factorial analysis (Biber) and applies a correlation technique to ensure that generated texts are situated appropriately within the space of possibilities.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| LEXSYS, RICHES<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Paiva-style<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PanShaw-2004-inlg<br />
| Pan, Shaw<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEGUE<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SEGUE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Foster-2004-inlg, White-2004-inlg<br />
| Foster, White, Moore<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| COMIC<br />
| COnversational Multimodal Interaction with Computers<br />
| Multimodal dialogue system that adds a spoken-language dialogue interface to a CAD-like application used in bathroom sales situations to help clients redesign their rooms. Input to the system includes speech, handwriting and pen gestures; the output combines synthesized speech, a 'talking head' avatar and control of teh underlying application.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| CCG<br />
| [http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/ http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/]<br />
| interior design<br />
|<br />
| COMIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klarner-2004-inlg<br />
| Klarner<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
| A hybrid NLG system for generating dialogue: 'Hybrid pragmatically embedded realization with bottom-up generation'<br />
| Mixes shallow and deep generation for dialogue generation. Currently used in three domains: home audio-visual management, model train control, and B2B e-procurement.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassens2005-ola<br />
| Claassens<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| OLA<br />
| English Question/Answer (Q&A) system, template-based and not very sophisticated, but the open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <br />
| <nowiki>This English Question/Answer (QA) system is template-based and is not very sophisticated. However, this open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <P>Till now, this QA system can be used to answer questions that are related to rids. This domain has a very restricted lexicon. Therefore, it is an easy domain in which such a system can be applied to. <P>O.L.A. is developed in Linux environment in AWK programming code (see website). The gaps of the randomly chosen template sentences are filled with usage of external data. Furthermore, an example of an avatar will be generated (form: emoticon). </nowiki><br />
| 2005-03-03<br />
| <br />
| http://pi0959.uvt.nl/s883247/acklin.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| OLA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carenini2001-gea, CareniniMoore2000<br />
| Carenini<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GEA<br />
| Generator of Evaluative Arguments (GEA): GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments.<br />
| GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments. GEA covers all aspects of generating evaluative arguments from selecting and organizing the content of the argument, to expressing the selected content into natural language. For content selection and organization, GEA applies an argumentation strategy based on guidelines from argumentation theory. For expressing the content into natural language, GEA relies on a set of techniques that extend and integrate previous work in computational linguistics on micro-planning and realizing evaluative arguments. Finally, a quantitative model of user preferences expressed as an additive multiattribute value function (AMVF) is the key knowledge source used by GEA in tailoring the content, organization and phrasing of the generated arguments to its users. <br />
| 2005-05-21<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.ubc.ca/%7Ecarenini/THESIS/gea.html<br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| GEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AbellaKender99<br />
| Abella, Kender<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Spatial language generation<br />
| Generating sentences from images employing spatial relations<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Abella<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Boyd98<br />
| Boyd<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| TREND<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| time-series<br />
| <br />
| TREND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karamanis-etal2004, Karamanis2003, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg<br />
| Karamanis<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEEC<br />
| System for Evaluating Entity Coherence<br />
| A text structuring module for NLG that implements a search-oriented, corpus-based methodology for evaluating metrics of entity coherence based on different vers ions of Centering Theory.Various permutations of input expressions are evaluated with respect to the corpus-derived metrics.<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| text structuring<br />
|<br />
| SEEC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CziferszkyWinter2002<br />
| Cziferszky, Winter<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Route description generation<br />
| Route description generation<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| CziferszkyWinter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilliamsReiter2005-enlg, WilliamsReiter2005-ijcai, WilliamsReiter2005-selrules, WilliamsReiter2004-errors, Reiter-etal2005-sgai<br />
| Williams, Reiter<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SkillSum<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/skillsum/<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| SkillSum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Szilas2007<br />
| Szilas<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| IDtension<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama. The narrative planning and realisation is intended to be medium-independent; early version of the system produces text descriptions by template generation.<br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| templates<br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| IDtension<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Levison-etal2001, LessardLevison95, LevisonLessard96, LevisonLessard92<br />
| Lessard, Levison<br />
| 1986<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French<br />
| VINCI<br />
| VINCI is a natural language generation environment used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. <br />
| <nowiki><P>VINCI is a natural language generation environment under development for the past 20-odd years. It has been used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. Most research has been done in French or English, but the system was designed to be multilingual and some work has been done in other languages as well.<P>The system includes a variety of features, including:<UL><LI>a semantic metalanguage which is not language-specific</LI><LI>lexical preselection mechanisms which allow initial choice of lexical items in some natural language and inheritance of traits from these items in subsequent syntactic development</LI><LI>a system of attributes which provides the 'glue' between semantics, syntax, morphology and lexicon; attributes may be partially ordered, compounded, and deconstructed</LI><LI>a syntactic mechanism based on a context-free grammar with attribute attachment, which allows inheritance, guarded syntax rules allowing for conditional development of child nodes, and transformations of syntax trees</LI><LI>lexical representation based on syntactic and semantic attributes, morphological traits, orthography, phonology, and frequency; also included are lexical pointer mechanisms to permit representation of relations such as hyponymy, synonymy, etc.</LI><LI>morphology rules based on attribute values, orthography, phonology, and preceding and following context</LI><LI>lexical transformation devices which permit the synthesis by rule of sets of derived or compound words, either statically or dynamically</LI><LI>error analysis mechanisms which take some user input and compare it to some set of rule-governed candidate parses at the phonological, phonographic, orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels.</LI></UL><P>VINCI is embedded in an editing environment (IVI) which provides for easy modification of language specifications, including template-based editing of lexical records. IVI also permits the use of driver programs written in C or some other language. The program is written in C and runs under Solaris, Linux, and Windows (using Cygwin). It is freely available from the project website, which also contains documentation on the system, sample language descriptions, and references to the papers and articles to which the project has given rise.</nowiki><br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.queensu.ca/CompLing/<br />
| CALL<br />
| <br />
| VINCI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CheongYoung2006<br />
| Cheong, Young<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2006<br />
| English<br />
| Suspenser<br />
| A framework for narrative generation<br />
| Suspenser, a computational model of narrative generation that takes as input a given story world and constructs a narrative structure intended to evoke the desirable level of suspense from the reader at a specific moment in the story.<br />
| 2008-01-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| Suspenser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KamalMellish-2004-inlg<br />
| Kamal, Mellish<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| STAGE<br />
| Generating using an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS)<br />
| The STylistics-Aware GEnerator (STAGE) system brings together systemic-functional linguistic resources and established an AI search mechanism. The generator uses systemic networks tranlsated into a particular form in order to generate nature language texts that can build on the ATMS in order to incorporate surface constraints. <br />
| 2008-01-16<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| STAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2007<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| BabyTalk<br />
| BabyTalk is developing computerised tools to summarise and interpret data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).<br />
| BabyTalk is investigating ways of summarising and presenting patient information to medical professionals and family members. Our focus is on data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. <br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/babytalk<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| BabyTalk<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal2005-words, Sripada-etal2003-mousam<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Sripada, Davy<br />
| 2005<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
| Weather Forecast System<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for marine weather reports<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
| Medical Care Reports<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for medical reports: see also BabyTalk<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medicine<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yu-etal2005<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Mellish<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
| System for generating textual summaries of sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| industrial<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gupta-etal2007, Gupta-etal2007-ENLG, Gupta-etal2008<br />
| Gupta, Walker, Romano<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| POLLy<br />
| POliteness in Language Learning<br />
| <nowiki>The system contains a generalised mechanism for generating utterances and dialogues, drawing on a sociolinguistics theory of politeness. It combines a Spoken Language Generator (using full NLG techniques) with an AI planner to model linguistic politeness in collaborative task oriented dialogue with the ultimate goal of providing a stimulating environment and a fun way for learning politeness in English as a Second Language (ESL). <P>Dialogues are demonstrated within Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) capable of dialogues with human ESL learners, interacting with them using spoken language to practice politeness in role play situations.<P><IMG src=../images/polly.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ESL<br />
| <br />
| Polly<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MariesseWalker2007, MariesseWalker2008<br />
| Mairesse, Walker<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
| Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits.<br />
| <nowiki>Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits by controlling parameters derived from the psychology literature. Personage-PE---an extension of Personage---uses statistical models trained on human judgements to predict the optimal parameters given target personality scores along the Big Five dimensions of personality. <p>A Java real-time demo is available at <a href=http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html>http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html</a></nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html<br />
| Affect<br />
| <br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AllmanBeale2006<br />
| Allman, Beale, Denton<br />
| 1993<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Korean, Jula, Kewa<br />
| TBTA<br />
| The Bible Translator's Assistant<br />
| <nowiki>The Bible Translator's Assistant is a multilingual natural language generator based on linguistic universals and typologies. This project is intended to generate rough drafts of the Bible and many community development articles in the world's 3000+ minority languages. Experiments indicate that these rough drafts quadruple the productivity of experienced mother tongue translators. (<a href=../images/tbta-allman2008.pdf>Cached unpublished paper</a>)</nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| UG<br />
| http://www.thebibletranslatorsassistant.com/<br />
| translation<br />
| <br />
| TBTA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99-volvex<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
| Validation Of Specifications by Natural Language Generation for VOLVO expressed in STEP/EXPRESS<br />
| STEP Application Protocols (APs) are often very large and complicated general descriptions of different domains mainly within the manufacturing industry. STEP AP's are expressed in the EXPRESS language which is a static modeling language of Entity-Relationship type. Users of STEP AP have often large problems to understand the whole AP and therefore they need a tool which helps them to validate the STEP AP. The tool we are proposing is a natural language English paraphraser of the STEP AP. The VOLVEX system supports automatically building a domain lexicon from one STEP AP and with this lexicon automatically translate one arbitrary STEP AP EXPRESS file into a Prolog based format to be used by a Natural Language Generator called ASTROGEN. The translation from EXPRESS format to EXPRESS Prolog format and the construction of the domain lexicon is carried out by a set of Perl programs.<br />
| 2008-12-10<br />
| <br />
| [http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html]<br />
| formal specifications<br />
| ASTROGEN<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner-etal2008, Turner-etal2007<br />
| Turner, Sripada, Reiter, Davy<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| RoadSafe<br />
| Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing<br />
| <nowiki>A project for "Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing". The RoadSafe project is intended to<UL><LI>use Knowledge Aquisition techniques to understand how humans write textual instructions for road maintenance vehicle routing.</LI><LI>produce a system capable of automatically evaluating a region's geographical data combined with the weather forecast for 10000s of points in that region to provide textual routing and de-icer spread rate instructions</LI><LI>utilise Aerospace and Marine International's expert forecasters in order to post-edit generated advisory texts and therefore improve the performance of the system. </LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/RoadSafe/<br />
| geodata<br />
| <br />
| RoadSafe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Belz2007<br />
| Belz<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| pCRU<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| pCRU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GalanisAndroutsopoulos2007<br />
| Galanis, Androutsopoulos<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
| Description of concepts defined in OWL ontologies<br />
|<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://pages.cs.aueb.gr/nlp/software.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2009<br />
| General<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework. SimpleNLG is a relatively simple Natural Language Generation realiser, with a Java API. It has less grammatical coverage than many other realisers, but it does not require in-depth knowledge of a syntactic theory to use. The core of the package is the realiser, lexicon, and features packages <br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg/<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ThomasSripada2007<br />
| Thomas, Sripada, Reiter<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| Atlas.txt<br />
| Making geo-referenced data available via natural language generation<br />
| The Atlas.txt project aims to produce textual summaries of geo-referenced data which can be read out via a screenreader. Such data are often communicated via maps are so are inaccessible to the visually impaired population.<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ssripada/atlas/<br />
| geodata<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| Atlastxt<br />
<br />
|}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=User:ChristianPietsch/List_of_NLG_systems&diff=6714User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems2009-04-21T15:35:57Z<p>ChristianPietsch: converted from John Bateman's master spreadsheet of NLG systems</p>
<hr />
<div>== Table of NLG system ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 75%; width: 100%;"<br />
|-valign="top" bgcolor="#CDCDCD"<br />
!BibTeX cite keys<br />
!main workers<br />
!starting year<br />
!ending year<br />
!languages generated<br />
!name of system<br />
!short description<br />
!long description<br />
!entry updated<br />
!theoretical framework<br />
!URL<br />
!domain or application<br />
!name of forerunner system<br />
!unique permanent name<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kohl90, Kohl89<br />
| Kohl, Gardent, Plainfossé, Reape<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| Accord<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| Natural language and graphic interface<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Accord<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Elhadad:1992-phd<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Advisor<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| Generation of arguments<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| Advisor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kruijff-etal-2000-coling, Bateman-etal2000-lrec, Agile-note97<br />
| Krujiff, Korbayová, Teich, Hartley, Bateman, Sharoff, Scott, Staykova, Sokolova<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2001<br />
| Bulgarian, Czech, Russian<br />
| AGILE<br />
| generates instructions in the domain of Computer-Aided Design<br />
| AGILE is a tool which allows a technical author to specify, in a non-linguistic representation, the 'content' of different tasks that can be performed by users of CAD-CAM software. The AGILE system can then automatically express these content specifications in styles appropriate to different sections of a CAD-CAM manual (procedures, ready reference ...) in Bulgarian, Czech and Russian. The generated texts are displayed in a browser as hyperlinked documents. No expertise in knowledge representation is required, although some training with the interface is needed. The system has been evaluated and the results are described in the relevant project deliverables.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/agile<br />
| CAD, instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| AGILE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch-etal95, Coch96a, CochDavid94-anlp<br />
| Coch, David<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| generation of one-page reply letters<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| AlethGen/La Redoute<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stock91<br />
| Stock<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1991<br />
| Italian<br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| multimedia NL based information access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ALFRESCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich83<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| ANA<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| generation of stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| ANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Blocher92<br />
| Blocher<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| generating scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| ANTLIMA-1<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal98<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| ARIANNA<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| dynamic hypermedia<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ARIANNA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kim-etal02-artequakt<br />
| Kim, Alani, Hall, Lewis, Millard, Shadbolt, Weal<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Artequakt<br />
| Automatic generation of narrative biographies of artists <br />
| The Artequakt project is working towards automatically generating narrative biographies of artists from knowledge that has been extracted from the Web and maintained in a knowledge base. An overview of the system architecture is presented here and the three key components of that architecture are explained in detail, namely knowledge extraction, information management and biography construction. It is our belief that by building a story-schema layer on top of an ontology we can create dynamic stories within a certain domain.<br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biographies<br />
| <br />
| Artequakt<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Astrogen<br />
| Generation from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS specifications. <br />
| <nowiki>ASTROGEN (Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator) is a Natural Language Generator written in Prolog. Which hopefully can be used by almost anybody. ASTROGEN has been used for generation of natural language (English) from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS Specifications. ASTROGEN consists basically of two modules the Deep and the Surface generator. ASTROGEN was written originally for generating Natural Language from formal specifications for the telecom domain. <img src=../images/astrogen.gif ></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html<br />
| telecom<br />
| <br />
| Astrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vavargard2000<br />
| Vargagard<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, Swedish<br />
| Autotext<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Autotext<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldman75<br />
| Goldman<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| BABEL<br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice <br />
| paraphrase generation & lexical choice on the basis of abstract representations (conceptual dependencies)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BABEL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kronfeld:1986<br />
| Kronfeld<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| BERTRAND<br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| generation of definite descriptions <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BERTRAND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weiner80<br />
| Weiner<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| BLAH<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| generation of explanations concerning income taxes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| income tax<br />
| <br />
| BLAH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mittal-etal98, Mittal-etal95<br />
| Mittal, Moore, Carenini, Roth, Mattis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| figure captions<br />
| FUF<br />
| Caption Generation System<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| sharp-88<br />
| Sharp<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1995<br />
| EU<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.wh2.tu-dresden.de/~dagmar/cat2/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CAT-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jokinen94<br />
| Jokinen<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| CDM<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| generation of explanatory dialogues<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| CDM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kan-etal01, Kan-etal01-doc<br />
| Kan, McKeown, Klavans<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
| A multidocument summarization system<br />
| Centrifuser is a multidocument summarization system for documents which are in the same domain and genre. Centrifuser's indicative module employs NLG techniques to produce text that discusses groups of documents and their metadata properties by mimicking library card catalog entries.<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| http://centrifuser.cs.columbia.edu/<br />
| summaries<br />
| <br />
| CENTRIFUSER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Kohl, Eisele, Momma, Dörre, Geltz, Netter, Kärcher, Tappe, Frank, Meier, van Geenhoven<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1992<br />
| French, German<br />
| CHARON<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/charon.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| CHARON<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Freedman98<br />
| Freedman<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| tutoring system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| <br />
| Circsum-Tutor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlshawiPulman92<br />
| Alshawi, Pulman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, Swedish, French, Spanish<br />
| CLE<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| CLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Evans-etal2006, Piwek-etal98, Piwek-etal99-itri, Piwek-etal99<br />
| Piwek, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, French<br />
| CLIME<br />
| Automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any prescriptive semi-formal documentation<br />
| CLIME is a system to provide automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any semi-formal documentation of a prescriptive nature, such as codes of practice and other quasi-legal documentation. The CLIME project takes advantage of the semi-regular nature of this information to allow the integration of working NL software with existing expertise in codifying legal reasoning, to provide a usable and useful system.<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.bmtech.co.uk/clime<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| CLIME<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Gedalia, Elhadad<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| CLINT<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| hybrid template/word-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| CLINT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellWhite97, WhiteCaldwell97-anlp, WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CogentHelp<br />
| on-line help for GUIs<br />
| <nowiki>Semi-automatic generation of on-line help for GUIs, with authoring interface for human-written "snippets". Additional information at: <A href=http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml>http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml</A></nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/systems/cogenthelp/<br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| CogentHelp<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vandeRiet-etal98<br />
| van de Riet, Burg, Dehne<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Color-X<br />
| NLG for verification of models of information and communication systems<br />
| In Color-X, tools were developed for building executable prototypes of information and communication systems from specifications expressed in natural language. Papers referenced here refer to the addition of NLG capabilities for verification of the models and requirements.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| communication systems<br />
|<br />
| Color-X<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal90<br />
| McKeown et al.<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| COMET<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| generation of explanations (multimodal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| COMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd83, Sigurd84<br />
| Sigurd<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1984<br />
| Swedish<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| generation of scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| COMMENTATOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett:1988, Fawcett90-nlgw5<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| COMMUNAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof99-ki<br />
| Geldof<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| COMRIS<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| meeting assistant<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| COMRIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marsi01, Marsi98, Marsi95, Marsi98-text<br />
| Marsi<br />
| 1995<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| CONPAS<br />
| Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech<br />
| CONPAS (Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech) is a front-end generator for producing spoken output with appropriate prosody. It consists of three modules: SynR, a module for syntactic realization, ProsR, a module for prosodic realization and, SpeechS, a module for speech synthesis. It is driven by a planning component (PlanR) and produces spoken output in a number of domains; the text planner is specific for each domain. Particular emphasis was placed on the pitch accent placement, and this has been evaluated. <br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| prosody generation<br />
|<br />
| CONPAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smadja:1991, SmadjaMcKeown90<br />
| Smadja, McKeown<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| COOK<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| use of collocation for generating stock market reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| COOK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown:1979<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| Co-Op<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| Cooperative answer generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Co-Op<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LevineMellish94<br />
| Mellish, Levine<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| CORECT<br />
| Generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment<br />
| a system using NLG techniques to generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment; developed jointly with Racal Research, Racal Instruments, the Unis of Edinburgh and Sussex, and Intelligent Applications Ltd. Builds on its predesessor, the IDAS system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/hct/corect/<br />
| electronics<br />
| IDAS<br />
| CORECT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Busemann, Declerck, Kader, Diagne, Dini, Klein, Schmeier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| Cosma<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| Appointment scheduling agent<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
| TG/2<br />
| Cosma<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NealShapiro88<br />
| Neal, Shapiro<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Cubricon<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| Generation in multimedia interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cubricon<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Theune-etal01-jle<br />
| Theune, Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Krahmer<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| D2S<br />
| System for producing spoken language from data<br />
| D2S is a system for the creation of data-to-speech systems in different languages and domains. The most important characteristic of a data-to-speech system is that it combines language and speech generation: language generation is used to produce a natural language text expressing the system's input data, and speech generation is used to make this text audible. In D2S, this combination is exploited by using linguistic information available in the language generation module for the computation of prosody. This allows us to achieve a better prosodic output quality than can be achieved in a plain text-to-speech system. For language generation in D2S, the use of syntactically enriched templates is guided by knowledge of the discourse context, while for speech generation pre-recorded phrases are combined in a prosodically sophisticated manner. This combination of techniques makes it possible to create linguistically sound but efficient systems with high quality language and speech output.<br />
| 2001-09-30<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
| LGM<br />
| D2S<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman-etal01-dart, Bateman-etal98-inlgw, Reichenberger-etal95-acm, Reichenberger-etal95-ave<br />
| Bateman, Alexa, Teich, Kamps, Reichenberger, Kleinz, Rondhuis<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
| Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus<br />
| <nowiki>Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus. Producing formatted pages in response to selections of artists made by the user with a graphical information retrieval interface.</p><p>Generation was performed using the KOMET generation system. An example page generated from a very large knowledge base compiled from the Dictionary of Art at that time is:</p><p><img src=../images/pic1-layout.gif width=700 height=525></p></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| biographies, art history, layout and text<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Dart-bio<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller90<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
| A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought<br />
| <nowiki>A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought. The source code of the program can be found <a href=http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/src/dd_gen.cl>here</a>.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/dd.htm<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Daydreamer generator<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sgouros99<br />
| Bailey, Mellish, Ritchie, Sgouros<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| DEFACTO<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories.<br />
| DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories. It seeks to develop and test a prototype system which incorporates Artificial Intelligence techniques into interactive, multi-media story generation and presentation, in order to create a richer, and therefore more satisfying, experience for its user/s.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/daidb/infweb/people/homes/paulba/defacto/<br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| DEFACTO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sprenger93, Horacek93<br />
| Müller, Sprenger, Horacek<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| DIAMOD<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| KADS-based expert system explanation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| DIAMOD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WendholtNovak93<br />
| Novak, Wendholt<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| DING<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| incremental generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NirenburgNirenburg88-coling, Nirenburg-etal89<br />
| Nirenburg<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DIOGENES<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| generation for machine-translation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DIOGENES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Uszkoreit-etal94, Bus:Dec:Dia:97<br />
| Uszkoreit, Busemann<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| DISCO<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| An appointment scheduling agent using natural language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| DISCO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Seligman91-phd<br />
| Seligman<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Discourser<br />
| Structured discourse <br />
| System developed in a dissertation that presents two components. First: An inheritance-based grammar which represents syntactic and semantic structures as well as the mapping relations between these as frames. The approach to sentence generation features the merging of structures via inheritance and the tracking of expressive choices using 'multiple worlds'. Second: new semantic/pragmatic representations for paragraph-length discourses, and expression procedures based upon them. Discourse relations are discovered via judgements of synonomy, and are arranged in lattices (rather than exclusively in hierarchies). A small set of network traversal strategies permits the repeated application of the sentence generator to generate paragraphs expressing the whole net. A facility for expressing 'situational formulas' adds a pragmatic component to the system. <br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| inheritance grammar<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Discourser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gruber-etal95<br />
| Gruber, Vemuri, Rice<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/top-level.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| DME-HTW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HoughtonPearson88<br />
| Houghton, Pearson<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| DORIS<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| planning dialogues (vocal output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DORIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Drafter95<br />
| Scott, Hartley, Power, Paris, Vander Linden, Evans<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, French<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| helps technical authors write instruction documents<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| KPML<br />
| Drafter-I<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ScottEvans98, Power-etal98<br />
| Scott, Evans, Power<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French, Italian<br />
| Drafter-II<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| multilingual generation of instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| Drafter-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Deemter:Odijk:97, vanDeemter97<br />
| van Deemter, Leermakers, Odijk<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| DYD<br />
| generates a spoken monologue describing a selected music composition and its recording<br />
| DYD (Dial Your Disc) is an interactive system that supports browsing through a large music database (Mozart compositions); each time a track is selected, it generates a spoken monologue describing the composition and its recording<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| DYD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Geldof98, GeldofVelde97-ewnlg, GeldofVelde97-aaai, GeldofVandeVelde97<br />
| Geldof, van de Velde<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| Ecran<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| templates<br />
| http://arti.vub.ac.be/AAAI97/ecran.html<br />
| movie description<br />
|<br />
| Ecran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey90<br />
| Cawsey<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EDGE<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| plan-based generation of explanatory discourse<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/AAAI.ps<br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| EDGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen92<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| Edward<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| Refering expressions in a multimedia environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Edward<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MooreIJCAI89, EES-87<br />
| Moore, Swartout, Paris<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EES<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| generation of explanations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| Penman<br />
| EES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Poller-etal96, PollerHeisterkamp96<br />
| Poller<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German, English<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions for train inquiries<br />
| Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions: development and implementation of an efficient How-to-Say component for the generation of system utterances of a speech dialogue system for train inquiries. Extends the TAG-GEN generator developed within the WIP system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| train inquiries<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| EFFENDI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Weizenbaum66<br />
| Weizenbaum<br />
| 1966<br />
| 1966<br />
| English<br />
| ELIZA<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ELIZA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <nowiki><i>unclaimed</i></nowiki><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ELU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale90-dale, Dale89<br />
| Dale<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| EPICURE<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| EPICURE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| Clippinger<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| ERMA<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| ERMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CaldwellKorelsky94<br />
| Caldwell, Korelsky<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| generation of job descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| job descriptions<br />
|<br />
| EXCLASS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| White, Caldwell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Exemplars<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exemplars<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Chester76<br />
| Chester<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1976<br />
| English<br />
| Expound<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| translates formal poofs into English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| Expound<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BangaloreRambow2000, Bangalore-etal2000-learning, Bangalore-etal2000-evaluation, BangaloreRambow2000-corpus<br />
| Bangalore, Rambow<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| FERGUS<br />
| Flexible Empiricist/Rationalist Generation Using Syntax<br />
| Extends statistically guided generation using n-grams with a tree-based statistical model as well as a traditional tree-based syntactic grammar based on the wide coverage XTAG grammar<br />
| 2002-11-17<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FERGUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ward94, Ward92<br />
| Ward<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| FIG<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| connectionist generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| http://www.sanpo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~nigel/clg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| FIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeunierDanlos98<br />
| Meunier, Danlos<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| French, English<br />
| Flaubert<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Flaubert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter90-dale, MarksReiter90, Reiter90, Reiter91-ci<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| FN<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| avoiding false implicatures<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal94, Bourbeau-etal90-coling, Goldberg-etal94-ieee<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère, Driedger<br />
| 1989<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| FoG<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports.<br />
| FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports. The first operational forecast produced by FoG was issued on Feb.27, 1992. <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| FoG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EndrissKlabunde2000<br />
| Endriss, Klabunde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| German<br />
| FOGS<br />
| generates narratives with a focus background structure <br />
| The system (acronym for "focus generation system") generates renarratives with a focus background structure (more specifically, the single sentences are annotated with prosodic features to indicate which element functions as bearer of the respective focal accent).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| FOGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Contant86, Contant:1985<br />
| Contant<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| French<br />
| FRANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| French version of ANA<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stock market<br />
| ANA<br />
| FRANA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele86, Emele87-gwai, HeidMomma87<br />
| Emele, Heid, Momma<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| FREGE<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| object-oriented front-end generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FREGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin92, Elhadad93-fuf, ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad<br />
| 1990<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent, English, Spanish, Hebrew<br />
| FUF<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| implementation of Functional Unification Grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peyragrosse:1993<br />
| Peyragrosse<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| ??<br />
| GASPAR<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| Paraphrase of SQL queries<br />
| 2002-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB queries<br />
| <br />
| GASPAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Etchegoyhen98<br />
| Etchegoyhen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| GBgen<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| GB-based generator<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| GB<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GBgen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adachi97<br />
| Adachi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| cooking definitions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| GCD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mitkov90-geo<br />
| Mitkov<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Bulgarian <br />
| GECO<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| production of geometrical descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Henschel-etal02-konvens, Henschel02-gem-manual<br />
| Delin, Bateman, Henschel, Allen<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GeM<br />
| multimodal generation<br />
| <nowiki>GeM (Genre and Multimodality) investigated the relationship between multimodal document genres and their realization in text, layout and diagrams. As part of this work a prototype page generation system was developed based on XML, XSLT and the GeM project multimodal annotation scheme. The prototype concentrates specifically on the controlled generation of the layout (including placing of text and graphics, titles, and font selections) adopted on the page, making this sensitive to generic constraints holding for the multimodal document type; the generation of the language elements included is not in focus. The generic constraints are derived from the corpus analysis done within the GeM project and are represented following the GeM annotation scheme. <P>Two examples of generated pages from the prototype are the following, the first from the genre of bird field guides and the second from the genre of instruction manuals.<P> <table><tr><td><img src=../images/gem-bird-konvens.gif ></td><td><img src=../images/gem-pegasys-konvens.gif > </td></tr></table></nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-28<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/gem<br />
| layout and text<br />
|<br />
| GeM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Conklin:1987<br />
| Conklin<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| GENARO<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| description of pictures<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| picture description<br />
|<br />
| GENARO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glass-etal94<br />
| Glass, Seneff, Polifroni<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESIS<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| multilingual spoken instructions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| GENESIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fawcett90-nlgw5, FawcettTucker90-coling<br />
| Fawcett, Tucker<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| GENESYS<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENESYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Shieber88-coling<br />
| Shieber<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GeneSys<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| 2002-05-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GeneSys<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deCarolis-etal96, deCarolis-etal97<br />
| de Carolis, de Rosis, Pizzutilo, Grasso, Rossiello, Berry, Gillie<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Italian<br />
| GeNet<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GeNet<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teunissen97<br />
| Teunissen<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| GENIUSS<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| generator based on universal semantic syntax<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENIUSS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| TomitaNyberg88<br />
| Tomita, Nyberg<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English?<br />
| GenKit<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GenKit<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Maybury89<br />
| Maybury<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GENNY<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| use of RST relations for producing coherent texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GENNY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl86<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| German<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| description of geometrical configurations<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| <br />
| GEOTEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kehl89<br />
| Kehl<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English, German<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| bilingual version of Geotex<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| geometry<br />
| GEOTEX<br />
| GEOTEX-E<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pemberton89<br />
| Pemberton<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| GESTER<br />
| story generation<br />
| story generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| GESTER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Marchant-etal96<br />
| Marchant, Mellish, Cerbah, Levine<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| GhostWriter<br />
| generation assisting human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| a demonstration of how plan-based modelling and NLG can be used to assist human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~johnl/ghostwriter/<br />
| manuals<br />
| <br />
| GhostWriter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Williams2004-nlg, Williams02-connectives, WilliamsReiter03<br />
| Williams<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| GIRL<br />
| Microplanning discourse-level choices for people with poor literacy<br />
| System for generating appropriate texts for people with different reading levels<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html]<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| GIRL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| gistgenerator<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| GIST<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| explanation of the results of a medical expert system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| GIST-medical<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NotStock94, ParisScott94-inlgw, PowerCavallotto96-gist, PianesiPianta94-gist, VanderLindenScott95-ijcai, Not96-mercatali, Pemberton-etal94, HartleyParis97-MT, Bateman-etal94-ecai, Delin-etal96, MatiasekTrost96, MatiasekBuchberger95<br />
| Cavallotto, Magnini, Lavid, Matiasek, Not, Paris, Pianesi, Pianta, Power, Scott, Stock, Trost, Vander Linden<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Italian<br />
| GIST<br />
| generates instructions for filling in tax forms<br />
| <nowiki>The GIST project addresses the construction of a multilingual generation system for texts describing administrative procedures (e.g., how to apply for a social security facility, what to do in order to get visas, etc.) starting from language independent specifications. We considered three languages: English, German and Italian. The application domain of the developed prototype is represented by instructions on how to fill out pension forms. <P>A longer set of references is available <A HREF=http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist/gist-bibliography.html> here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| SFG, FUF, GB<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist.html<br />
| tax forms<br />
| <br />
| GIST-tax<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kantrowitz92<br />
| Kantrowitz, Bates<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| GLINDA<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| narration and intercharacter communication<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GLINDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98, TheuneKlabbers98-inlg<br />
| Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Theune<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1995<br />
| Dutch<br />
| GoalGetter<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://iris19.ipo.tue.nl:9000/index.html<br />
| football<br />
| <br />
| GoalGetter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal88-coling<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| GOSSIP<br />
| implementation of the meaning-text theory, praphrase<br />
| An implementation of the meaning-text theory, producing paraphrase<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| GOSSIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rich79<br />
| Rich<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| English<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| user modelling via stereotypes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| GRUNDY<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Langkilde:2000<br />
| Langkilde<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Halogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Halogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| wahlster-ijcai, Wahlster78, Hoeppner-etal83, Hoeppner84<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1983<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System)<br />
| (HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System) An interactive system where the determination of the adequate level of a response in dialogue interactions played a central role.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HAM-ANS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| jameson80, vonHahn-etal80, Wahlster78<br />
| Jameson, Hoeppner, von Hahn, Wahlster<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| German<br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| hotel manager<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| HAM-RPM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DiMarco-etal95, WannerHovy96, DiMarco-etal97<br />
| DiMarco, Hovy, Hirst, Wanner<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| generation of medical information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| KPML<br />
| HealthDoc<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gailly88-hermes, Gailly89-phd, Gailly88-quantifier<br />
| Gailly<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| French<br />
| HERMES<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| processing of quantifier scoping<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HERMES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kaplan-etal93<br />
| Kaplan, Fenwick, Chen<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| navigating hypertext<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HIPERFLEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benelli-etal99<br />
| Benelli, Bianchi, Marti, Not, Sennati, Mellish, O'Donnell<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| HIPS<br />
| developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces<br />
| The HIPS project aims at developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces. The objective of the project is to enrich the "user experience" of a city by overlapping a further dimension with the physical space: contextual and personalised information on the human environment. The project was originally designed to include NLG elements.<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://marconi.ltt.dii.unisi.it/progetti/HIPS/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| HIPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cross92-lexis, Cross92-thesis<br />
| Cross<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Horace<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| physics<br />
| <br />
| Horace<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| NetzerElhadad98-hebrew<br />
| Netzer, Elhadad<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| Hebrew<br />
| HUGG<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew<br />
| A syntactic realization component for Hebrew, where the form of the input is intended to be as similar as possible to that for FUF/SURGE for English. The places where this does not appear possible suggest interesting places of linguistic contrast, as well as raising questions about the possible modularities involved in the generation task. <br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| FUF<br />
| HUGG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BontchevaWilks01-IJCAI, BontchevaWilks99, Bontcheva01-um, Bontcheva01-impact, Bontcheva02-diss<br />
| Bontcheva<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| Hylite+<br />
| Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. Architecture based on a new recursive pipeline model.<br />
| <nowiki>Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. <P>The goal of our dynamic hypertext generation system, HYLITE+, is to produce encyclopaedia-style explanations of domain terminology. The corpus analysis of online encyclopaedia and previous empirical studies have shown the positive effect of additional information -- e.g., definition of key vocabulary, less-technical content, supply of background information and illustrations -- on the subjects' reading comprehension and reading behaviour. On the other hand, hypertext usability studies have shown that people read 25 per cent slower on the screen, so hypertext needs to be concise with formatting, that facilitates skimming. Our empirical studies have shown that users prefer different additional information depending on the chosen formatting and desired explanation length.<P>The majority of existing language generation systems have a pipeline architecture which offers efficient sequential execution of modules, but does not allow decisions about text content to be revised in later stages. However, in some cases choosing appropriate content can depend on text length and formatting, which in a pipeline architecture are determined after content planning is completed. Unlike pipelines, interleaved and revisionbased architectures can deal with such dependencies but tend to be more expensive computationally. Since our system needs to generate acceptable hypertext explanations reliably and quickly, the pipeline architecture was modified instead to allow additional content to be requested in later stages of the generation process if necessary. in such an architecture it is not possible to take into account text formatting and length (which are determined towards the end) when choosing the text content (which happens in the beginning).<P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/hylite-arch.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Hylite+<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Springer-etal91<br />
| Springer, Buta, Wolf<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| ICG<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| composition of business letters<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business letters<br />
|<br />
| ICG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy-etal96-call<br />
| McCoy, Pennington, Suri<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| ICICLE<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ICICLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-inlg, Bouayad2000-lrec, Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-idj, Bouayad-Agha99, Power2000-coling, Power2000-itri, Power-etal99-englw<br />
| Power, Bouayad-Agha, Scott<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
| Combining layout and linguistic constraints<br />
| In the ICONOCLAST project, we developed a framework for integrating constraints on the style and layout of the output documents in an NLG system. By interacting with the system, authors are able to determine the optimal set of constraints whose interaction will lead to the production of documents in the desired style and layout.<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/iconoclast/<br />
| layout and text, patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| ICONOCLAST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RuthPeroutka93, Peroutka-etal98<br />
| Ruth, Peroutka<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ICWF<br />
| Interactive Computer Worded Forecast<br />
| (Interactive Computer Worded Forecast) further development of the IFPS system (in which it might now be incorporated?)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| IFPS<br />
| ICWF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal95, Reiter-etal92, ReiterMellish93<br />
| Reiter et al<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IDAS<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| generation of on-line help documentation<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/chrism/idas.html<br />
| documentation<br />
|<br />
| IDAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HallerShapiro96<br />
| Haller, Shapiro<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| IDP<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| discourse planner<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IDP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Glahn70<br />
| Glahn, Peroutka, Ruth<br />
| 1970<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| IFPS<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based) "Interactive Forecast Preparation System". Early weather report generation still on the point of being deployed commercially. Also led on to the ICWF system (now incorporated?) .IFPS is in the template-based category, much of it written in Fortran. Does not claim an AI-basis, but must do some kind of text planning/organisation.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.nws.noaa.gov/tdl/icwf/ifp.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IFPS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rubinoff2000, Rubinoff92<br />
| Rubinoff<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1999<br />
| English <br />
| IGEN<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| Weather forecasts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| IGEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell-etal01, ODonnell-etal2000-inlg, Oberlander-etal97, Dale-etal97, Milosavljevic99-phd, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Hitzeman-etal97, Mellish-etal98-opportunism<br />
| Oberlander, Mellish, O'Donnell, Knott<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| ILEX<br />
| a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue<br />
| <nowiki>ILEX is a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue, in such a way as to reflect the interest of the user and also opportunistically to further certain educational goals. Developed in cooperation with the National Museums of Scotland, Interactive Information and VIS Interactive Media.<P>The current version of the system, Ilex2.0, produces textual descriptions of objects in a museum gallery. The user is presented with a set of objects, and chooses objects to be described by clicking, as in a conventional hypertext. When an object is selected, a description is produced on-line, which is tailored to the user and the communicative context.<P>An online demonstration is available <A href=http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex<br />
| museums<br />
| WAG<br />
| ILEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Bates, Ingria<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| ILIAD<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| CALL for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching syntax<br />
|<br />
| ILIAD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Vanderlinden-etal92, VanderLinden93-thesis<br />
| Vander Linden<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| instructions for operating telephones<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman<br />
| IMAGENE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson87-book<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| IMP<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| tailoring the content by taking the user into account<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| IMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Rehm99<br />
| Rehm<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| IPaGe<br />
| Incremental Parallell Generator<br />
| Generates descriptions of a construction kit on the basis of conceptual structures. Generation is incremental.<br />
| 2002-04-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| description<br />
| <br />
| IPaGe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| de-Smedt90<br />
| de Smedt<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPF<br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| parallel-incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPF<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kempen79<br />
| Kempen, Hoenkamp<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| Dutch<br />
| IPG<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| simulation of human, incremental sentence production<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| IPG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colineau-etal02, Paris-etal01-anlpw, Paris-etal01-hci, Lu-etal99, Paris-etal98-adcs, Paris-etal00-impacts<br />
| Paris, Vander Linden, Lu<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| ISOLDE<br />
| automatic generation of software instructions<br />
| <nowiki>The Integrated Software and On-Line Documentation Environment (ISOLDE) is a novel, integrated software environment developed by the IIT group at CSIRO with Calvin College in the United States, and is partially funded by the US Office of Naval Research.<P>ISOLDE is providing the opportunity to streamline the software production and software documentation process, while facilitating the development of a usable, easily upgraded application. Inherent in the design is the ability to re-use software in upgrades or to totally new generation applications, with dynamically updated documentation and interaction models to match the changes. Automatic and semi-automatic task modelling forms an additional important area of work within this project. The system has been evaluated. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/isolde-Archit2.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.cmis.csiro.au/iit/Projects/Isolde/index.htm<br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| ISOLDE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BinstedRitchie94, BinsteadRitchie96<br />
| Binsted, Ritchie<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| JAPE<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| jokes<br />
| <br />
| JAPE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RambowKorelsky92<br />
| Rambow, Korelsky<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| JOYCE<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| JOYCE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mauldin:1984<br />
| Mauldin<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1984<br />
| English<br />
| KAFKA<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAFKA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ClineNutter94<br />
| Cline<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| KALOS<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| Knowledge-based generation with revision<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KALOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt85-AI, Appelt88-plan<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| KAMP<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| modeling of the user's beliefs and goals<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KAMP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MannMoore81<br />
| Mann, Moore<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| KDS<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| generation of paragraphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs87-nlgw<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| KING<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| help system for UNIX<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| KING<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Kiss B.V.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Dutch, English, German, French<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models<br />
| 2000-10-01<br />
| FG?<br />
| <br />
| DB and OO descriptions<br />
|<br />
| KISS-Lexicalizer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Peters93-kleist, Peters-etal91<br />
| Peters, Rutz, Siegel, Novak, Hoeppner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, Japanese<br />
| Kleist<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| multilingual generation of route descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Kleist<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LesterPorter97<br />
| Lester, Porter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| KNIGHT<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| explains complex biological phenomena<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| biology<br />
| <br />
| KNIGHT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BatemanTeich95, Alexa-etal94-sant, Alexa-etal96-ercim, Teich99-dis, Teich-etal96, Degand96-enlgw<br />
| Bateman, Teich, Maier, Wanner, Henschel, Degand<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German, Dutch<br />
| KOMET<br />
| Multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| KOMET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bateman97-jle, Bateman-etal99-aai, Bateman-etal91-ijcai, BatemanSharoff98<br />
| Bateman, Matthiessen, Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Czech, Russian, Bulgarian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, independent<br />
| KPML<br />
| large-scale multilingual generation and development environment<br />
| <nowiki>The KPML system is an ongoing development drawing on over a decade of experience in large-scale grammar development work for natural language generation (NLG). It is currently maintained at the University of Bremen, Faculty of Linguistics and Literature. The system is a graphically-based development environment for the construction, maintenance, and use of large-scale grammars written with the framework of Systemic-Functional Linguistics.<P> KPML offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation.Grammars have been developed using KPML for a variety of languages including English, German, Dutch, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Bulgarian, and Czech. Many of these grammars are freely available for further research and development work within the NLG community. The English grammar is the very large Nigel grammar under development since the early 1980s in the Penman project at USC/ISI, Los Angeles. <P> A variety of configurations of KPML are available, suitable for use both by absolute beginners in a teaching environment and by large-scale grammar work. The variations are summarised on the main KPML page. KPML is written in ANSI Common Lisp, with the graphical interface in the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). The source code may be compiled and installed in full using commercial Common Lisp products supporting Common Lisp and CLIM under Unix and Windows. There are also standalone executable images available for Windows systems that may be downloaded and used without compilation and without requiring an additional Lisp software licence. </nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://purl.org/net/kpml<br />
| independent<br />
| Penman<br />
| KPML<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Iordanskaja-etal92<br />
| Iordanskaja et al.<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, French<br />
| LFS<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| LFS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klabbers-etal98<br />
| Klabbers, Theune, Krahmer<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch, English<br />
| LGM<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| The generation module of D2S<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| LGM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak91, DobesNovak91<br />
| Novak, Dobes<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German, English<br />
| LILOG<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| large-scale NLP system with a generation component<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| LILOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Copestake02<br />
| Copestake<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| LKB<br />
| General workbench for typed feature grammar formalisms, including a tactical generation component<br />
| <nowiki>The LKB system is a grammar and lexicon development environment for use with constraint-based linguistic formalisms. The LKB software is distributed by the LinGO initiative, a loosely-organized consortium of research groups working on unification-based grammars and processing schemes. The download page for the LKB system and other available LinGO software and grammars is http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp. <P>The LinGO English Resource Grammar (with associated lexicons and so on) may be downloaded from http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp as erg.tgz. Note that it requires at least 250 MBytes of RAM to run with the LKB. No documentation for the ERG is available at this time (other than the source file comments). <P>The LKB system includes a tactical generation capability.<P>The LKB system is Open Source and there is no registration process. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~aac/lkb.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| LKB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Block91<br />
| Block, Gehrke, Hunze, Schachtl, Schmid, Zünkler<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| LKP<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/lkp.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| LKP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Smith-etal94<br />
| Garigliano, Smith, Morgan<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Lolita<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Lolita<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal97-magic<br />
| McKeown, Feiner, Jordan, Dalal, Pan, Shaw, Zhou, Chen, Concepcion<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| MAGIC<br />
| Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data<br />
| MAGIC (Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data) is a real-time multimedia presentation system in the medical domain which generates concise and fluent spoken reports by incorporating prosody modeling for speech and advance linguistic constructions such as right-node raising and ellipsis.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| FUF<br />
| MAGIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Goldberg-etal88<br />
| Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| MARWORDS<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MARWORDS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchanan-etal92<br />
| Buchanan, Moore, Foresythe, Banks, Ohlsson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
| health explanations<br />
| health explanations<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| MIGRAINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii-etal98<br />
| Tanaka-Ishii, Hasida, Noda<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English, French, Japanese<br />
| MIKE<br />
| automatic soccer commentary system<br />
| MIKE is an automatic commentary system that generates a commentary of a simulated soccer game in English, French and Japanese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| MIKE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Frenger98<br />
| Murray<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://sourceforge.net/projects/mind/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner94<br />
| Turner<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
| A story generator<br />
| A story generator<br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| story generation<br />
|<br />
| MINSTREL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Callaway-etal98, Towns-etal98, Daniel-etal99<br />
| Callaway, Daniel, Lester, Bares, Towns<br />
| 1998<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
| employs both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| A multilingual generation component within a learning environment employing both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| learning<br />
| FUF<br />
| ml-CINESPEAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yao-etal98<br />
| Yao, Zhang, Wang<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| MLWFA<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| multilingual weather forecast generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| MLWFA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie-etal97, Lavoie-etal96<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow, Reiter<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models<br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/research/modex/index.shtml<br />
| software<br />
| <br />
| ModelExplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede99-book, Stede98-cl, Stede96-enlgw, Stede96-phd<br />
| Stede<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| MOOSE<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| manuals<br />
| Penman, KPML<br />
| MOOSE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Androutsopoulos-etal01, Dimitromanolaki-etal01, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg, Isard-etal2003<br />
| Androutsopoulos, Kokkinaki, Dimitromanolaki, Calder, Oberlander, Not , O'Donnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English, Greek, Italian, Spanish<br />
| M-PIRO<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments.<br />
| Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments. M-PIRO stands for "multilingual personalised information objects".<br />
| 2002-09-15<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/mpiro/<br />
| museums<br />
| <br />
| M-PIRO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Spyns-etal97<br />
| Spyns, Deprez, Van Tichelen, Van Coile<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| MTS<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems<br />
| 2001-11-10<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| MTS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zeng95-pacling, Matthiessen-etal95, Zeng93, Zeng96-phd<br />
| Zeng<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English, Chinese<br />
| MulTex<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| multilingual generation of news reports<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| MulTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Coch98-multimeteo, Coch98-inlg, Coch-etal99, Coch99-gat<br />
| Coch, Chevreau<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch<br />
| Multimeteo<br />
| in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts<br />
| <nowiki>in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts. URL of the operational site is <A href = http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html>http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| [http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm]<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Multimeteo<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McDonald80, Meteer-etal87<br />
| McDonald, Meteer<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1990<br />
| English<br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Novak:1986, Novak:1988-book, Novak:1987, NeumannNovak86<br />
| Novak<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| NAOS<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| generation of coherent scene descriptions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene description<br />
|<br />
| NAOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Becker-etal92<br />
| Strobel<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| NAUDA<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| sentence generation in the context of database interfaces<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/nauda.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| NAUDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KnightHatzivassiloglou95, LangkildeKnight98<br />
| Knight, Hatzivassiloglou, Langkilde<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Nitrogen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FroelichRiet97, Froelich98<br />
| Frölich<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| NLG(db)<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| KPML<br />
| NLG-DB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RubinoffFainLehman94<br />
| Rubinoff, Lehman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| NL-Soar<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| generation within the general AI system SOAR<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NL-Soar<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jablonski88<br />
| Jablonski et al.<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| NUGGET<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| text generation from a linguistic basis<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| NUGGET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Aguado-etal98, GalindoAguado01<br />
| Aguado, Gómez-Pérez, Bateman<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Spanish<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| generation of database and ontology definition descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| ontology<br />
| KPML<br />
| Ontogeneration<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRosis-etal99<br />
| de Rosis, Grasso, Berry<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| OPADE<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| OPADE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cohen78, Cohen81<br />
| Cohen<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| OSCAR<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| OSCAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| vanZanten-etal98, Nederhof-etal97<br />
| van Noord, Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sima'an, Bonnema<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dutch<br />
| OVIS<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| OVIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout77<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| OWL<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| OWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fiedler01-ijcai, Fiedler01-ijcar, Fiedler01-phd, Fiedler99<br />
| Fiedler<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| P.rex<br />
| an interactive, user-adaptive proof explanation system<br />
| <nowiki>P.rex is an interactive proof explanation system that adapts its explanations to the user and flexibly reacts to his questions or requests.<P><H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex/figures/architecture.jpg> <P>As a generic system, P.rex can be connected to different theorem provers, namely by means of the formal language TWEGA for specifying proofs and mathematical theories. Mathematical theories are organized in a hierarchical knowledge base. Each theory in it may contain, for example, axioms, definitions, and theorems along with proofs. A proof of a theorem can be represented hierarchically in TWEGA such that the various levels of abstraction are made explicit. <P>The central component of the system is the dialog planner. It is implemented in ACT-R, a goal-directed production system that aims to model human cognition. In ACT-R, declarative and procedural representations of knowledge are explicitly separated into the declarative memory and the procedural production rule base. The plan operators of the dialog planner are defined in terms of productions and the discourse plan is represented in the declarative memory. <P>The dialog plan is passed on through the sentence planner to the surface realizer. Currently, we use a derivate of PROVERB's sentence planner to plan the internal structure of the sentences, which are then realized by the surface realizer TAG-GEN. <P> The uttered sentences are finally displayed on the user interface. It also allows the user to enter remarks, requests and questions anytime. An analyzer receives the user's interactions and passes them on to the dialog planner. In the current stage, we use a simplistic analyzer that understands a small set of predefined interactions. </nowiki><br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex<br />
| proofs<br />
| PROVERB, TAG-GEN<br />
| P.rex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finney-etal:1987<br />
| de Finney et al.<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| PARDA<br />
| generation of arguments<br />
| System for the generation of arguments.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| PARDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ebert-etal96, Porzel-etal2002<br />
| Ebert, Jansche, Klabunde, Porzel<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| PAROLE<br />
| generates addressee-oriented spatial descriptions<br />
| (partner-oriented linguistic explicating): The system generates spatial descriptions. It is an example for cognitive modeling, because the choice which point of view the system should take to determine spatial directions is based on several empirical studies on addressee-orientation in speaking. Furthermore, the system generates certain hypotheses on viewpoint-taking if some features of the addressee (like his/her position within the spatial environment, his cognitive competence etc.) are known. <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spatial descriptions<br />
|<br />
| PAROLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Colby75<br />
| Colby<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| Parry<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| simulation of paranoid processes<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| psychiatry<br />
| <br />
| Parry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sheremetyeva-etal96, SheremetyevaNirenburg96<br />
| Sheremetyeva, Nirenburg<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
| generates patent claims<br />
| generates patent claims concerning devices on the basis of knowledge elicitation where the user selects objects and relations from an ontology<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| patents<br />
| <br />
| Patent Claim Expert<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Granville83<br />
| Granville<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English<br />
| PAUL<br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| generation of coherent texts <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hovy88-book, Hovy87-JPrag<br />
| Hovy<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PAULINE<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| pragmatically motivated text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PAULINE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moore89-thesis, MooreSwartout90-catalina<br />
| Moore<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PEA<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| tutoring<br />
| Penman<br />
| PEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Milosavljevic99-phd, MilosavljevicDale96, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Milosavljevic97, Milosavljevic-etal96<br />
| Milosavljevic, Dale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links<br />
| <nowiki>Peba-II is an on-line animal encyclopedia which produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as world wide web pages. The Peba system contains information about hundreds of animals, but it has more information about Australian Monotremes (the Echidna and Platypus) and Marsupials (such as the Kangaroo, Koala and Wombat). There is also a lot of information on the cat family (Lion, Cheetah, Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard etc), and lots of other mammals like the Alligator, Porcupines (American and African), Elephants (African and Indian), Rabbit, Baboon, Gorilla, Plains Zebra, Goat, Sheep, and so on.<P>The system produces descriptions and comparisons of animals by using underlying representation of information, similar to a database. The web pages you are given do not exist on the server, but are dynamically created as and when you ask for information. Because the descriptions are created by a system, the system can adapt the descriptions to your particular knowledge or experience. The system thus produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-04<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
| animal comparisons<br />
|<br />
| Peba-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bullock94-msc<br />
| Bullock<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system<br />
| Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system, devised by the Medical Informatics Group at the University of Manchester. The system produces texts describing the contents of the medical records.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Pen&Pad Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MatthiessenBateman91, MannMatthiessen85-benson, Hovy-etal92-nlgw, Hovy93-AI, Matthiessen90-coling, MannMatthiessen83, Kasper89-spl, Matthiessen88-inquiries<br />
| Mann, Matthiessen, Hovy, Kasper, Bateman, Whitney, Albano, Poulton, O'Donnell<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| PENMAN<br />
| Portable systemic generator for domain-independent large-scale text generation <br />
| Penman was the major text generation project established by William C. Mann in the early 1980s. Within this project were developed resources such as the very large Nigel grammar of English and several approaches to text planning that came to define some of the standard approaches in the field.<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PENMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Finkler97-phdbook<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| PERFECTION<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PERFECTION<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jacobs85<br />
| Jacobs<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| PHRED<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| multilingual generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PHRED<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beale96<br />
| Beale<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| Picard<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Picard<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Binsted-etal95, Cawsey-etal96-ecai, Cawsey-etal95-dagstuhl<br />
| Cawsey, Binsted, Bental, Jones, Carter, Grasso<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records<br />
| PIGLIT (personalized patient education): a system for generating personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records so as to help patients understand them<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/pigtext.html<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| PIGLIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KreyssNovak90<br />
| Kreyss, Novak<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| PIT<br />
| text planning<br />
| text planning<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown-etal94-plandoc<br />
| McKeown, Kukich, Shaw<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| telecom<br />
| FUF<br />
| PLANDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Waltz, Waltz76-PLANES<br />
| Waltz, Finin, Green, Conrad, Goodman, Hadden<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PLANES<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| database access and retrieval<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PLANES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Neumann, van Noord<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German, Dutch<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/playmobild.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| PlayMoBild<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Beurer91, Zadrozny93<br />
| Beurer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| general NLP including generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| PLNLP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Emele-etal90-coling<br />
| Momma, Zajac, Emele<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polygloss<br />
| typed-unification-based generation<br />
| Typed-unification-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TFS<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| Polygloss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerNeumann89, Finkler89<br />
| Finkler, Neumann<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| incremental sentence generation <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-HOW<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger91, Reithinger87-gwai<br />
| Reithinger<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| incremental sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| POPEL-WHAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FascianoLapalme2000, FascianoLapalme96<br />
| Fasciano, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1996<br />
| French<br />
| PostGraphe<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| combined text and graphics generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PostGraphe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal98-realities, Milosavljevic-etal98-highway<br />
| Green, Dale, Williams<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Power<br />
| another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects<br />
| Another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects. Original prototype based on Peba-II. Final system closely resembling ILEX in output although more like Peba in architecture.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| template<br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/~peba/Power/system.html<br />
| museums<br />
| Peba-II<br />
| Power<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal98-iui, Andre-etal93-ppp<br />
| André, Müller, Rist<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, German<br />
| PPP<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| PPP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gulla96, Gulla93, GullaWillumsen93, Gulla-etal91<br />
| Gulla<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| PPP<br />
| An explanation generation facility for knowledge validation in computer-aided software engineering<br />
| A system that uses rhetorical strategies for the generation of explanation of dynamic and other information within a CASE (computer-assisted software engineering) system, all collectively called PPP. <br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| CASE models<br />
|<br />
| PPP-case<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jameson-etal94<br />
| Jameson<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| PRACMA<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| dialogue system with user modelling<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRACMA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre95-book<br />
| André<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| PREPLAN<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| plan-based multimedia generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PREPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lavoie98<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| Presentor<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Presentor<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GagnonLapalme96<br />
| Gagnon, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| generation of temporal expressions<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PRETEXTE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dik96, Dik92<br />
| Dik<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| ProfGlot<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| sentence generation with Functional Grammar<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ProfGlot<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WhiteCaldwell98<br />
| Caldwell<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| Project Reporter<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports<br />
| generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive GANNT chart applet. Commercially available over the web since 3/99.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter/<br />
| Commercial<br />
| <br />
| Project Reporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Adorni87<br />
| Adorni<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| Promethius<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| sentence generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Promethius<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| PROSENET <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROSENET <br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nicolov-etal96, NicolovMellish99-englw, Nicolov-etal97-ranlp<br />
| Nicolov et al.<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| DTG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| PROTECTOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Davey78<br />
| Davey<br />
| 1978<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| game commentary<br />
|<br />
| PROTEUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HuangFiedler97, HuangFiedler96<br />
| Fiedler, Huang<br />
| 1996<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| PROVERB<br />
| natural language presention of machine-found proofs<br />
| PROVERB is a system presenting machine-found proofs in natural language. It is embedded in the interactive proof development environment OMEGA. Settled between automated theorem proving (ATP) and natural language generation (NLG), PROVERB uses techniques of both these fields. In order to present proofs in a way as they can be found in mathematical textbooks, PROVERB first transforms and abstracts resolution proofs or natural deduction proofs to so-called assertion level proofs, which abstract from the basic calculus inference rules. Here, most justifications are in terms of the application of a definition, a lemma, or a theorem, which are collectively called assertions. Assertion level proofs are then verbalized in English using NLG techniques. First, a macroplanner determines the order and content of the information to be conveyed. Then, a microplanner plans the internal structure of the paragraphs and sentences. Finally, the surface sentences are produced by the system TAG-GEN. Furthermore, PROVERB allows for the automatic creation of a LaTeX document from the English proof. <br />
| 2002-04-28<br />
| <br />
| http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~afiedler/<br />
| formal proofs<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| PROVERB<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lehnert78-book<br />
| Lehnert<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1978<br />
| English<br />
| QUALM<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| QUALM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal00-rags, Cahill-etal01, RAGS-intro-01, Cahill-etal99, rags99<br />
| Mellish, Scott, Evans, Doran, Tipper, Cahill, Paiva, Reape<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| ''independent''<br />
| RAGS<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems<br />
| 2001-11-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/rags/<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| RAGS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kittredge-etal86-coling<br />
| Kittredge et al.<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| French, English<br />
| RAREAS<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| RAREAS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| LavoieRambow97-realpro<br />
| Lavoie, Rambow<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English<br />
| RealPro<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| RealPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Codd, Codd77<br />
| Codd<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| database query formulation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| DB<br />
| <br />
| RENDEZVOUS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cahill-etal01<br />
| Cahill, Evans, Paiva, Scott, Power, Carroll, van Deemter<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| RICHES<br />
| Instructional texts for patients<br />
| Generates instructional texts for using different medicine delivery methods from rhetorical plans<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| RICHES<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassen97<br />
| Claassen<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1997<br />
| Dutch<br />
| ROIS<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| segment grammar<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| ROIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McCoy86<br />
| McCoy<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| ROMPER<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| correction and anticipation of wrong inferences<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ROMPER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harvey98<br />
| Harvey, Carberry<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| RTPI<br />
| integration and aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| RTPI (Rule-based Text Plan Integrator): integration, aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9805010<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| RTPI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RothHefley93<br />
| Roth, Hefley<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| SAGE<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| multimodal explanations<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| FUF<br />
| SAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sibun91, Sibun91-phd<br />
| Sibun<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| Salix<br />
| generates extended texts in domains including house layouts and family relations.<br />
| Salix incrementally generates extended texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter, in several domains including house layouts and family relations. The code still works.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| house layouts<br />
|<br />
| Salix<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| Carbonell et al.<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| natural language interface for teaching geography<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching geography<br />
|<br />
| SCHOLAR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Verret-etal99<br />
| Vigneux, Marcoux, Verret<br />
| 1991<br />
| 2000<br />
| French, English<br />
| Scribe<br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). <br />
| Weather forecast report generator (template-based). The system is deployed across Canada, but its acceptance and use is regionally dependent (same could be said for FoG).<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/cmc/bibliotheque/PREVISIONS/f_9_2.htm<br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Scribe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AlexanderssonPoller98-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000, Reithinger-etal2000<br />
| Alexandersson, Engel, Kipp, Poller, Reithinger<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, German<br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues<br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~janal<br />
| summary<br />
| <br />
| Script generator of Verbmobil<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner88<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| summaries about the labor market<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| labor market<br />
| <br />
| SEMSYN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roesner87<br />
| Rösner<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| SemTex<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| Automated newsagency<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| SEMSYN<br />
| SemTex<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann95-sereal<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| SeReal<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SeReal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Winograd72<br />
| Winograd<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
| description of a microworld (cubes, blocks)<br />
| <nowiki>The pioneer system capable of answering questions and moving objects within a microworld consisting of variously coloured cubes, blocks, pyramids, and so on. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in an interactive English dialog. The system contains a parser, a recognition grammar of English, programs for semantic analysis, and a general problem solving system. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carrying them out. From the generation perspective the interest of the system lies in its dialog capabilities, particularly, for example, the ability to initiate clarification dialogs when references were not clear. Knowledge in the system is represented in the form of procedures, rather than tables of rules or lists of patterns. The system showed natural language, planning and actions working together for the first time in a complete system and would still give some current systems a run for their money! <P>A 'recreation' of SHRDLU has now been prepared by the <A HREF=http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/shrdlu.html>Semaphore corporation</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-11-23<br />
| <br />
| http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/shrdlu/<br />
| spatial relationships<br />
|<br />
| SHRDLU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dilley-etal92<br />
| Dilley, Thiel, Tissen, Bateman<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SIC!<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| integrated multimodal interaction to information systems<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Penman<br />
| SIC!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Driedger-etal2000<br />
| Driedger<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
| Siren<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| Marine weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Siren<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Patten88-book, Patten86<br />
| Patten<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SLANG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| use of systemic grammars for NLG<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SLANG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wahlster2006, Wahlster01, Wahlster2003-fusion<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2006<br />
| German<br />
| SmartKom<br />
| A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology.<br />
| <nowiki>A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology. This should include substantial presentation design components, involving natural language as one of several output modalities. <H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://smartkom.dfki.de/image/archi_eng.gif></nowiki><br />
| 2008-01-10<br />
| <br />
| http://smartkom.dfki.de/eng/start_en.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SmartKom<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herzog:1989, Andre-etal88-soccer<br />
| Herzog, André, Rist, Bosch<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| SOCCER<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| generation of soccer reports<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| soccer<br />
| <br />
| SOCCER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hitzeman-etal99<br />
| Hitzeman, Oberlander, Taylor<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| SOLE<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sole.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SOLE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Teich-etal97-specom, Grote-etal96, Grote-etal97-speak, HagenStein96, Speak-description98, Stein98-speakeval<br />
| Bateman, Stein, Hagen, Teich, Grote, Thiel<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| spoken language generation for supporting database access<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| metadialog<br />
| KPML<br />
| SPEAK!<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kosseim-etal96, KosseimLapalme2000<br />
| Kosseim, Lapalme<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| French<br />
| SPIN<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| planning of instructional texts<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Pollack:1986<br />
| Pollack<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| SPIRIT<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| determination of the adequacy of information<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SPIRIT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meteer92-anlp, Meteer90-catalina<br />
| Meteer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| producing texts by revising<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MUMBLE<br />
| SPOKESMAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| StoneDoran97, StoneDoran96, Stone-etal2000<br />
| Stone, Doran<br />
| 1997<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SPUD<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| sentence planning using descriptions<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| SPUD<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ReiterDale2000<br />
| Dale et al.<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| StockReporter<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data<br />
| produces descriptions of stock market data: StockReporter takes numeric data that describes the performance of a particular stock produces from this data, given an user-specified Reporting Period, a textual summary that describes how the stock performed over that reporting period. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
| stock market<br />
|<br />
| StockReporter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal03-ai, Lennox:bmj01, Reiter-etal97-content, Reiter-etal99, Reiter:cl00, Reiter:nlg00, Reiter:acl01, Reiter-etal97-ewnlg, ReiterOsman97<br />
| Reiter, Robertson, Osman, Lennox<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| STOP<br />
| Generates personalized smoking-cessation letters<br />
| <nowiki>The STOP (Smoking Termination with cOmputerised Personalisation) system generates personalized smoking-cessation letters. The aims of the project are: <UL><LI>To develop a computer system for generating tailored letters to help people stop smoking<LI> To research knowledge acquisition (KA) techniques to acquire text-planning and sentence-planning rules from domain experts <LI>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the computer generated letters in a general practice setting<LI>To evaluate the cost effectiveness of this brief smoking cessation intervention</UL>The system evaluation has now been completed.<P>An online demo of the system can be reached <A href=http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/onlineQ.htm>here.</A></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop<br />
| medical, smoking cessation<br />
|<br />
| STOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CallawayLester95, CallawayLester97, Callaway01, Callaway00-phd, CallawayLester01-ijcai, CallawayLester01-cogsci<br />
| Callaway, Lester<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2001<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| StoryBook<br />
| Multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain<br />
| StoryBook produces multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain at the deep structure level using the FUF/SURGE surface realizer. It follows a standard pipelined architecture for generating English and (to a lesser extent) Spanish. The English component includes revision, a discourse history, and limited lexical choice. StoryBook underwent a comprehensive evaluation in March 2000.<br />
| 2001-09-26<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/callaway/<br />
| little red-riding hood<br />
| FUF, SURGE<br />
| StoryBook<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Robin96, Robin94-phd, Robin93<br />
| Robin, McKeown<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| STREAK<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| baseball<br />
| FUF<br />
| STREAK<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SaggionLapalme2000<br />
| Lapalme, Saggion<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| Summum<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| abstracting<br />
| <br />
| Summum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sripada-etal01-ka, Sripada-etal01-weather, Yu-etal2002-gas, Yu-etal01-sumtime, ReiterSripada2002-inlg, Sripada-etal2002-corpus, ReiterSripada-fc-cl, Sripada-etal2002-weather, Sripada:enlg01, ReiterSripada-2004-inlg, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter, Sripada, Yu, Hunter<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime<br />
| English summary descriptions of time-series data sets<br />
| <nowiki>Our goal is to develop technology for producing English summary descriptions of a time-series data set. Currently there are many visualisation tools for time-series data, but techniques for producing textual descriptions of time-series data are much less developed. ... <P>From a natural-language generation perspective, we expect to focus on lexicalisation and user-modelling. For example, we need to write rules which determine when a particular data set can be described as "rising"; prototype or exemplar models of word meaning may be useful here. We also need to define user models which allow us to decide what information should be communicated in a space-limited text, given the huge number of things that could be said about a particular data set. This should be a very exciting project for anyone interested in the challenge of generating good English texts from non-linguistic input data.<P>To take a concrete example, consider the following extract from a (real-life) weather report: <blockquote>Saturday will be yet another generally dull day with early morning mist or fog and mainly cloudy skies being prevalent. There will be the odd bright spell here and there, but it will feel rather damp with patches of mainly light rain to be found across many parts, especially the west and south.</blockquote> This was produced by a human forecaster from an underlying data set (generated by numerical modelling and prediction techniques) which gave predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest. The underlined phrases are some of the places where the human forecaster has used short textual summaries to describe this complex data. Our goal is to be able to perform similar types of summarisation in a computer system. That is, for example, to take raw data on cloud cover and solar flux over course of a day, and from this produce a phrase such as odd bright spell here and there. This involves research in both time-series analysis (to detect patterns and phenomena in the data) and natural-language generation (to decide how to best describe these patterns and phenomena in language). </nowiki><br />
| 2002-10-12<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime<br />
| weather, gas turbines<br />
|<br />
| SumTime<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| YoudMcGlashan92<br />
| McGlashan<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1992<br />
| English<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| spoken language dialogue system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| SUNDIAL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kraus02, Hueske-Kraus2003<br />
| Kraus<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German<br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
| Medical document generation<br />
| <nowiki>A system for the generation of medical documents such as findings, surgical reports or referral letters. SUREGEN-2 uses a hybrid approach, combining canned text phrases (with variables) and bottom up generation. It includes<UL><LI>a (simple, though sufficient) surface generator<LI> a predefined, rudimentary but open ontology for medicine<LI> mechanisms for conceptual and sentence aggregation<LI> a mechanism for referring expressions<LI> a feature for the quite frequent (in medicine) enumerative phrases<LI> a module for generation based on semantic functions (recurring semantic constellations)<LI>a simple mechanism for dealing with synonymity, antonymity and cohyponyms, mainly used for aggregation</UL><P>A standalone demo version of the system is available for download <A HREF=http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip>here</A>. The demo requires some facility with Common Lisp. The system will be used within a larger application context and will be in 'part of a larger enterprise which will be in routine use in our hospital by DEC 2002' (Dirk Kraus, email, 4.Nov.02).</nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.suregen.de/ http://www.suregen.de]<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| SUREGEN-2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ElhadadRobin96<br />
| Elhadad, Robin<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| SURGE<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| the English grammar used with FUF<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| FUF<br />
| http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm<br />
| independent<br />
| FUF<br />
| SURGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Luckhardt83<br />
| Luckhardt<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1983<br />
| English, French, Dutch<br />
| Susy<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Susy<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann88, Busemann:1987<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| SUTRA<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| GPSG<br />
| <br />
| reservations<br />
| <br />
| SUTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zock89<br />
| Zock<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SWIM<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| CALL system for learning to speak French<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching French<br />
|<br />
| SWIM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Nogier91<br />
| Nogier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| SYLAE<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| sentence generation from conceptual graphs<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SYLAE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Abb-etal93, Abb-etal96-synphonics, Guenter-etal95<br />
| Abb, Günther, Herweg, Lebeth, Maienborn, Schopp<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| German<br />
| Synphonics<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| Spoken dialogue contribution generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| spoken dialogue<br />
|<br />
| Synphonics<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Harbusch-etal91<br />
| Finkler, Harbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1993<br />
| German, English<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme<br />
| syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme; used in WIP and EFFENDI<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/tag-gen.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| TAG-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris93, Cecile-user-CL88, CECILE-STRATEGIES<br />
| Paris<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TAILOR<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| tailoring the text to the user's knowledge<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| FUG<br />
| <br />
| user modelling<br />
|<br />
| TAILOR<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| talespin, Meehan80<br />
| Meehan<br />
| 1977<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| planning and generation of fables<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| TALE-SPIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| RoesnerStede94-coling, RoesnerStede92-techdoc-pub<br />
| Rösner, Stede, Grote<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| Penman, SEMSYN<br />
| TECHDOC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Appelt82-acl<br />
| Appelt<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| planning for generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TELEGRAM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klenner91<br />
| Klenner<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| TELOS<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2001-09-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TELOS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Schilder93<br />
| Schilder<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| temporal connective generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| temporal connectives<br />
|<br />
| TEMPLOG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bus-Hor:97<br />
| Busemann, Horacek<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1998<br />
| German, French, English, Portuguese<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| provides environmental information<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo<br />
| environment<br />
| TG/2<br />
| TEMSIS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Bunt87<br />
| Bunt<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| TENDUM<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| generating with pragmatic information<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TENDUM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MillerRennels88<br />
| Miller, Rennels<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| TEXNET<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| generation of clinical summaries<br />
| 2001-09-17<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TEXNET<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Maybury<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| English<br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXPLAN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| McKeown82-ACL<br />
| McKeown<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| TEXT<br />
| use of schemata for determining content & text structure<br />
| use of schemata for determining content and text structure<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TEXT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchin99<br />
| Buchin, Schmerl<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| TextPro<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001-01-01<br />
| Template<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| TextPro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Busemann96, Busemann98-bremen, Busemann99, Wein96<br />
| Busemann<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| TG/2<br />
| shallow generation component using generalized templates<br />
| <nowiki>TG/2 stands for a new generation of template-based generators. The system is organized as a classical production system, separating the generation rules from their interpreter. Generation rules are defined as condition-action pairs. They can represent not only templates but also context-free grammar rules, using category symbols. Integrating these rule types into a single formalism allows for a shallow modelling of language where this proves sufficient, or for more fine-grained models whenever necessary. The interpreter consists of the standard three-step processing cycle: determine the set of applicable rules, select one from this set, and execute it. The TG/2 system is used in the generators TEMSIS and COSMA. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/tg2-e.gif><P></nowiki><br />
| 2001-09-06<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/~busemann/more-tg2.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| TG/2<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| EdgarPelletier93<br />
| Edgar, Pelletier<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| THINKER<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| explanation of natural deduction proofs<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| formal proofs<br />
|<br />
| THINKER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mueller98<br />
| Mueller<br />
| 1994<br />
| 2000<br />
| English, French<br />
| ThoughtTreasure generator<br />
| Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined<br />
| <nowiki>Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined. Under development since 1994, ThoughtTreasure is a comprehensive platform for natural language processing (English and French) and commonsense reasoning. ThoughtTreasure contains a database of 25, 000 concepts organized into a hierarchy. For example, <tt>Evian</tt> is a type of <tt>flat-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>drinking-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>beverage</tt>, which is a type of <tt>food</tt>, and </nowiki><nowiki>so on. <p> Each concept has one or more English and French approximate synonyms, for a total of 55, 000 words and phrases. For example, associated with the <tt>food</tt> concept are the English words <em>food</em> and <em>foodstuffs</em> and the French words <em>aliment</em> and <em>nourriture</em> (and others). <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 50, 000 assertions about concepts, such as: a <tt>green-pea</tt> is a <tt>seed-vegetable</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is <tt>green</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is part of a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt>, and a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt> is found in a typical grocery store. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains about 100 scripts, or computer-understandable descriptions of typical activities such as going to a restaurant or birthday party. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 70, 000 lines of C code implementing: <ul> <li> text agents for recognizing words, phrases, names, and phone numbers, <li> mechanisms for learning new words, <li> a syntactic parser, <li> a natural language generator, <li> a semantic parser for producing a surface-level understanding of a sentence, <li> an anaphoric parser for resolving pronouns, <li> planning agents for achieving goals on behalf of simulated actors, and <li> understanding agents for producing a more detailed understanding of a discourse. </ul> <P>The ThoughtTreasure system was developed by Erik Mueller under the guide of the company Signiform. Signiform was founded in 1997; it shut down business in 2000.</nowiki><br />
| 2001-12-05<br />
| <br />
| http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/tt.htm<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| ThoughtTreasure<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Paris-etal01-um, Lu-etal2000-tiddler<br />
|<br />
| 1999<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| Tiddler<br />
| Personalized travel guides<br />
| <nowiki>Tiddler is a prototype system for delivering tailored information to users. Tiddler combines structured information from databases with text from existing web pages to deliver information tailored both to the user and the delivery medium. <P> The information is tailored for delivery to a full-featured web browser or a hand held device like a personal organiser. As screen size decreases, there is a need to reformat information while preserving meaning and clarity. Tiddler is designed to automate this process. Tiddler technology is applicable in any situation where tailoring of information from diverse sources is required to deliver value-added services to customers </nowiki><br />
| 2001-08-31<br />
| Template<br />
| http://www.ted.cmis.csiro.au/proj/Tiddler/<br />
| tourism<br />
| <br />
| Tiddler<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cawsey-etal2000<br />
| Cawsey, Bental, Jones<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TIGGER<br />
| Time-based Explanation Generation includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| TIGGER (Time-based Explanation Generation Gives Explanatory Relevance) is an extension over PIGLIT that includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/nlgtalk.html<br />
| medical<br />
| PIGLIT<br />
| TIGGER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies<br />
| Produces descriptions of malt whiskies using the same technology as the ILEX museum explorer<br />
| 2002-10-13<br />
| <br />
| http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/whisky/Web/<br />
| whisky<br />
| ILEX<br />
| TOPCAT<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Webber-etal97<br />
| Webber, Carberry, Clarke, Gertner, Harvey, Rymon, Washington<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| TraumGen<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems<br />
| 2001-11-02<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| TraumGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Somers-etal97-tree<br />
| Somers<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| TREE<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| multilingual generation of job advertisements<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| job adverts<br />
| <br />
| TREE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrOlsen96, DorrGaasterland94<br />
| Dorr, Olsen, Gaasterland<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Spanish<br />
| Unitran<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| MT system with some attention to generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| LCS<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Unitran<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Schütz, Becker<br />
| 1996<br />
| ongoing?<br />
| EU<br />
| UNL<br />
| An international cooperation to provide information on the internet in the languages of the members of the United Nations<br />
| The UNL project is a large scale international cooperation with the goal to provide information on the internet in all national languages of the members of the United Nations. The United Nations University (UNU) in Tokyo which leads the project has developed a single representation language ``Universal Networking Language'' (UNL). Source language specific analysis components will automatically transfer texts into a UNL representation from which target language specific generation components can generate text in all languages. These generation components will be available as plug-ins for WWW-browsers. This approach reduces the enormous translation task to a one-time analysis into a UNL document and the subsequent utilization of a generator for the selected target language.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://www.dfki.de/services/NLG/IUI-generation/unl-e.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| UNL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MaierReithinger95, Reithinger-etal95, Maier-etal97-clarif, Alexandersson-etal97-vm197, Alexandersson-etal98-vm226<br />
| Maier, Reithinger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| German<br />
| VERBMOBIL:dialog<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Verbmobil-dialog<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Buchberger-etal91-dialog<br />
| Buchberger<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-DU<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| dialogue generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-DU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BuchbergerHoracek88<br />
| Buchberger, Horacek<br />
| 1984<br />
| 1988<br />
| German<br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VIE-GEN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis95-anldb<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| VINST<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| database retrieval result aggregation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VINST<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HerzogWazinski94, Herzog:1989, Herzog-etal96, Herzog-etal98, Wahlster89-words, Herzog-etal93-vitra-conf, HerzogRist88<br />
| Herzog, Blocher, Gapp, Stopp, Wahlster, André, Rist, Nagel, Enkelmann, Zimmermann, Wazinski<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1999<br />
| German<br />
| VITRA<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions<br />
| Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions. VITRA: Visual Translator<br />
| 2002-01-04<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VITRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1996<br />
| English<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (I)<br />
| The generation task is solved by two modules. The microplanner decides about syntactic structures and word choice using constraint-satisfaction techniques. The syntactic generator uses a declarative grammar to produce a syntactically correct utterance. The generator's output is an (annotated) English utterance which is handed over to the speech synthesis component for articulation. The input to VM-GECO is a sequence of semantic representations for utterances in the target language. They have been produced by the transfer component of the VERBMOBIL system by mapping semantic representations for German or Japanese input utterances onto semantic structures for English.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/geco-sol-e<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ??<br />
| Finkler<br />
| 1997<br />
| 2000<br />
| German, English, Japanese<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
| VerbMobil Generation Components (II)<br />
| The generation component VM-GECO-II is based on declarative knowledge sources, such that the processing mechanisms can be used for several target languages. Just as in VM-GECO-I, the principle of off-line preprocessing is used to guarantee the consistency of knowledge sources of several generation components as well as to increase efficiency during on-line processing. For each target language an HPSG is used as basis for syntactic generation and is preprocessed off-line into a TAG.<br />
| 2001-09-13<br />
| HPSG, TAG<br />
| http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/vmII-e<br />
| appointments<br />
|<br />
| VM-GECO-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| FinklerKilger95, Becker-etal98<br />
| Becker, Finkler, Karbusch, Kilger<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| German<br />
| VM-GEM<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| VM-GEM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ODonnell95-wag, ODonnell94<br />
| O'Donnell<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| WAG<br />
| a system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis<br />
| A system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis. The Sentence Generation component of this system generates single sentences from a semantic input. This semantic input could be supplied by a human user. Alternatively, the semantic input can be generated as the output of a multi-sentential text generation system, allowing such a system to use the WAG system as its realisation component. The sentence generator can thus be treated a black-box unit. Taking this approach, the designer of the multi-sentential generation system can focus on multi-sentential concerns without worrying about sentential issues.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.wagsoft.com/wag.html<br />
| independent<br />
| <br />
| WAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Sigurd-etal92-weathra<br />
| Sigurd, Willners, Eeg-Olofsson, Johansson<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Swedish, English<br />
| Weathra<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| Weather forecast report generator<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| Weathra<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Inui-etal92<br />
| Inui et al. <br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| Japanese<br />
| WEIVER<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| revision-based architecture<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WEIVER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Andre-etal93<br />
| Wahlster et al.<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WIP<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| multimodal generation, instructions for technical products<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| instructions<br />
| <br />
| WIP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Horacek93, Horacek-etal88-wisber<br />
| Horacek, Sprenger<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1993<br />
| German<br />
| WISBER<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| WISBER<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Zuckerman90<br />
| Zukerman<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| content planning for teaching algebra<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching algebra<br />
|<br />
| WISHFUL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ZuckermanMcConachy95<br />
| Zuckerman, McConachy<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1995<br />
| English<br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| explanation generation<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| WISHFULL-II<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PowerScott98, Power99-enlgw, Power99-eacl, Scott99-ijcai, Piwek-etal99, Kibble-etal99, Power-etal98, Scott-etal98, vanDeemterPower98<br />
| Power, Evans<br />
| 1998<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
| What you see is what you meant': knowledge-editing with natural language generation<br />
| <nowiki>WYSIWYM aims to allow domain experts to encode their knowledge directly, by interacting with a feedback text, generated by the system, which presents the knowledge defined so far and the options for extending or revising it. Previous knowledge editors have provided a graphical interface so that users can interact with diagrams rather than writing code; WYSIWYM takes a step further, exploiting automatic text generation so that the user interacts with an ordinary natural language document rather than a relatively unfamiliar diagram.<P>The acronym means `What You See Is What You Meant'. The feedback text presented to the user (What You See) reveals the knowledge that has been encoded during the interaction so far (What You Meant). Documentation of knowledge bases becomes automatic, since the system is designed to produce a description in natural language of any knowledge base in any state of completion. The only limitation is that the knowledge base must conform to an ontology which from the user's point of view is fixed. If this ontology proves insufficient, it must be extended by a programmer; the user cannot add new concepts because the system would lack the linguistic resources to express them.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/WYSIWYM/wysiwym.html<br />
| knowledge editing<br />
|<br />
| WYSIWYM<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PiantaTovena99, Pianesi-etal99<br />
| Pianta, Tovena, Pianesi<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1999<br />
| Italian<br />
| XIG<br />
| generates sentences from an interlingua content representation in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| C-STAR II generator producing sentences from an interlingua content representation (Cstar Interchange Format): target of Cstar project is to build a speech-to-speech translation system able to deal with spontaneous speech in the application area of tourist information.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/<br />
| tourist info<br />
| <br />
| XIG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Swartout81<br />
| Swartout<br />
| 1981<br />
| 1981<br />
| English<br />
| XPLAIN<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XPLAIN<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reithinger87, Allgayer-etal89-xtra<br />
| Reithinger, Allgayer, Harbusch, Kobsa<br />
| 1986<br />
| 1990<br />
| German<br />
| XTRA<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| XTRA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stenzhorn2002-nlpxml, Stenzhorn2002-diplom<br />
| Stenzhorn<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| XtraGen<br />
| Template-based generation with XML and Java interfaces<br />
| XtraGen is a recently developed commercial software system for the flexible, real-time generation of natural language via sophisticated templates that can be easily integrated into real-world, industrial application environments through its open XML- and Java-based implementation and interfaces. A new library also allows to incorporate XtraGen in Java Server Pages directly with simple tags and no additional programming code. The actual generation kernel is founded in the fundamental ideas employed by TG/2 and other advanced template-based systems but incorporates a completely new and independent object-oriented design and implementation.<br />
| 2003-09-11<br />
| template<br />
| [http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html]<br />
|<br />
| TG/2<br />
| XtraGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Channarukul99, McRoy-etal2000, McRoy-etal99<br />
| McRoy, Channarukul, Ali<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| YAG<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| http://tigger.cs.uwm.edu/~nlkrrg<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| YAG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gabriel88<br />
| Gabriel<br />
| 1988<br />
| 1988<br />
| English<br />
| YH<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| simulation of conscious processes of writing<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| simulation<br />
| <br />
| YH<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| VealeConway94<br />
| Veale, Conway<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Sign<br />
| Zardoz<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| an English to Sign-Language Translation System<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Zardoz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Jung-etal89<br />
| Jung, Kresse, Reithinger, Schäfer<br />
| 1989<br />
| 1989<br />
| German<br />
| ZORA<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ZORA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| BoyerLapalme85<br />
| Boyer, Lapalme<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| BoyerLapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll:1980-teaching<br />
| Carroll<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| CALL system for teaching English<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| teaching English<br />
|<br />
| Carroll<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Cerbah92-coling, Cerbah92-ecai, Cerbah91, Cerbah92-avignon<br />
| Cerbah<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1992<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| Causal explanation generation<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Cerbah<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Danlos87, Danlos87-kempen<br />
| Danlos<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1988<br />
| French, English<br />
|<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| use of discourse grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Danlos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| deRoeckLowden86<br />
| de Roeck, Lowden<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1986<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| generation of paraphrases<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| deRoeck<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fournier91<br />
| Fournier<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1991<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| A meaning-text text generator<br />
| 2001-11-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Fournier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Fraczak-etal98-subway, Lizogat2000, Fraczak98-phd, Fraczak-etal98-taln, FraczakLapalme99<br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1998<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| Generation of subway directions<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| directions<br />
| <br />
| Fraczak, Lapalme<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Friedman69<br />
| Friedman<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| testbed for transformational grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Friedman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GreenCarberry99-cl, GreenCarberry99, GreenCarberry95<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| The system generates indirect answers to Yes-No questions in English and was built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| conversational implicature, indirect answers, answers to Yes-No questions<br />
|<br />
| Green, Carberry<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| HakkaniOflazer98, Hakkani-etal96<br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1998<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| FUF<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ???<br />
| Harper et al.<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1969<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| random paragraph generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Harper-etal<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Herskovits73<br />
| Herskovitz<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| semantic-based generation<br />
| 2002-02-04<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Herskovitz<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Hoffman94, Hoffman95<br />
| Hoffman<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| Turkish<br />
| <br />
| Experimental generation<br />
| Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages<br />
| 2002-09-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Hoffman<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ishizaki1983, Ishizaki88<br />
| Ishizaki<br />
| 1983<br />
| 1988<br />
| Japanese<br />
| <br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| generation of reports about terrorrist crimes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| news<br />
| <br />
| Ishizaki<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kalita89, KalitaShastri87, KalitaShende88<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1989<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| natural language reports in an office environment<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| business reports<br />
|<br />
| Kalita, Shastri, Shende<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| story generator<br />
| story generator<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein-stories<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KleinSimmons63<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1963<br />
| 1963<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| coherent discourse generation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Klein-coherence<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein65-style<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1965<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts<br />
| Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts using the same set of dependency/Phrase-Structure rules with variant settings of rule probabilities for syntax and pronoun usage. <br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| Klein-para<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal79, Klein-etal73<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1973<br />
| 1973<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| program for generating murder mysteries on the basis of simulation data<br />
| The output texts were the output of a simulation program for generating murder mysteries in a relational calculus semantic notation. The logic included some 1st order logical quantification strategies. The output of each time frame of the simulation was sent to a generator that used semantic/syntactic production rules. The outputs described the events in the simulations as as they were taking place.<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| murder mysteries<br />
|<br />
| Klein-mysteries<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klein-etal74, Klein-etal77, Klein-etal76<br />
| Klein<br />
| 1974<br />
| 1977<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale<br />
| <nowiki>An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, formulated in and generated by the Meta-symbolic Simulation system. Program listing included, with comments that references to page numbers in Propp's book. Also contains myth texts derived from a model of the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss', THE RAW AND THE COOKED. <P><B>Comments from the author</B><BR> The English version of the Propp model appeared first as the UWCS Technical Report in 1974. The 1974 Tech Report version is exactly the same as the one that appeared in the 1977 book. <P>For historical reasons, the 1974 tech report is significant-- in December 1974, I mailed a copy to Claude Lévi-Strauss, whom I had never met. This led to his obtaining a visiting post for me in Paris at L'Ecole des hautes études en Science Sociale in 1976-- to work on modelling the thought processes he used in producing Mythologiques.<P> A revised French version of the paper, with a revised Propp model and an revised model for generating the 'double twist' transformation in the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss' The Raw & the Cooked was published in 1976. Parts of this French version are in English: a. the full set of rules for the Propp model are listed, with explanatory comments in English. b. the texts of the generated Russian tales are in English.</nowiki><br />
| 2000-09-26<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| stories<br />
| <br />
| Klein<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kreyss94-phd<br />
| Kreyss<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1994<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| content planning (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kreyss<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Kukich:1987<br />
| Kukich<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| connectionist-based sentence generation<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Kukich<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MeleroFont-Llitjos2001<br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| Spanish<br />
| <br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| Part of Microsoft's NLP effort<br />
| 2001-06-01<br />
| PLNLP<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Melero, Font-Llitjos<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mellish:1986, MellishEvans89<br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| text generation from plans<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Mellish, Evans<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Memmi79<br />
| Memmi<br />
| 1979<br />
| 1979<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| phrase generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Memmi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Meunier97-phd<br />
| Meunier<br />
| 1997<br />
| 1997<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| TAG-based generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Meunier<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Moghrabi:1980<br />
| Moghrabi<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1980<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| generation of cooking recipes<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| recipes<br />
| <br />
| Moghrabi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Mooney93, Mooney-etal91<br />
| Mooney<br />
| 1991<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| macro structure of explanation texts<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| explanation<br />
| <br />
| Mooney<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Namer89, Namer90<br />
| Namer<br />
| 1990<br />
| 1990<br />
| French, Italian<br />
|<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| generation of summaries of Verdi's operas<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| music<br />
| <br />
| Namer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| OhRudnicky2000<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| stochastic<br />
| http://fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu/Communicator/papers/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Oh, Rudnicky<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ACLShapiro, Shapiro82-ajcl<br />
| Shapiro<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1982<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| generation from semantic networks<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Shapiro<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| SimmonsSLOCUM<br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
| 1972<br />
| 1972<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| sentence generation by using an ATN<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Simmons, Slocum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Simonin:1987<br />
| Simonin<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1987<br />
| French<br />
| <br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| economics<br />
| <br />
| Simonin<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karkaletsis-etal98, Spyropoulos-etal96<br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
| 1995<br />
| 1999<br />
| Greek<br />
| <br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| automatic generation of software messages<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| online help<br />
| <br />
| Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Tait85<br />
| Tait<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1985<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation<br />
| 2000-06-03<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Tait<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wagner-etal99, Wagner-etal97-aime, Wagner-etal94, Wagner-etal95, Wagner-etal95-iccs, Rassinoux-etal98<br />
| Wagner, Solomon, Baud, Michel, Juge, Rector, Scherrer, Rassinoux<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1999<br />
| English, French<br />
|<br />
| Medical domain generation<br />
| medical domain generation on the basis of the large-scale GALEN medical ontology, including both term and procedure generation<br />
| 2001-09-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Wagner-med<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wanner97-phd<br />
| Wanner<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1997<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| lexical resources for generation (PhD)<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wanner<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wilcock93-msc<br />
| Wilcock<br />
| 1993<br />
| 1993<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user<br />
| A demonstration protoype of an interactive generation system, in which inquiries concerning factors needed in the generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user. The necessary factors are used as an SFG network of choices, and the inquiries are based on felicity conditions for the appropriateness of the choices. The prototype system can be used for iterative revision of the generated sentences. This suggests an approach to knowledge-based post-editing.<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| SFG<br />
| http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/kit/2001s/ctl310gen/GW-MScThesis/thesis.html<br />
| interactive MT<br />
|<br />
| Wilcock<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Wong75<br />
| Wong<br />
| 1975<br />
| 1975<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| sentence generation from a semantic network<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Wong<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yang92, Yang98<br />
| Yang<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1998<br />
| Chinese<br />
| <br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese<br />
| 2000-06-20<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yang<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yngve61-random<br />
| Yngve<br />
| 1961<br />
| 1961<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| random generation with a generative grammar<br />
| 2000-01-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Yngve<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Murray2002-mind<br />
| Murray<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| Mind-1.1<br />
| Concept-based generation system comprising a miniature Mind<br />
| Tutorial AI in JavaScript for Microsoft Internet Explorer<br />
| 2002-12-21<br />
| <br />
| http://mind.sourceforge.net/jsaimind.html<br />
| software tutorial<br />
| Mind.Forth<br />
| Mind<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Lareau2002<br />
| Lareau <br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| French<br />
| Sentence Garden<br />
| A generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory<br />
| Sentence Garden is an experimental prototype generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory. The system is language-independent in theory, although only a fragment of description of a French lexicon and grammar has been developed for it so far. The lexicon it uses is the DiCo, a Meaning-Text dictionary that is developed at the U. of Montreal by Mel'cuk and Polguère.<br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| MTM<br />
| http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/ling/olst/lareau<br />
| paraphrase<br />
| <br />
| SenGarden<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash00-oxygen, Habash2001, Habash-etal-2001, HabashDorr2001<br />
| Habash<br />
| 1999<br />
| 2002<br />
| independent<br />
| OxyGen<br />
| A language independent Linearization Engine<br />
| <nowiki>A language independent Linearization Engine. OxyGen takes an input expression in the form of the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) developed for the <a href=Nitrogen.htm > Nitrogen </a> generator and works out a linear ordering for the specified lexical items. The output of the linearization process is a word lattice. A language (oxyL) is specified for writing linearization rules. The linearization process is hybrid, combining symbolic and statistical information. The system has been used in machine translation efforts such as <a href=http://hanne.umiacs.umd.edu:11111/chinmt/ >ChinMT</a> and others from Bonnie Dorr.</nowiki><br />
| 2002-12-22<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Oxygen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Brun-etal2000-inlg, Dyetman-etal00-mda, BrunDymetman02-mda<br />
| Xerox: DCM (Document Content Models) at XRCE (Xerox Research Center Europe)<br />
| 2002<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French, German<br />
| MDA<br />
| Multilingual Document Authoring system<br />
| <nowiki>MDA (Multilingual Document Authoring) is an interactive natural language generation system which uses a unification grammar formalism for the specification of well-formedness conditions both on the semantics and on the surface realization of documents. The MDA project provides interactive tools, such as context-aware menus, for assisting monolingual writers in the production of multilingual documents. The author's choices have language-independent meanings (example: choosing between a solution and an emulsion in a drug description document), which are automatically rendered in any of the languages known to the system, along with their grammatical consequences on the surrounding text. Although the author is not explicitly following standards, the text produced by the system is implicitly controlled both:<UL><LI> Syntactically: the choice of the standard term for expressing a given notion is under system control, as is the choice between grammatical variants (such as active/passive sentences) for expressing a given information;</LI><LI>Semantically: the consequences of a choice somewhere are reflected across the whole document, the author cannot forget to provide some information that the system requires, dependencies between semantic parameters such as gender and pregnancy can be described.</LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| <br />
| http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/dcm<br />
| patient information leaflets<br />
|<br />
| MDA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| Ceusters<br />
| 1994<br />
| 1996<br />
| English, Dutch, French<br />
| Anthem<br />
| Generation of medical diagnoses<br />
| <nowiki>The aim of the ANTHEM (Advanced Natural Language Interface for Multilingual Text Generation) project was to have ready in September 1996 an API for medical systems able to generate out of medical diagnosis sublanguage statements in French or Dutch, language independent representations of the utterances that will generate translations of the original input in Dutch, French or German, and to perform automatic encoding following the ICD-10 classification rules. A second aim of ANTHEM was to use the same sublanguage approach for the analysis of standardised medical diagnosis expressions such as those used in international classification systems in order to facilitate cross-mapping to other systems and a smooth transition from older to new versions.<P> ANTHEM undertook testing of the final prototypes in a real world environment. Validation of the prototypes were carried out from a threefold perspective: linguistically (by testing the performance of the various subsystems with respect to automatic encoding and translation), technically (by assessing the flexibility with which the APIs can be integrated in existing healthcare applications) and operationally (by allowing end-users to comment on the overall user-friendliness and practical performance of the system).</nowiki><br />
| 2003-01-19<br />
| CAT-2<br />
| http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/detail.php?acronym=ANTHEM<br />
| healthcare, medical diagnoses<br />
|<br />
| Anthem<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Axelrod2000<br />
| Axelrod<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2000<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| IBM Flight Information System<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| flight information<br />
|<br />
| IBMflight<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Roh-etal01<br />
| Roh, Kang, Lee<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| Korean<br />
| XEplainer<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| Generation from a database for homeshopping sites<br />
| 2003-05-01<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| homeshopping<br />
|<br />
| XEplainer<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Striegnitz2000, GardentThater01<br />
| Striegnitz, Gardent<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| InDiGen<br />
| Integrated generation from declarative grammar-semantics-goal specifications<br />
| <nowiki>The goal of this project is to develop an integrated approach to discourse and sentence planning which captures the interaction of discourse marker selection, ellipsis, and discourse structure. This project will focus on (a) empirical investigations and the formalization of the corresponding linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, and (b) the declarative modelling and implementation of those constraints by means of first order logic theorem proving and expressive concurrent constraint languages. <P> The system has an <B>online demo</B> at <A HREF=http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen/demo/>here</A>.</nowiki><br />
| 2003-05-04<br />
| LTAG<br />
| http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen.html<br />
| general<br />
| SPUD<br />
| InDiGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Ratnaparkhi01<br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2001<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Air travel reservation dialogue system<br />
| Explores a surface generation framework that allows a dynamic word re-ordering in the context of a conversational system. The system attempts to duplicate the use of "word re-ordering" in order to maximize their communicative effectiveness. The surface NLG module expresses new information differently from old information. The input to the system consists of attribute-value pairs, some mandatory, some optional. Generation is a carried out by a hybrid statistical and grammar-based process.<br />
| 2003-06-01<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| air travel<br />
| <br />
| Ratnaparkhi<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilksBy2003<br />
| Wilks, By, Lee, Ballim<br />
| 2000<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| ViewGen<br />
| ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling being implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext as part of this overall project.<br />
| <nowiki>ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext and builds on a particular philosophical position concerning discourse and belief. <p> <strong>Extract from website: </strong> NLG systems often represent user-related information into a separate knowledge source, i.e., a user model. Typically, a user model will track some of user's beliefs, goals, interests, differences between a user's and system's beliefs, and nested beliefs (i.e., an agent's beliefs about other agent's beliefs). In our view, what is needed is an independent, powerful agent modelling component which can be used to support both understanding and generation. The advantage of using such a component is that potentially it could be reused between application domains and also between generators. Therefore we are now attempting to integrate ViewGen into a hypertext generation system. From that perspective, an important advantage of ViewGen is its account for common knowledge (i.e., default ascription) and stereotypes, as this will allow the modelling of different classes of users and tasks and the use of the most relevant one(s). In addition, the topic environments will restrict the search for relevant information to be included in the generated text. </nowiki><br />
| 2003-09-07<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/ http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/]<br />
| hypertext<br />
| <br />
| ViewGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DorrGaasterland02<br />
| Dorr, Gaasterland<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| CONGEN<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect<br />
| ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect. The system takes time-stamped dependency trees and derives appropriate temporal connectives. It is assumed to be embedded within a full generation system.<br />
| 2003-10-29<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| MT<br />
| <br />
| ConGen<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| schnell02-umset-konzep-sprac<br />
| Schnell<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| Demosthenes<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation.<br />
| Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation. The system is a concept-to-speech generation system containing stages adapted from Levelt's model of language production. Modules are present for all the major stages of language production and output containing fine-grained information about prosodic features is produced as final result. The system is implemented in Haskell and can produce output suitable for a variety of speech synthesis components. <br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| wine descriptions<br />
|<br />
| ex-Demosthenes<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gamon-etal02, Corston-Oliver-etal02, Smets-etal02<br />
| Gamon, Ringger, Corston-Oliver, Moore<br />
| 2001<br />
| ongoing<br />
| German, French, English<br />
| Amalgam<br />
| Amalgam is a sentence realization component based on data-driven, machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.<br />
| <nowiki>Amalgam is a novel system developed in the Natural Language Processing group at Microsoft Research for sentence realization during natural language generation. Sentence realization is the process of generating (“realizing”) a fluent sentence from a semantic representation. From the outset, the goal of the Amalgam project has been to build a sentence realization system in a data-driven fashion using machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.To date, we have implemented Amalgam for both German and French, with English in the works.<H3>Example of Amalgam input</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-input.jpg><H3>Example of Amalgam structural output</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-output.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-16<br />
| machine learning<br />
| [http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx]<br />
| technical manuals<br />
|<br />
| Amalgam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Piwek03-mnlg<br />
| Piwek<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| MNLG<br />
| NMLG: Multimodal Natural Language Generation module<br />
| <nowiki>NECA MNLG is a fully implemented Multimodal Natural Language Generation module. The MNLG is deployed as part of the NECA system which generates dialogues be-tween animated agents. The generation module supports the seamless integration of full grammar rules, templates and canned text. The generator takes input which allows for the specification of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic constraints on the output. <P>The input is processed in a pipeline that consists of the following modules in this order: <UL> <LI>A DIALOGUE PLANNER, which produces an abstract description of the dialogue (the dialogue plan). <LI>A MULTI-MODAL NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERA-TOR which specifies linguistic and non-linguistic real-izations for the dialogue acts in the dialogue plan. <LI>A SPEECH SYNTHESIS MODULE, which adds infor-mation for Speech. <LI>A GESTURE ASSIGNMENT MODULE, which controls the temporal coordination of gestures and speech. <UL></nowiki><br />
| 2003-11-17<br />
| mixed<br />
| <br />
| animated interfaces<br />
|<br />
| MNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dale-etal2005-routes, Dale-etal2003-coral, Dale-etal2002-coral, Geldof2003-enlgw, GeldofDale-2002<br />
| Dale, Geldof, Prost<br />
| 2001<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| Coral<br />
| Automatic generation of navigational route descriptions<br />
| Route directions have been the subject of extensive research in various areas, including cognitive science, psychology, artificial intelligence and natural language generation. Our primary perspective is that of natural language generation. Thus our aim is to investigate in how far natural language generation technology can improve the efficiency of automatically generated route descriptions. The current technological context allows for information delivery in the physical context of usage via mobile devices. This is particularly relevant for instructional discourse, such as route descriptions.<br />
| 2008-04-12<br />
| <br />
| [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html]<br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Coral<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KranzdorfGrefahn92-itex<br />
| Kranzdorf, Grefahn<br />
| 1992<br />
| 1992<br />
| German<br />
| ITEX<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning<br />
| A hybrid approach to text planning that investigates the flexible relationship between macrostructure and microstructure. Surface generation is done with an LFG-based generator.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| hybrid<br />
| <br />
| medical<br />
| LFG-f<br />
| ITEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| DoerreMomma87-gwai, MommaDoerre87<br />
| Dörre, Momma<br />
| 1987<br />
| 1987<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Generation from LFG f-structures<br />
| A method for generating sentences from LFG f-structures<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| LFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LFG-f<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| reitter04-mug, Reitter-etal2004-ui<br />
| Reitter<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| independent<br />
| MUG<br />
| Multimodal functional unification generation<br />
| When grammar-based techniques for natural language generation (and analysis alike) find their way into collaborative projects or actual application, big grammars tend to become hard to extend and debug. The MUG system represents a new tool set with a graphical debugging environment for functional unification grammars, which is designed to help grammar developers inspect the results of their work. The particular formalism supported is Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar, which is similar to Functional Unification Grammars, but supports several coordinated modes, such as voice prompts or structural and/or language-based screen displays. For each input description, the grammar can generate a range of coherent realization variants, which are ranked by a scoring function in order to optimize the output towards situational and device-related factors.<br />
| 2004-12-18<br />
| FUG<br />
| [http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html]<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| MUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Benamara-2004-inlg<br />
| Benamara<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English, French<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
| Logic-based model for question answering<br />
| A logic-based model for the accurate generation of intensional responses within a co-operative question-answering framework. Generation is template-based.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| template<br />
| <br />
| transportation<br />
|<br />
| WEBCOOP<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carroll-etal2000<br />
| Carroll, Nicolov, Smets, Shaumyan, Weir<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2003<br />
| English<br />
| LEXSYS<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| LEXSYS<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Stede2002-coling, ChiarcosStede-2004-inlg<br />
| Stede, Chiarcos<br />
| 2003<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, German<br />
| Polibox<br />
| Hypertext generator <br />
| Hypertext generator<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Polibox<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Habash-2004-inlg<br />
| Habash<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| EXERGE<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English<br />
| EXpansivE Rich Generation for English using statistical methods and an N-gram language model<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| n-grams<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Exerge<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MarciniakStrube-2004-inlg<br />
| Marciniak, Strube<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Generator for route descriptions<br />
| Generation of route descriptions by apply automatic learning techniques to drive a TAG-based generation system. The training corpus is for route descriptions.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| TAG<br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Marciniak<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PaivaEvans-2004-inlg<br />
| Paiva, Evans<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Stylistic control for generation<br />
| System that derives stylistic control for generation from a corpus analysis of a range of language varieties that will be covered. The corpus analysis follows factorial analysis (Biber) and applies a correlation technique to ensure that generated texts are situated appropriately within the space of possibilities.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| LEXSYS, RICHES<br />
|<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| Paiva-style<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| PanShaw-2004-inlg<br />
| Pan, Shaw<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEGUE<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| Hybrid case-based surface generation<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SEGUE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Foster-2004-inlg, White-2004-inlg<br />
| Foster, White, Moore<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| COMIC<br />
| COnversational Multimodal Interaction with Computers<br />
| Multimodal dialogue system that adds a spoken-language dialogue interface to a CAD-like application used in bathroom sales situations to help clients redesign their rooms. Input to the system includes speech, handwriting and pen gestures; the output combines synthesized speech, a 'talking head' avatar and control of teh underlying application.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| CCG<br />
| [http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/ http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/]<br />
| interior design<br />
|<br />
| COMIC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Klarner-2004-inlg<br />
| Klarner<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
| A hybrid NLG system for generating dialogue: 'Hybrid pragmatically embedded realization with bottom-up generation'<br />
| Mixes shallow and deep generation for dialogue generation. Currently used in three domains: home audio-visual management, model train control, and B2B e-procurement.<br />
| 2004-12-19<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| HYPERBUG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Claassens2005-ola<br />
| Claassens<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| OLA<br />
| English Question/Answer (Q&A) system, template-based and not very sophisticated, but the open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <br />
| <nowiki>This English Question/Answer (QA) system is template-based and is not very sophisticated. However, this open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <P>Till now, this QA system can be used to answer questions that are related to rids. This domain has a very restricted lexicon. Therefore, it is an easy domain in which such a system can be applied to. <P>O.L.A. is developed in Linux environment in AWK programming code (see website). The gaps of the randomly chosen template sentences are filled with usage of external data. Furthermore, an example of an avatar will be generated (form: emoticon). </nowiki><br />
| 2005-03-03<br />
| <br />
| http://pi0959.uvt.nl/s883247/acklin.html<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| OLA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Carenini2001-gea, CareniniMoore2000<br />
| Carenini<br />
| 2000<br />
| 2002<br />
| English<br />
| GEA<br />
| Generator of Evaluative Arguments (GEA): GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments.<br />
| GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments. GEA covers all aspects of generating evaluative arguments from selecting and organizing the content of the argument, to expressing the selected content into natural language. For content selection and organization, GEA applies an argumentation strategy based on guidelines from argumentation theory. For expressing the content into natural language, GEA relies on a set of techniques that extend and integrate previous work in computational linguistics on micro-planning and realizing evaluative arguments. Finally, a quantitative model of user preferences expressed as an additive multiattribute value function (AMVF) is the key knowledge source used by GEA in tailoring the content, organization and phrasing of the generated arguments to its users. <br />
| 2005-05-21<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.ubc.ca/%7Ecarenini/THESIS/gea.html<br />
| arguments<br />
| <br />
| GEA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AbellaKender99<br />
| Abella, Kender<br />
| 1999<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Spatial language generation<br />
| Generating sentences from images employing spatial relations<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| scene descriptions<br />
|<br />
| Abella<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Boyd98<br />
| Boyd<br />
| 1998<br />
| 1998<br />
| English<br />
| TREND<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| Time-series description<br />
| 2005-09-15<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| time-series<br />
| <br />
| TREND<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Karamanis-etal2004, Karamanis2003, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg<br />
| Karamanis<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| SEEC<br />
| System for Evaluating Entity Coherence<br />
| A text structuring module for NLG that implements a search-oriented, corpus-based methodology for evaluating metrics of entity coherence based on different vers ions of Centering Theory.Various permutations of input expressions are evaluated with respect to the corpus-derived metrics.<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| text structuring<br />
|<br />
| SEEC<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CziferszkyWinter2002<br />
| Cziferszky, Winter<br />
| 2002<br />
| 2002<br />
| German<br />
| <br />
| Route description generation<br />
| Route description generation<br />
| 2005-09-27<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| route descriptions<br />
|<br />
| CziferszkyWinter<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| WilliamsReiter2005-enlg, WilliamsReiter2005-ijcai, WilliamsReiter2005-selrules, WilliamsReiter2004-errors, Reiter-etal2005-sgai<br />
| Williams, Reiter<br />
| 2003<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SkillSum<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy<br />
| 2006-03-09<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/skillsum/<br />
| Personalised basic skills summary reports<br />
|<br />
| SkillSum<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Szilas2007<br />
| Szilas<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| IDtension<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama<br />
| System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama. The narrative planning and realisation is intended to be medium-independent; early version of the system produces text descriptions by template generation.<br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| templates<br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| IDtension<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Levison-etal2001, LessardLevison95, LevisonLessard96, LevisonLessard92<br />
| Lessard, Levison<br />
| 1986<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English, French<br />
| VINCI<br />
| VINCI is a natural language generation environment used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. <br />
| <nowiki><P>VINCI is a natural language generation environment under development for the past 20-odd years. It has been used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. Most research has been done in French or English, but the system was designed to be multilingual and some work has been done in other languages as well.<P>The system includes a variety of features, including:<UL><LI>a semantic metalanguage which is not language-specific</LI><LI>lexical preselection mechanisms which allow initial choice of lexical items in some natural language and inheritance of traits from these items in subsequent syntactic development</LI><LI>a system of attributes which provides the 'glue' between semantics, syntax, morphology and lexicon; attributes may be partially ordered, compounded, and deconstructed</LI><LI>a syntactic mechanism based on a context-free grammar with attribute attachment, which allows inheritance, guarded syntax rules allowing for conditional development of child nodes, and transformations of syntax trees</LI><LI>lexical representation based on syntactic and semantic attributes, morphological traits, orthography, phonology, and frequency; also included are lexical pointer mechanisms to permit representation of relations such as hyponymy, synonymy, etc.</LI><LI>morphology rules based on attribute values, orthography, phonology, and preceding and following context</LI><LI>lexical transformation devices which permit the synthesis by rule of sets of derived or compound words, either statically or dynamically</LI><LI>error analysis mechanisms which take some user input and compare it to some set of rule-governed candidate parses at the phonological, phonographic, orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels.</LI></UL><P>VINCI is embedded in an editing environment (IVI) which provides for easy modification of language specifications, including template-based editing of lexical records. IVI also permits the use of driver programs written in C or some other language. The program is written in C and runs under Solaris, Linux, and Windows (using Cygwin). It is freely available from the project website, which also contains documentation on the system, sample language descriptions, and references to the papers and articles to which the project has given rise.</nowiki><br />
| 2007-09-15<br />
| <br />
| http://www.cs.queensu.ca/CompLing/<br />
| CALL<br />
| <br />
| VINCI<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| CheongYoung2006<br />
| Cheong, Young<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2006<br />
| English<br />
| Suspenser<br />
| A framework for narrative generation<br />
| Suspenser, a computational model of narrative generation that takes as input a given story world and constructs a narrative structure intended to evoke the desirable level of suspense from the reader at a specific moment in the story.<br />
| 2008-01-12<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| narrative<br />
| <br />
| Suspenser<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| KamalMellish-2004-inlg<br />
| Kamal, Mellish<br />
| 2004<br />
| 2004<br />
| English<br />
| STAGE<br />
| Generating using an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS)<br />
| The STylistics-Aware GEnerator (STAGE) system brings together systemic-functional linguistic resources and established an AI search mechanism. The generator uses systemic networks tranlsated into a particular form in order to generate nature language texts that can build on the ATMS in order to incorporate surface constraints. <br />
| 2008-01-16<br />
| SFG<br />
| <br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| STAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2007<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| BabyTalk<br />
| BabyTalk is developing computerised tools to summarise and interpret data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).<br />
| BabyTalk is investigating ways of summarising and presenting patient information to medical professionals and family members. Our focus is on data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. <br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/babytalk<br />
| medical<br />
| <br />
| BabyTalk<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter-etal2005-words, Sripada-etal2003-mousam<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Sripada, Davy<br />
| 2005<br />
| ongoing<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
| Weather Forecast System<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for marine weather reports<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Mousam<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2007<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
| Medical Care Reports<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for medical reports: see also BabyTalk<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| medicine<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Neonate<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Yu-etal2005<br />
| Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Mellish<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2005<br />
| English<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
| System for generating textual summaries of sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| Data-to-Text architecture for sensor data from a gas turbine<br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| industrial<br />
| SumTime<br />
| SumTime-Turbine<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Gupta-etal2007, Gupta-etal2007-ENLG, Gupta-etal2008<br />
| Gupta, Walker, Romano<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| POLLy<br />
| POliteness in Language Learning<br />
| <nowiki>The system contains a generalised mechanism for generating utterances and dialogues, drawing on a sociolinguistics theory of politeness. It combines a Spoken Language Generator (using full NLG techniques) with an AI planner to model linguistic politeness in collaborative task oriented dialogue with the ultimate goal of providing a stimulating environment and a fun way for learning politeness in English as a Second Language (ESL). <P>Dialogues are demonstrated within Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) capable of dialogues with human ESL learners, interacting with them using spoken language to practice politeness in role play situations.<P><IMG src=../images/polly.jpg></nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ESL<br />
| <br />
| Polly<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| MariesseWalker2007, MariesseWalker2008<br />
| Mairesse, Walker<br />
| 2005<br />
| 2008<br />
| English<br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
| Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits.<br />
| <nowiki>Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits by controlling parameters derived from the psychology literature. Personage-PE---an extension of Personage---uses statistical models trained on human judgements to predict the optimal parameters given target personality scores along the Big Five dimensions of personality. <p>A Java real-time demo is available at <a href=http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html>http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html</a></nowiki><br />
| 2008-04-18<br />
| <br />
| http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html<br />
| Affect<br />
| <br />
| PERSONAGE<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| AllmanBeale2006<br />
| Allman, Beale, Denton<br />
| 1993<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Korean, Jula, Kewa<br />
| TBTA<br />
| The Bible Translator's Assistant<br />
| <nowiki>The Bible Translator's Assistant is a multilingual natural language generator based on linguistic universals and typologies. This project is intended to generate rough drafts of the Bible and many community development articles in the world's 3000+ minority languages. Experiments indicate that these rough drafts quadruple the productivity of experienced mother tongue translators. (<a href=../images/tbta-allman2008.pdf>Cached unpublished paper</a>)</nowiki><br />
| 2008-06-14<br />
| UG<br />
| http://www.thebibletranslatorsassistant.com/<br />
| translation<br />
| <br />
| TBTA<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Dalianis99-volvex<br />
| Dalianis<br />
| 1996<br />
| 1999<br />
| English<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
| Validation Of Specifications by Natural Language Generation for VOLVO expressed in STEP/EXPRESS<br />
| STEP Application Protocols (APs) are often very large and complicated general descriptions of different domains mainly within the manufacturing industry. STEP AP's are expressed in the EXPRESS language which is a static modeling language of Entity-Relationship type. Users of STEP AP have often large problems to understand the whole AP and therefore they need a tool which helps them to validate the STEP AP. The tool we are proposing is a natural language English paraphraser of the STEP AP. The VOLVEX system supports automatically building a domain lexicon from one STEP AP and with this lexicon automatically translate one arbitrary STEP AP EXPRESS file into a Prolog based format to be used by a Natural Language Generator called ASTROGEN. The translation from EXPRESS format to EXPRESS Prolog format and the construction of the domain lexicon is carried out by a set of Perl programs.<br />
| 2008-12-10<br />
| <br />
| [http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html]<br />
| formal specifications<br />
| ASTROGEN<br />
| VOLVEX<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Turner-etal2008, Turner-etal2007<br />
| Turner, Sripada, Reiter, Davy<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| RoadSafe<br />
| Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing<br />
| <nowiki>A project for "Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing". The RoadSafe project is intended to<UL><LI>use Knowledge Aquisition techniques to understand how humans write textual instructions for road maintenance vehicle routing.</LI><LI>produce a system capable of automatically evaluating a region's geographical data combined with the weather forecast for 10000s of points in that region to provide textual routing and de-icer spread rate instructions</LI><LI>utilise Aerospace and Marine International's expert forecasters in order to post-edit generated advisory texts and therefore improve the performance of the system. </LI></UL></nowiki><br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/RoadSafe/<br />
| geodata<br />
| <br />
| RoadSafe<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Belz2007<br />
| Belz<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| pCRU<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| statistical<br />
| <br />
| weather<br />
| <br />
| pCRU<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| GalanisAndroutsopoulos2007<br />
| Galanis, Androutsopoulos<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2008<br />
| English, Greek<br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
| Description of concepts defined in OWL ontologies<br />
|<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://pages.cs.aueb.gr/nlp/software.html<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| NaturalOWL<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| Reiter2007-data-to-text<br />
| Reiter<br />
| 2007<br />
| 2009<br />
| General<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework<br />
| A simple Java-based generation framework. SimpleNLG is a relatively simple Natural Language Generation realiser, with a Java API. It has less grammatical coverage than many other realisers, but it does not require in-depth knowledge of a syntactic theory to use. The core of the package is the realiser, lexicon, and features packages <br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg/<br />
| general<br />
| <br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| ThomasSripada2007<br />
| Thomas, Sripada, Reiter<br />
| 2006<br />
| 2009<br />
| English<br />
| Atlas.txt<br />
| Making geo-referenced data available via natural language generation<br />
| The Atlas.txt project aims to produce textual summaries of geo-referenced data which can be read out via a screenreader. Such data are often communicated via maps are so are inaccessible to the visually impaired population.<br />
| 2009-01-24<br />
| <br />
| http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ssripada/atlas/<br />
| geodata<br />
| SimpleNLG<br />
| Atlastxt<br />
<br />
|}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Template:SIGGEN_Wiki_history&diff=6374Template:SIGGEN Wiki history2009-03-12T18:30:46Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +credit</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><br />
__TOC__<br />
</includeonly><br />
== Edit history prior to import ==<br />
{| align="center" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="0" style="border: 1px dashed #2f6fab; font-size:95%; width:100%; clear:both; color: black; background-color: #f9f9f9;"<br />
| style="width:32px;" | [[Image:siggen-logo.gif]]<br />
| Below you can see the edit history (dates, authors, summaries) of this article in the original [http://www.siggen.org/ SIGGEN] [http://www.siggen.org/resources/moin.html Resources Wiki] before it was imported into the ACL Wiki.<br /><br />
Maria Milosavljevic deserves credit for compiling the first versions of the NLG resources collection which at the time consisted of a couple of HTML pages.<br />
|}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Template:SIGGEN_Wiki_history&diff=6373Template:SIGGEN Wiki history2009-03-12T18:28:50Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* Edit history prior to import */</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><br />
__TOC__<br />
</includeonly><br />
== Edit history prior to import ==<br />
{| align="center" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="0" style="border: 1px dashed #2f6fab; font-size:95%; width:100%; clear:both; color: black; background-color: #f9f9f9;"<br />
| style="width:32px;" | [[Image:siggen-logo.gif]]<br />
| Below you can see the edit history (dates, authors, summaries) of this article in the original [http://www.siggen.org/ SIGGEN] [http://www.siggen.org/resources/moin.html Resources Wiki] before it was imported into the ACL Wiki.<br />
|}<br />
Maria Milosavljevic deserves credit for compiling the first versions of the NLG resources collection which at the time consisted of a couple of HTML pages.</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=NLG&diff=6346NLG2009-02-17T07:48:29Z<p>ChristianPietsch: redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Natural Language Generation Portal]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6345Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-17T01:21:56Z<p>ChristianPietsch: less whitespace</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
<br />
== CRISP ==<br />
[http://code.google.com/p/crisp-nlg/ CRISP] is Alexander Koller's NLG system that tries to cast both microplanning and sentence realisation as an AI planning problem. The code is a mixture of Java and Scala, a scripting language for the Java virtual machine. CRISP comes with its own implementation of GraphPlan, but it can also output plans in PDDL (“Planning Domain Definition Language”, a successor to STRIPS) for use with other AI planners. License: LGPL.<br />
<br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. OpenCCG is implemented in Java, and is freely available under the LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SPUD ==<br />
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html SPUD] (Sentence Planner Using Descriptions) is Matthew Purver's LTAG-based NLG system. There are two versions: SPUD version 0.01 was written in SML. Later versions, known as SPUD lite, are written in Prolog. The small codebase of SPUD lite makes it ideal for teaching, but it is also used in dialog system prototypes.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6344Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-17T01:20:51Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +CRISP</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
<br />
== CRISP ==<br />
[http://code.google.com/p/crisp-nlg/ CRISP] is Alexander Koller's NLG system that tries to cast both microplanning and sentence realisation as an AI planning problem. The code is a mixture of Java and Scala, a scripting language for the Java virtual machine. CRISP comes with its own implementation of GraphPlan, but it can also output plans in PDDL (“Planning Domain Definition Language”, a successor to STRIPS) for use with other AI planners. License: LGPL.<br />
<br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. OpenCCG is implemented in Java, and is freely available under the LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SPUD ==<br />
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html SPUD] (Sentence Planner Using Descriptions) is Matthew Purver's LTAG-based NLG system. There are two versions: SPUD version 0.01 was written in SML. Later versions, known as SPUD lite, are written in Prolog. The small codebase of SPUD lite makes it ideal for teaching, but it is also used in dialog system prototypes.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6343Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-17T00:40:14Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +SPUD</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. OpenCCG is implemented in Java, and is freely available under the LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SPUD ==<br />
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html SPUD] (Sentence Planner Using Descriptions) is Matthew Purver's LTAG-based NLG system. There are two versions: SPUD version 0.01 was written in SML. Later versions, known as SPUD lite, are written in Prolog. The small codebase of SPUD lite makes it ideal for teaching, but it is also used in dialog system prototypes.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6342Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-17T00:04:56Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* OpenCCG */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. OpenCCG is implemented in Java, and is freely available under the LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6341Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-16T23:58:56Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +LKB</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested[<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== LKB ==<br />
[http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbTop LKB] ([[Linguistic Knowledge Builder]]) is a grammar engineering environment for unification-based formalisms, typically HPSG.<br />
It includes a [http://wiki.delph-in.net/moin/LkbGeneration realiser] that takes as input Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). LKB is implemented in Common Lisp, and is freely available under an open source license.<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. License: LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6340Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-16T21:43:35Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +OpenCCG</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], the OpenNLP CCG Library (formerly Grok), is both a parser and a realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]]. It has been used in several dialog systems. The realizer has been enhanced with n-gram models and a supertagging approach called hypertagging. License: LGPL.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Resources_for_Basque&diff=6339Resources for Basque2009-02-16T18:23:14Z<p>ChristianPietsch: category fixed</p>
<hr />
<div>==Lexical resources==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.elda.org/catalogue/en/text/L0057.html EDBL] - Lexical Data Base for Basque in ELDA<br />
** [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/edbl/ demo]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1011897592/publikoak/2001-IRCS.pdf main reference] Aldezabal I., Ansa O., Arrieta B., Artola X., Ezeiza A., Hernández G., Lersundi M. 2001. EDBL: a General Lexical Basis for the Automatic Processing of Basque. IRCS Workshop on linguistic databases. Philadelphia (USA).<br />
* [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/cgi-bin/mcr/public/wei.consult.perl EuroWordNet - Basque]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1018537154/publikoak/euswn.ps main reference] Agirre E., Ansa O., Arregi X., Arriola J., Díaz de Ilarraza A., Pociello E., Uria L. 2002. Methodological issues in the building of the Basque WordNet: quantitative and qualitative analysis. Proceedings of First International WordNet Conference. pp. 32-40. Mysore (India).<br />
<br />
==Corpora==<br />
* [http://www.euskaracorpusa.net/XXmendea/Konts_arrunta_fr.html XX century's Basque corpus] Basque corpus XX century<br />
* [http://www.ztcorpusa.net ZT corpus] Basque Corpus of Science and Technology<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1183368317/publikoak/pdf-format main reference] Areta N., Gurrutxaga A., Leturia I., Alegria I., Artola X., Díaz de Ilarraza A., Ezeiza N., Sologaistoa A. 2007. ZT Corpus: Annotation and tools for Basque corpora Copus Linguistics. Birminghan.<br />
* [http://www.corpeus.org Corpeus: web as a corpus Basque]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1190627973/publikoak/pdf main reference] Leturia I., Gurrutxaga A., Alegria I., Ezeiza A. 2007. CorpEus, a ‘web as corpus’ tool designed for the agglutinative nature of Basque.. WAC3 2007 (Web as a Corpus) workshop.<br />
<br />
==Proofing Tools==<br />
* [http://www.xuxen.com Xuxen: Spelling checker/corrector for Basque] MS-Office, OpenOffice, ...<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1000911636/publikoak/97LITER_Z.ps main reference] Aduriz I., Alegria I., Artola X., Ezeiza N., Sarasola K. 1997. A spelling corrector for Basque based on morphology. Literary & Linguistic Computing, Vol. 12, No. 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1997.<br />
===Free software===<br />
* [https://addons.mozilla.org/eu/firefox/browse/type:3 Xuxen: free version for Mozilla]<br />
* [http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/eu/contenidos/informacion/euskarazko_softwarea/eu_9567/zerrenda.html Xuxen for OpenOffice (hunspell)]<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
* Morphological analizer/generator for Basque<br />
** [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/demo/analisianali.jsp demo]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1000911641/publikoak/96LITER_M.ps main reference] Alegria I., Artola X., Sarasola K. 1996. Automatic morphological analysis of Basque. Literary & Linguistic Computing Vol. 11, No. 4, 193-203. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1996.<br />
<br />
==Taggers/parsers==<br />
<br />
* EusTagger: Lemmatizer/Tagger for Basque<br />
** [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/demo/analisimorf.jsp demo]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1000911659/publikoak/98ACLdesanb.ps main reference] Ezeiza N., Aduriz I., Alegria I., Arriola J.M., Urizar R. 1998. Combining Stochastic and Rule-Based Methods for Disambiguation in Agglutinative Languages COLING-ACL'98. Pgs. 380 - 384. Vol 1. Montreal (Canada). August 10-14, 1998.<br />
<br />
* Eihera: Named Entitity Recognizer (NERC) for Basque<br />
** [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/demo/entitateak.jsp demo]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1076696580/publikoak/IJCNLP04 main reference] Alegria I., Arregi O., Ezeiza N., Fernandez I., Urizar R. 2004. Design and Development of a Named Entity Recognizer for an Agglutinative Language. First International Joint Conference on NLP (IJCNLP-04). Workshop on Named Entity Recognition.<br />
<br />
* Zatiak: Chunker for Basque<br />
** [http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/demo/zatiak.jsp demo]<br />
** [http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/Artikuluak/1097683503/publikoak/camara-ready-basqueDP main reference] Aranzabe M., Arriola J.M., Díaz de Ilarraza 2004. Towards a Dependency Parser of Basque. Proceedings of the Coling 2004 Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar. Geneva, Switzerland.<br />
<br />
==Machine translation systems==<br />
<br />
===Free software===<br />
<br />
* [http://matxin.sourceforge.net Matxin] Spanish → Basque<br />
** [http://www.opentrad.org Opentrad demo] es->eu<br />
** main reference: Alegria I., Díaz de Ilarraza A., Labaka G., Lersundi M., Mayor A., Sarasola K. 2007. Transfer-based MT from Spanish into Basque: reusability, standardization and open source. LNCS 4394. 374-384. Cicling 2007.<br />
* [http://www.apertium.org Apertium] Basque → Spanish<br />
** Available in [http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/wiki/index.php/SVN Apertium SVN].<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
*[http://ixa.si.ehu.es/Ixa/Argitalpenak/ Ixa group]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://ixa.si.ehu.es Ixa group, University of the Basque Country]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resources by language|Basque]]</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Generation_grammars&diff=6338Generation grammars2009-02-16T18:18:11Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +OpenCCG</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: Generation_Grammars --><br />
<!-- Comment: --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: Generation Grammars --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000005 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Sat Nov 19 19:30:30 2005 (1132428630000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists sets of generation grammars that can be used for natural language generation tasks when applied to an appropriate NLG system.<br />
<br />
== FUF/SURGE surface generation grammars ==<br />
[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html SURGE, SURG-SP, and SURG-IT] are the Systemic Unification Reusable Grammars for English, Spanish and Italian, repectively. See also [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/ more information on FUF and SURGE, and older versions].<br />
<br />
== KPML generation grammars ==<br />
<br />
Generation grammars for the following language are available for the KPML generation system [http://www.purl.org/net/kpml]:<br />
<br />
* Bulgarian [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/agile-generation-results/BULGARIAN--mismatches-20001025.html],<br />
* Chinese [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/CHINESE-penman-primer-mismatches-20010904/index.html], <br />
* Czech [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/agile-generation-results/CZECH-991105-CZ-LC-mismatches-20001025.html], <br />
* Dutch [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/DUTCH--mismatches-20001007/index.html], <br />
* English [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/R3b12-English/Docu/index.htm],<br />
* French (contact developer), <br />
* German [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/german-root.htm], <br />
* Greek [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/GREEK-test-greek-mismatches-20001114/index.html], <br />
* Japanese [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/japanese-20020916/index.html], <br />
* Russian [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/agile-generation-results/RUSSIAN-RU-LINGV-COVERAGE-mismatches-20001025.html], <br />
* Spanish [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/spanish-root.htm]<br />
<br />
Resource sets also include examples containing semantic specifications for input.<br />
<br />
A full list of available grammars can be found in the [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html generation bank].<br />
<br />
== OpenCCG ==<br />
[http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG], free a parser/realizer for [[Combinatory Categorial Grammar]], is distributed with several sample grammars, which are bidirectional. They include pretty large grammars for Classical Arabic and English, and small grammars for Basque, Dyirbal, English, Inuit, Nez Percé, Tagalog and Turkish.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Collections and Datasets]]<br />
[[Category:Resources by language|*]]<br />
<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6329Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-12T14:09:14Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +Suregen-2</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== Suregen-2 ==<br />
[http://www.suregen.de/00023.html Suregen] is “a hybrid, ontology based and NLG-oriented formalism for generating text for documents in clinical medicine.”<br />
The system Suregen-2 is written in (Allegro) Common Lisp. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip demo system] which runs under Windows is available for download. A [http://www.suregen.de/ftp/selfrunningdemo.zip screencast video] shows data being entered into computer forms using mouse and keyboard while a feedback text is continually updated and shown below. (Try playing the AVI file in [http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC] if you run into problems.) Perhaps this system could be considered an instance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM_(Meant) WYSIWYM] approach.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6328Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-12T12:53:06Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* FUF/SURGE */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
[http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/research.html FUF] is available as the [ftp://ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/fuf5.3.tar.gz original Common Lisp implementation] and as a C++ port called [http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/cfuf.zip CFUF] which has an embedded Scheme interpreter.<br />
<br />
For more information, see [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Downloadable_NLG_systems&diff=6327Downloadable NLG systems2009-02-12T09:59:55Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* TEMSIS */ removed -- see Online NLG demos</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Comment: changed simplenlg URL --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DownloadableSystems --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000012 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Jan 23 16:22:14 2007 (1169569334000000) --><br />
<br />
The natural language generation systems listed below are available for download over the web. <br />
If you know of a system which is not listed here, please click on Edit in the upper left corner of this page and add the system yourself.<br />
<br />
== ASTROGEN ==<br />
http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html <br />
<br />
Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator - Prolog based system. <br />
<br />
== CLINT ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html <br />
<br />
CLINT is a hybrid template / word-based generation system with an example application of <br />
business letter generation. The system is written in C++ and runs under Microsoft Windows. <br />
<br />
<!-- THIS IS NOT NLG:<br />
== Concordance ==<br />
http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk/<br />
<br />
Concordance is a sophisticated text analysis software for making concordances, wordlists, <br />
and Web Concordances. <br />
Supports many different Western languages. Turn a concordance into HTML. <br />
Fully functional version available for download with a time limit.<br />
--><br />
== FUF/SURGE ==<br />
See [[#SURGE]], [[#SURGE_2.3]], [[#SURG-SP]], [[#SURG-IT]].<br />
<br />
== GenI ==<br />
http://trac.loria.fr/~geni<br />
<br />
surface realiser for (Feature-Based Lexicalised) Tree Adjoining Grammar and a flat MRS-like semantics (sans top handle and underspecification). Toy example grammars provided for English and French. Largish core grammar for French is under development (contact us for details). GPL, known to work under Linux and Mac OS X (potential for making it work on Windows as well). Written in Haskell. Source code avalailable via [http://www.darcs.net darcs].<br />
<br />
== Grammar Explorer ==<br />
http://www.stir.ac.uk/crcl/Computational-tools/Grexplorer/grexplorer.html<br />
<br />
provides a means of exploring large-scale systemic-functional grammars in order to see how they are <br />
organized and what kinds of things they cover. It can be used to explore the KPML resources. <br />
Downloadable standalone executables of the grammar explorer are available for&nbsp;Windows 95/98/NT.<br />
These already include a version of the Nigel grammar of English and pre-installed examples.<br />
<br />
== HALogen ==<br />
http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/halogen/<br />
<br />
HALogen is a general-purpose natural language generation system developed by Irene Langkilde-Geary and Kevin Knight at the USC Information Sciences Institute. <br />
The download package consists of the symbolic generator, the forest ranker, and some sample inputs. The symbolic generator includes the Sensus Ontology dictionary (which is based on WordNet). The forest ranker includes a 250-million word ngram language model (unigram, bigram, and trigram) trained on WSJ newspaper text. The symbolic generator is written in LISP and requires a CommonLisp interpreter.<br />
<br />
<!-- NOT AN NLG SYSTEM:<br />
== kfNgram ==<br />
http://www.kwicfinder.com/kfNgram/<br />
<br />
kfNgram is a free stand-alone Windows program for linguistic research which generates lists of n-grams in text and HTML files. Here n-gram is understood as a sequence of either n words, where n can be any positive integer, also known as lexical bundles, chains, wordgrams, and, in WordSmith, clusters, or else of n characters, also known as chargrams.<br />
--><br />
== KPML ==<br />
<br />
http://www.purl.org/net/kpml<br />
<br />
The KPML system offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation. It is particularly targetted at providing resources for realistic but broad-coverage generation applications, where both flexibility of expression and speed of generation are at issue—for example in online webpage generation or spoken dialogue. KPML is also used extensively in multilingual text generation research and for teaching. It is based on systemic functional linguistics.<br />
<br />
The KPML system was a direct descendent of the Penman text generation system, as developed further <br />
multilingually in cooperative work between <br />
the Komet (http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/index.html)<br />
project in Darmstadt and the Systemic Modelling Group<br />
at Macquarie University. Downloadable standalone executables of the system are available for <br />
PCs running Windows. The source code is written in ANSI Common Lisp and uses the <br />
Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). <br />
The system has been compiled and tested<br />
under Franz Allegro Common Lisp (4.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)<br />
for Unix and Franz Allegro Common Lisp 3.0 <br />
and Harlequin Lispworks 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 for Windows. <br />
It is possible to use the system without the window interface as a generator serving requests for generation across sockets or via files.<br />
<br />
A growing set of generation grammars are under development for a variety of languages, inlcluding English, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, German, Czech, and more. See the <br />
Generation Bank (http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/kpml/genbank/generation-bank.html )<br />
for current examples. The development of further languages and of extensions to existing resources are very welcome!<br />
<br />
== Multimodal Unification Grammar ==<br />
http://www.david-reitter.com/compling/mug/<br />
<br />
MUG Workbench is a development and debugging tool for Multimodal NLG. The grammar formalism supported is<br />
Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar (MUG). The MUG system runs MUG grammars with fixed (test cases)<br />
and arbitrary input specifications to produce output in a natural language, graphical user interface and<br />
possibly in other modes. It is designed to do three things:<br />
- Multimodal Fission (distributing output to interaction/communication modes)<br />
- Some sentence planning (chosing information to include in the utterance)<br />
- Natural Language and graphical user interface realization (producing some form of output)<br />
The MUG system does these three jobs in parallel. MUG Workbench can serve to inspect the data-structures<br />
used during generation. It should help you to learn more about the nature of unification grammars used<br />
for parsing or natural language generation. Furthermore, the MUG Workbench is helpful in debugging your grammars.<br />
<br />
== NaturalOWL ==<br />
http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/software/NaturalOWL1.1.tar.gz NaturalOWL (version 1.1)<br />
<br />
Generates descriptions of entities and classes from OWL ontologies that have been annotated with linguistic and user modeling resources expressed in RDF. Currently supports English and Greek. Extensions for other languages welcome. NaturalOWL can also be used as a [http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé] plug-in. See [http://www.aueb.gr/users/ion/publications.html here] for publications describing NaturalOWL. (GPL)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter<br />
<br />
Project Reporter generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or <br />
other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of <br />
project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive Gantt chart applet. <br />
Commercial product. Implemented in Java. Free 30-day evaluation; on-line demo on website.<br />
<br />
== RAGS (Reference Architecture for Generation Systems) software ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~cmellish/rags/deliverables/<br />
<br />
Deliverables from the RAGS project - RAGSOCKS software for interfacing modules using RAGS data representations,<br />
example RAGS module (genetic algorithm based text planner) and RAGS wrapper for FUF/SURGE.<br />
<br />
== RSTTool ==<br />
http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/staff/personal_pages/micko/RSTTool/<br />
<br />
is a tool which allows you to graphically annotate the <br />
rhetorical structure of your text. The structure can be saved in an xml format, or save <br />
eps versions of the structure diagram for inclusion in Latex, etc. Written in Tcl/Tk. <br />
Runs on any machine.<br />
<br />
== Simplenlg ==<br />
<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg<br />
<br />
is an ultra-simple Java-based realiser. Its<br />
grammatical coverage and syntactic knowledge is<br />
minuscule compared to KPML or FUF/SURGE.<br />
However, because it is so simple, its relatively<br />
easy for people to learn how to use it. It has<br />
been used by many people in Aberdeen, and also<br />
for teaching. It is set up as a Java package,<br />
so it can only be used by Java programs.<br />
<br />
== SURGE ==<br />
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/surge/<br />
<br />
Syntactic realization package. (A CommonLisp package providing an interpreter for a functional<br />
unification formalism called FUF and SURGE, a large grammar of English written in FUF.) Offers download of SURGE 2.2.<br />
<br />
== SURGE 2.3 ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The latest version of Surge, including support for written dialogue, and expanded<br />
syntactic coverage based on the Penn TreeBank.<br />
<br />
== SURG-SP ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
Systemic Unification Reusable Grammar for Spanish is a large scale<br />
Spanish grammar allowing systems which already use FUF/SURGE for English NLG to be able<br />
to generate syntactically (and many times semantically) equivalent text in Spanish when<br />
new lexical items are introduced. SURG-SP makes use of inputs almost identical to the<br />
English version Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== SURG-IT ==<br />
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccallawa/resources.html<br />
<br />
The Italian version of Surge 2.3.<br />
<br />
== TG/2 ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?lts/tg2-e<br />
<br />
is a shallow verbalizer that can be quickly accustomed to new domains and tasks. <br />
It combines context-free grammars with templates and canned <br />
text in a single formalism. Thus the granularity of the language model may depend on the application<br />
needs. The system currently runs under Solaris 2.5. It is available freely under a research license.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Online_NLG_demos&diff=6326Online NLG demos2009-02-12T09:51:51Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* Project Reporter */ URL updated</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Comment: added pollen forecast demo to SumTime --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000003 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Sep 11 07:50:07 2007 (1189497007000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists demos of NLG systems available online.<br />
<br />
== Pollen Forecast for Scotland ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html Pollen Forecast for Scotland] NLG demo takes as input a pollen value for each of 6 areas of Scotland, and generates a textual pollen forecast.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter/demo.html<br />
generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project <br />
or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual <br />
descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with <br />
an interactive Gantt chart applet.<br />
<br />
== RISK ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~chvenour/nlg/demos/risk.html RISK &ndash; 10 Year Coronary Heart Disease Predictor] aims to show various ways of presenting data. Input: medical data values. Output: tabular overview, textual summary, visual (comic-like), and chart diagram. Java applet.<br />
<br />
== Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/spatial.html Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire] NLG demo takes as input a latitude and a longitude value, and generates a short spacial description relative to other places in the area.<br />
<br />
== STOP ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/ <br />
produces personalised smoking-cessation<br />
leaflets, based on responses to a smoking questionnaire. The online version of STOP is<br />
a simplified version of the main STOP system, which is based on paper input and output.<br />
<br />
== SUMTIME ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
SumTime-Mousam generates textual weather forecasts from numerical<br />
weather data. This demo shows how textual descriptions of changes<br />
in wind speed and direction are generated from wind data. <br />
<br />
There is a corresponding [[Data sets for NLG|dataset]] called [[SumTime-Meteo]] available.<br />
<br />
A related demo generates [[#Pollen_Forecast_for_Scotland|pollen forecasts for Scotland]].<br />
This may be easier for non-meteorologists to<br />
understand, and the demo shows the human corpus<br />
texts as well as the computer-generated texts.<br />
<br />
== TEMSIS ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo/<br />
automatically generates air quality reports for the Franco-German border area <br />
in the Moselle-Saar region.<br />
<br />
<br />
= currenty offline =<br />
<br />
== ILEX ==<br />
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi<br />
is a virtual museum system; it automatically produces<br />
descriptions of museum items, taking into account the educational importance <br />
of particular aspects of the objects. <small>(NLG functionality currently unavailable?)</small><br />
<br />
== Peba-II ==<br />
http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
is an on-line animal encyclopedia<br />
that produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as web pages.<br />
<br />
== Power ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/%7Epeba/PowerTNG/ <br />
is another virtual museum which dynamically<br />
generates descriptions of museum objects.<br />
<br />
== StockReporter ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
is a system which produces descriptions of stock market data.<br />
<br />
== XIG - CStar Italian Generator ==<br />
http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/cstar.html <br />
is a system for generating Italian sentences from the interlingua content representation <br />
Interchange Format) adopted inside the C-STAR II project, <br />
whose target is to build a speech to speech<br />
translation system able to treat spontaneous speech. The application domain is tourist information.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Online_NLG_demos&diff=6325Online NLG demos2009-02-12T09:44:08Z<p>ChristianPietsch: demos that are currently offline moved to the bottom</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Comment: added pollen forecast demo to SumTime --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000003 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Sep 11 07:50:07 2007 (1189497007000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists demos of NLG systems available online.<br />
<br />
== Pollen Forecast for Scotland ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html Pollen Forecast for Scotland] NLG demo takes as input a pollen value for each of 6 areas of Scotland, and generates a textual pollen forecast.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter.html<br />
generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project <br />
or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual <br />
descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with <br />
an interactive Gantt chart applet.<br />
<br />
== RISK ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~chvenour/nlg/demos/risk.html RISK &ndash; 10 Year Coronary Heart Disease Predictor] aims to show various ways of presenting data. Input: medical data values. Output: tabular overview, textual summary, visual (comic-like), and chart diagram. Java applet.<br />
<br />
== Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/spatial.html Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire] NLG demo takes as input a latitude and a longitude value, and generates a short spacial description relative to other places in the area.<br />
<br />
== STOP ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/ <br />
produces personalised smoking-cessation<br />
leaflets, based on responses to a smoking questionnaire. The online version of STOP is<br />
a simplified version of the main STOP system, which is based on paper input and output.<br />
<br />
== SUMTIME ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
SumTime-Mousam generates textual weather forecasts from numerical<br />
weather data. This demo shows how textual descriptions of changes<br />
in wind speed and direction are generated from wind data. <br />
<br />
There is a corresponding [[Data sets for NLG|dataset]] called [[SumTime-Meteo]] available.<br />
<br />
A related demo generates [[#Pollen_Forecast_for_Scotland|pollen forecasts for Scotland]].<br />
This may be easier for non-meteorologists to<br />
understand, and the demo shows the human corpus<br />
texts as well as the computer-generated texts.<br />
<br />
== TEMSIS ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo/<br />
automatically generates air quality reports for the Franco-German border area <br />
in the Moselle-Saar region.<br />
<br />
<br />
= currenty offline =<br />
<br />
== ILEX ==<br />
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi<br />
is a virtual museum system; it automatically produces<br />
descriptions of museum items, taking into account the educational importance <br />
of particular aspects of the objects. <small>(NLG functionality currently unavailable?)</small><br />
<br />
== Peba-II ==<br />
http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
is an on-line animal encyclopedia<br />
that produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as web pages.<br />
<br />
== Power ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/%7Epeba/PowerTNG/ <br />
is another virtual museum which dynamically<br />
generates descriptions of museum objects.<br />
<br />
== StockReporter ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
is a system which produces descriptions of stock market data.<br />
<br />
== XIG - CStar Italian Generator ==<br />
http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/cstar.html <br />
is a system for generating Italian sentences from the interlingua content representation <br />
Interchange Format) adopted inside the C-STAR II project, <br />
whose target is to build a speech to speech<br />
translation system able to treat spontaneous speech. The application domain is tourist information.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Online_NLG_demos&diff=6322Online NLG demos2009-02-11T11:00:36Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* ILEX */ offline?</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Comment: added pollen forecast demo to SumTime --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000003 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Sep 11 07:50:07 2007 (1189497007000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists demos of NLG systems available online.<br />
<br />
== ILEX ==<br />
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi<br />
is a virtual museum system; it automatically produces<br />
descriptions of museum items, taking into account the educational importance <br />
of particular aspects of the objects. <small>(NLG functionality currently unavailable?)</small><br />
<br />
== Peba-II ==<br />
http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
is an on-line animal encyclopedia<br />
that produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as web pages.<br />
<br />
== Pollen Forecast for Scotland ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html Pollen Forecast for Scotland] NLG demo takes as input a pollen value for each of 6 areas of Scotland, and generates a textual pollen forecast.<br />
<br />
== Power ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/%7Epeba/PowerTNG/ <br />
is another virtual museum which dynamically<br />
generates descriptions of museum objects.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter.html<br />
generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project <br />
or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual <br />
descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with <br />
an interactive Gantt chart applet.<br />
<br />
== RISK ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~chvenour/nlg/demos/risk.html RISK &ndash; 10 Year Coronary Heart Disease Predictor] aims to show various ways of presenting data. Input: medical data values. Output: tabular overview, textual summary, visual (comic-like), and chart diagram. Java applet.<br />
<br />
== Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/spatial.html Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire] NLG demo takes as input a latitude and a longitude value, and generates a short spacial description relative to other places in the area.<br />
<br />
== StockReporter ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
is a system which produces descriptions of stock market data.<br />
<br />
== STOP ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/ <br />
produces personalised smoking-cessation<br />
leaflets, based on responses to a smoking questionnaire. The online version of STOP is<br />
a simplified version of the main STOP system, which is based on paper input and output.<br />
<br />
== SUMTIME ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
SumTime-Mousam generates textual weather forecasts from numerical<br />
weather data. This demo shows how textual descriptions of changes<br />
in wind speed and direction are generated from wind data. <br />
<br />
There is a corresponding [[Data sets for NLG|dataset]] called [[SumTime-Meteo]] available.<br />
<br />
A related demo generates [[#Pollen_Forecast_for_Scotland|pollen forecasts for Scotland]].<br />
This may be easier for non-meteorologists to<br />
understand, and the demo shows the human corpus<br />
texts as well as the computer-generated texts.<br />
<br />
== TEMSIS ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo/<br />
automatically generates air quality reports for the Franco-German border area <br />
in the Moselle-Saar region.<br />
<br />
== XIG - CStar Italian Generator ==<br />
http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/cstar.html <br />
is a system for generating Italian sentences from the interlingua content representation <br />
Interchange Format) adopted inside the C-STAR II project, <br />
whose target is to build a speech to speech<br />
translation system able to treat spontaneous speech. The application domain is tourist information.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Data_sets_for_NLG&diff=6321Data sets for NLG2009-02-10T10:09:22Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* Focus on generating referring expressions */ +COCONUT corpus</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DataSets --><br />
<!-- Comment: --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DataSets --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000001 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Fri Nov 11 09:00:35 2005 (1131699635000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists sets of structured data to be used as input for natural language generation tasks, or to inform research on NLG.<br />
<br />
== Focus on studying the generation target ==<br />
=== PIL: Patient Information Leaflet corpus ===<br />
The [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/ Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) corpus] is a [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/searchtool/search.html searchable] and [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/ browsable] collection of patient information leaflets available in various document formats as well as structurally annotated SGML. The PIL corpus was initially developed as part of the ICONOCLAST project at ITRI, Brighton. ([http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL-corpus-2.0.tar.gz direct download link])<br />
<br />
== Focus on content selection, aggregation ==<br />
=== SumTime Meteo ===<br />
<br />
These data contain predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest.<br />
<br />
The weather corpus currently exists as an Access database and, alternatively, in form of CSV (ASCII) files.<br />
<br />
Download and Info: [[SumTime-Meteo]]<br />
<br />
Project link: http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
== Focus on generating referring expressions ==<br />
Referring expression generation is a sub-task of NLG with an active research community.<br />
<br />
=== COCONUT Corpus ===<br />
COCONUT was a project on “Cooperative, coordinated natural language utterances”. The [http://www.pitt.edu/~coconut/coconut-corpus.html COCONUT corpus] is a collection of computer-mediated dialogues in which two subjects collaborate on a simple task, namely buying furniture. SGML annotations were added according to the [http://www.pitt.edu/%7Epjordan/papers/coconut-manual.pdf COCONUT-DRI coding scheme]. ([http://www.pitt.edu/%7Ecoconut/corpora/corpus.tar.gz direct download link])<br />
<br />
=== GRE3D3: Spatial Relations in Referring Expressions ===<br />
A Web-based production experiment was conducted by Jette Viethen under the supervision of Robert Dale.<br />
The resulting [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~jviethen/spatial/ GRE3D3 corpus] contains 720 referring expressions for simple objects in simple 3D scenes.<br />
([http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~jviethen/spatial/GRE3D3.zip direct download link])<br />
<br />
=== TUNA Reference Corpus ===<br />
The [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~agatt/tuna/corpus/ TUNA Reference Corpus] is a semantically and pragmatically transparent corpus of identifying references to objects in visual domains. It was constructed via an online experiment, and has since been used in a number of evaluation studies on Referring Expressions Generation, as well as in two Shared Tasks: the Attribute Selection for Referring Expressions Generation task (2007), and the Referring Expression Generation task (2008). Main authors: Kees van Deemter, Albert Gatt, Ielka van der Sluis. ([http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~agatt/tuna/corpus/corpus.zip direct download link])<br />
<br />
== Focus on lexicalization ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
== Focus on syntax, realization ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Collections and Datasets]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Data_sets_for_NLG&diff=6320Data sets for NLG2009-02-10T09:50:38Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +PIL corpus</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: DataSets --><br />
<!-- Comment: --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: DataSets --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000001 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Fri Nov 11 09:00:35 2005 (1131699635000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists sets of structured data to be used as input for natural language generation tasks, or to inform research on NLG.<br />
<br />
== Focus on studying the generation target ==<br />
=== PIL: Patient Information Leaflet corpus ===<br />
The [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/ Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) corpus] is a [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/searchtool/search.html searchable] and [http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL/ browsable] collection of patient information leaflets available in various document formats as well as structurally annotated SGML. The PIL corpus was initially developed as part of the ICONOCLAST project at ITRI, Brighton. ([http://mcs.open.ac.uk/nlg/old_projects/pills/corpus/PIL-corpus-2.0.tar.gz direct download link])<br />
<br />
== Focus on content selection, aggregation ==<br />
=== SumTime Meteo ===<br />
<br />
These data contain predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest.<br />
<br />
The weather corpus currently exists as an Access database and, alternatively, in form of CSV (ASCII) files.<br />
<br />
Download and Info: [[SumTime-Meteo]]<br />
<br />
Project link: http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
== Focus on generating referring expressions ==<br />
Referring expression generation is a sub-task of NLG with an active research community. <br />
<br />
=== GRE3D3: Spatial Relations in Referring Expressions ===<br />
A Web-based production experiment was conducted by Jette Viethen under the supervision of Robert Dale.<br />
The resulting [http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~jviethen/spatial/ GRE3D3 corpus] contains 720 referring expressions for simple objects in simple 3D scenes.<br />
([http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~jviethen/spatial/GRE3D3.zip direct download link])<br />
<br />
=== TUNA Reference Corpus ===<br />
The [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~agatt/tuna/corpus/ TUNA Reference Corpus] is a semantically and pragmatically transparent corpus of identifying references to objects in visual domains. It was constructed via an online experiment, and has since been used in a number of evaluation studies on Referring Expressions Generation, as well as in two Shared Tasks: the Attribute Selection for Referring Expressions Generation task (2007), and the Referring Expression Generation task (2008). Main authors: Kees van Deemter, Albert Gatt, Ielka van der Sluis. ([http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~agatt/tuna/corpus/corpus.zip direct download link])<br />
<br />
== Focus on lexicalization ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
== Focus on syntax, realization ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Collections and Datasets]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Online_NLG_demos&diff=6319Online NLG demos2009-02-10T09:30:22Z<p>ChristianPietsch: /* SUMTIME */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Comment: added pollen forecast demo to SumTime --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000003 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Sep 11 07:50:07 2007 (1189497007000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists demos of NLG systems available online.<br />
<br />
== ILEX ==<br />
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi<br />
is a virtual museum system; it automatically produces<br />
descriptions of museum items, taking into account the educational importance <br />
of particular aspects of the objects. <br />
<br />
== Peba-II ==<br />
http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
is an on-line animal encyclopedia<br />
that produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as web pages.<br />
<br />
== Pollen Forecast for Scotland ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html Pollen Forecast for Scotland] NLG demo takes as input a pollen value for each of 6 areas of Scotland, and generates a textual pollen forecast.<br />
<br />
== Power ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/%7Epeba/PowerTNG/ <br />
is another virtual museum which dynamically<br />
generates descriptions of museum objects.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter.html<br />
generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project <br />
or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual <br />
descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with <br />
an interactive Gantt chart applet.<br />
<br />
== RISK ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~chvenour/nlg/demos/risk.html RISK &ndash; 10 Year Coronary Heart Disease Predictor] aims to show various ways of presenting data. Input: medical data values. Output: tabular overview, textual summary, visual (comic-like), and chart diagram. Java applet.<br />
<br />
== Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/spatial.html Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire] NLG demo takes as input a latitude and a longitude value, and generates a short spacial description relative to other places in the area.<br />
<br />
== StockReporter ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
is a system which produces descriptions of stock market data.<br />
<br />
== STOP ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/ <br />
produces personalised smoking-cessation<br />
leaflets, based on responses to a smoking questionnaire. The online version of STOP is<br />
a simplified version of the main STOP system, which is based on paper input and output.<br />
<br />
== SUMTIME ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
<br />
SumTime-Mousam generates textual weather forecasts from numerical<br />
weather data. This demo shows how textual descriptions of changes<br />
in wind speed and direction are generated from wind data. <br />
<br />
There is a corresponding [[Data sets for NLG|dataset]] called [[SumTime-Meteo]] available.<br />
<br />
A related demo generates [[#Pollen_Forecast_for_Scotland|pollen forecasts for Scotland]].<br />
This may be easier for non-meteorologists to<br />
understand, and the demo shows the human corpus<br />
texts as well as the computer-generated texts.<br />
<br />
== TEMSIS ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo/<br />
automatically generates air quality reports for the Franco-German border area <br />
in the Moselle-Saar region.<br />
<br />
== XIG - CStar Italian Generator ==<br />
http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/cstar.html <br />
is a system for generating Italian sentences from the interlingua content representation <br />
Interchange Format) adopted inside the C-STAR II project, <br />
whose target is to build a speech to speech<br />
translation system able to treat spontaneous speech. The application domain is tourist information.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Online_NLG_demos&diff=6318Online NLG demos2009-02-10T09:22:03Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +RISK</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Comment: added pollen forecast demo to SumTime --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000003 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Sep 11 07:50:07 2007 (1189497007000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists demos of NLG systems available online.<br />
<br />
== ILEX ==<br />
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi<br />
is a virtual museum system; it automatically produces<br />
descriptions of museum items, taking into account the educational importance <br />
of particular aspects of the objects. <br />
<br />
== Peba-II ==<br />
http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
is an on-line animal encyclopedia<br />
that produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as web pages.<br />
<br />
== Pollen Forecast for Scotland ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html Pollen Forecast for Scotland] NLG demo takes as input a pollen value for each of 6 areas of Scotland, and generates a textual pollen forecast.<br />
<br />
== Power ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/%7Epeba/PowerTNG/ <br />
is another virtual museum which dynamically<br />
generates descriptions of museum objects.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter.html<br />
generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project <br />
or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual <br />
descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with <br />
an interactive Gantt chart applet.<br />
<br />
== RISK ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~chvenour/nlg/demos/risk.html RISK &ndash; 10 Year Coronary Heart Disease Predictor] aims to show various ways of presenting data. Input: medical data values. Output: tabular overview, textual summary, visual (comic-like), and chart diagram. Java applet.<br />
<br />
== Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/spatial.html Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire] NLG demo takes as input a latitude and a longitude value, and generates a short spacial description relative to other places in the area.<br />
<br />
== StockReporter ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
is a system which produces descriptions of stock market data.<br />
<br />
== STOP ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/ <br />
produces personalised smoking-cessation<br />
leaflets, based on responses to a smoking questionnaire. The online version of STOP is<br />
a simplified version of the main STOP system, which is based on paper input and output.<br />
<br />
== SUMTIME ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
[[SumTime]]-Mousam generates textual weather forecasts from numerical<br />
weather data. This demo shows how textual descriptions of changes<br />
in wind speed and direction are generated from wind data. <br />
<br />
There is a corresponding dataset called [[SumTimeMeteo]] available.<br />
<br />
A related demo generates pollen forecasts for<br />
Scotland<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html<br />
This may be easier for non-meteorologists to<br />
understand, and the demo shows the human corpus<br />
texts as well as the computer-generated texts.<br />
<br />
== TEMSIS ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo/<br />
automatically generates air quality reports for the Franco-German border area <br />
in the Moselle-Saar region.<br />
<br />
== XIG - CStar Italian Generator ==<br />
http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/cstar.html <br />
is a system for generating Italian sentences from the interlingua content representation <br />
Interchange Format) adopted inside the C-STAR II project, <br />
whose target is to build a speech to speech<br />
translation system able to treat spontaneous speech. The application domain is tourist information.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietschhttps://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Online_NLG_demos&diff=6317Online NLG demos2009-02-10T08:56:09Z<p>ChristianPietsch: +Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- MoinMoin name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Comment: added pollen forecast demo to SumTime --><br />
<!-- WikiMedia name: OnlineDemos --><br />
<!-- Page revision: 00000003 --><br />
<!-- Original date: Tue Sep 11 07:50:07 2007 (1189497007000000) --><br />
<br />
This page lists demos of NLG systems available online.<br />
<br />
== ILEX ==<br />
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi<br />
is a virtual museum system; it automatically produces<br />
descriptions of museum items, taking into account the educational importance <br />
of particular aspects of the objects. <br />
<br />
== Peba-II ==<br />
http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/<br />
is an on-line animal encyclopedia<br />
that produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as web pages.<br />
<br />
== Pollen Forecast for Scotland ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html Pollen Forecast for Scotland] NLG demo takes as input a pollen value for each of 6 areas of Scotland, and generates a textual pollen forecast.<br />
<br />
== Power ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/%7Epeba/PowerTNG/ <br />
is another virtual museum which dynamically<br />
generates descriptions of museum objects.<br />
<br />
== Project Reporter ==<br />
http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter.html<br />
generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project <br />
or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual <br />
descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with <br />
an interactive Gantt chart applet.<br />
<br />
== Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire ==<br />
[http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/ Ross Turner's] [http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/spatial.html Spatial descriptions for Kirklees in West Yorkshire] NLG demo takes as input a latitude and a longitude value, and generates a short spacial description relative to other places in the area.<br />
<br />
== StockReporter ==<br />
http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/<br />
is a system which produces descriptions of stock market data.<br />
<br />
== STOP ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/ <br />
produces personalised smoking-cessation<br />
leaflets, based on responses to a smoking questionnaire. The online version of STOP is<br />
a simplified version of the main STOP system, which is based on paper input and output.<br />
<br />
== SUMTIME ==<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime/<br />
[[SumTime]]-Mousam generates textual weather forecasts from numerical<br />
weather data. This demo shows how textual descriptions of changes<br />
in wind speed and direction are generated from wind data. <br />
<br />
There is a corresponding dataset called [[SumTimeMeteo]] available.<br />
<br />
A related demo generates pollen forecasts for<br />
Scotland<br />
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/cgi_bin/pollen.html<br />
This may be easier for non-meteorologists to<br />
understand, and the demo shows the human corpus<br />
texts as well as the computer-generated texts.<br />
<br />
== TEMSIS ==<br />
http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo/<br />
automatically generates air quality reports for the Franco-German border area <br />
in the Moselle-Saar region.<br />
<br />
== XIG - CStar Italian Generator ==<br />
http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/cstar.html <br />
is a system for generating Italian sentences from the interlingua content representation <br />
Interchange Format) adopted inside the C-STAR II project, <br />
whose target is to build a speech to speech<br />
translation system able to treat spontaneous speech. The application domain is tourist information.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Software]]<br />
{{SIGGEN Wiki}}</div>ChristianPietsch