User:ChristianPietsch/List of NLG systems

This is an attempt to represent John Bateman and Michael Zock's list of NLG systems in a wiki format.

Some works remains to be done:

• BibTeX keys should be hotlinked to the entries in http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/nlg-cite.html
• The HTML code (incl. IMG links) in the long descriptions has been de-activated for the moment
• The table should be visually compressed to fit on smaller screens
• Perhaps the data should rather be stored in a wiki with the Semantic MediaWiki extension? Suggestions are welcome on the discussion page.

Final update: This data collection is now maintained in a wiki with Semantic Mediawiki and BibWiki extensions at http://www.nlg-wiki.org/systems/

The table below remains here as an unmaintained archive only.

Table of NLG systems

BibTeX cite keys	main workers	starting year	ending year	languages generated	name of system	short description	long description	entry updated	theoretical framework	URL	domain or application	name of forerunner system	unique permanent name
Kohl90, Kohl89	Kohl, Gardent, Plainfossé, Reape	1989	1990	English	Accord	Natural language and graphic interface	Natural language and graphic interface	2000-06-03					Accord
Elhadad:1992-phd	Elhadad	1992	1992	English	Advisor	Generation of arguments	Generation of arguments	2000-06-20			arguments		Advisor
Kruijff-etal-2000-coling, Bateman-etal2000-lrec, Agile-note97	Krujiff, Korbayová, Teich, Hartley, Bateman, Sharoff, Scott, Staykova, Sokolova	1999	2001	Bulgarian, Czech, Russian	AGILE	generates instructions in the domain of Computer-Aided Design	AGILE is a tool which allows a technical author to specify, in a non-linguistic representation, the 'content' of different tasks that can be performed by users of CAD-CAM software. The AGILE system can then automatically express these content specifications in styles appropriate to different sections of a CAD-CAM manual (procedures, ready reference ...) in Bulgarian, Czech and Russian. The generated texts are displayed in a browser as hyperlinked documents. No expertise in knowledge representation is required, although some training with the interface is needed. The system has been evaluated and the results are described in the relevant project deliverables.	2001-09-18	SFG	http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/agile	CAD, instructions	KPML	AGILE
Coch-etal95, Coch96a, CochDavid94-anlp	Coch, David	1993	1995	French	AlethGen/La Redoute	generation of one-page reply letters	generation of one-page reply letters	2000-06-03			business letters		AlethGen/La Redoute
Stock91	Stock	1990	1991	Italian	ALFRESCO	multimedia NL based information access	multimedia NL based information access	2000-06-03					ALFRESCO
Kukich83	Kukich	1983	1983	English	ANA	generation of stock market reports	generation of stock market reports	2000-01-01			stock market		ANA
Blocher92	Blocher	1992	1992	German	ANTLIMA-1	generating scene descriptions	generating scene descriptions	2000-06-03			scene description		ANTLIMA-1
deCarolis-etal98	de Carolis, de Rosis	1996	1999	Italian	ARIANNA	dynamic hypermedia	dynamic hypermedia	2000-06-03					ARIANNA
Kim-etal02-artequakt	Kim, Alani, Hall, Lewis, Millard, Shadbolt, Weal	2002	ongoing	English	Artequakt	Automatic generation of narrative biographies of artists	The Artequakt project is working towards automatically generating narrative biographies of artists from knowledge that has been extracted from the Web and maintained in a knowledge base. An overview of the system architecture is presented here and the three key components of that architecture are explained in detail, namely knowledge extraction, information management and biography construction. It is our belief that by building a story-schema layer on top of an ontology we can create dynamic stories within a certain domain.	2002-10-12			biographies		Artequakt
Dalianis99	Dalianis	1996	1999	English	Astrogen	Generation from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS specifications.	ASTROGEN (Aggregated deep and Surface naTuRal language GENerator) is a Natural Language Generator written in Prolog. Which hopefully can be used by almost anybody. ASTROGEN has been used for generation of natural language (English) from formal specifications and STEP/EXPRESS Specifications. ASTROGEN consists basically of two modules the Deep and the Surface generator. ASTROGEN was written originally for generating Natural Language from formal specifications for the telecom domain. <img src=../images/astrogen.gif >	2000-06-03		http://www.dsv.su.se/~hercules/ASTROGEN/ASTROGEN.html	telecom		Astrogen
Vavargard2000	Vargagard	1999	1999	English, Swedish	Autotext	Weather forecast report generator	Weather forecast report generator	2000-06-20			weather		Autotext
Goldman75	Goldman	1975	1975	English	BABEL	paraphrase generation & lexical choice	paraphrase generation & lexical choice on the basis of abstract representations (conceptual dependencies)	2000-01-01					BABEL
Kronfeld:1986	Kronfeld	1986	1986	English	BERTRAND	generation of definite descriptions	generation of definite descriptions	2000-01-01					BERTRAND
Weiner80	Weiner	1980	1980	English	BLAH	generation of explanations concerning income taxes	generation of explanations concerning income taxes	2000-01-01			income tax		BLAH
Mittal-etal98, Mittal-etal95	Mittal, Moore, Carenini, Roth, Mattis	1995	1998	English	Caption Generation System	generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations	generates captions to complex automatically produced graphical presentations	2000-06-03	FUF		figure captions	FUF	Caption Generation System
sharp-88	Sharp	1990	1995	EU	CAT-2	formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures.	formalism used for MT, includes analysis and generation capabilities fro the Eurotra Intermediate Structures.	2000-06-03		http://www.wh2.tu-dresden.de/~dagmar/cat2/			CAT-2
Jokinen94	Jokinen	1994	1994	English	CDM	generation of explanatory dialogues	generation of explanatory dialogues	2000-01-01			explanation		CDM
Kan-etal01, Kan-etal01-doc	Kan, McKeown, Klavans	2000	ongoing	English	CENTRIFUSER	A multidocument summarization system	Centrifuser is a multidocument summarization system for documents which are in the same domain and genre. Centrifuser's indicative module employs NLG techniques to produce text that discusses groups of documents and their metadata properties by mimicking library card catalog entries.	2001-11-02		http://centrifuser.cs.columbia.edu/	summaries		CENTRIFUSER
	Kohl, Eisele, Momma, Dörre, Geltz, Netter, Kärcher, Tappe, Frank, Meier, van Geenhoven	1989	1992	French, German	CHARON	grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG	grammar development (allegedly including generation) for LFG	2000-06-03	LFG	http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/charon.html			CHARON
Freedman98	Freedman	1998	1998	English	Circsum-Tutor	tutoring system	tutoring system	2000-06-03			tutoring		Circsum-Tutor
AlshawiPulman92	Alshawi, Pulman	1992	1992	English, Swedish, French, Spanish	CLE	Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work	Core Language Engineering: mostly analysis oriented with some generation work	2000-06-03					CLE
Evans-etal2006, Piwek-etal98, Piwek-etal99-itri, Piwek-etal99	Piwek, Evans, Power	1998	2001	English, French	CLIME	Automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any prescriptive semi-formal documentation	CLIME is a system to provide automated responses to queries, posed in natural language, of any semi-formal documentation of a prescriptive nature, such as codes of practice and other quasi-legal documentation. The CLIME project takes advantage of the semi-regular nature of this information to allow the integration of working NL software with existing expertise in codifying legal reasoning, to provide a usable and useful system.	2001-09-18		http://www.bmtech.co.uk/clime	documentation		CLIME
	Gedalia, Elhadad	1999	2000	English	CLINT	hybrid template/word-based generator	hybrid template/word-based generator	2000-06-03		http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~elhadad/clint.html			CLINT
CaldwellWhite97, WhiteCaldwell97-anlp, WhiteCaldwell98	White, Caldwell	1997	1998	English	CogentHelp	on-line help for GUIs	Semi-automatic generation of on-line help for GUIs, with authoring interface for human-written "snippets". Additional information at: <A href=http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml>http://www.cogentex.com/research/cogenthelp/index.shtml</A>	2000-09-19		http://www.cogentex.com/systems/cogenthelp/	online help		CogentHelp
vandeRiet-etal98	van de Riet, Burg, Dehne	1995	1998	English	Color-X	NLG for verification of models of information and communication systems	In Color-X, tools were developed for building executable prototypes of information and communication systems from specifications expressed in natural language. Papers referenced here refer to the addition of NLG capabilities for verification of the models and requirements.	2000-06-20	FG		communication systems		Color-X
McKeown-etal90	McKeown et al.	1990	1990	English	COMET	generation of explanations (multimodal output)	generation of explanations (multimodal output)	2000-01-01	FUF		explanation	FUF	COMET
Sigurd83, Sigurd84	Sigurd	1983	1984	Swedish	COMMENTATOR	generation of scene descriptions	generation of scene descriptions	2000-01-01			scene description		COMMENTATOR
Fawcett:1988, Fawcett90-nlgw5	Fawcett, Tucker	1988	1992	English	COMMUNAL	generation with systemic functional grammar	generation with systemic functional grammar	2000-01-01	SFG				COMMUNAL
Geldof99-ki	Geldof	1999	1999	English	COMRIS	meeting assistant	meeting assistant	2000-10-01			appointments		COMRIS
Marsi01, Marsi98, Marsi95, Marsi98-text	Marsi	1995	2000	Dutch	CONPAS	Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech	CONPAS (Content-to-Prosodically Adequate Speech) is a front-end generator for producing spoken output with appropriate prosody. It consists of three modules: SynR, a module for syntactic realization, ProsR, a module for prosodic realization and, SpeechS, a module for speech synthesis. It is driven by a planning component (PlanR) and produces spoken output in a number of domains; the text planner is specific for each domain. Particular emphasis was placed on the pitch accent placement, and this has been evaluated.	2001-09-17			prosody generation		CONPAS
Smadja:1991, SmadjaMcKeown90	Smadja, McKeown	1990	1992	English	COOK	use of collocation for generating stock market reports	use of collocation for generating stock market reports	2000-01-01			stock market		COOK
McKeown:1979	McKeown	1979	1979	English	Co-Op	Cooperative answer generation	Cooperative answer generation	2000-06-20					Co-Op
LevineMellish94	Mellish, Levine	1994	1998	English	CORECT	Generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment	a system using NLG techniques to generate documents for requirements definition in the design of electronic test equipment; developed jointly with Racal Research, Racal Instruments, the Unis of Edinburgh and Sussex, and Intelligent Applications Ltd. Builds on its predesessor, the IDAS system.	2000-06-03		http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/hct/corect/	electronics	IDAS	CORECT
Bus:Dec:Dia:97	Busemann, Declerck, Kader, Diagne, Dini, Klein, Schmeier	1997	1997	German	Cosma	Appointment scheduling agent	Appointment scheduling agent	2000-06-03			appointments	TG/2	Cosma
NealShapiro88	Neal, Shapiro	1988	1988	English	Cubricon	Generation in multimedia interfaces	Generation in multimedia interfaces	2000-06-20					Cubricon
Theune-etal01-jle	Theune, Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Krahmer	1998	ongoing	independent	D2S	System for producing spoken language from data	D2S is a system for the creation of data-to-speech systems in different languages and domains. The most important characteristic of a data-to-speech system is that it combines language and speech generation: language generation is used to produce a natural language text expressing the system's input data, and speech generation is used to make this text audible. In D2S, this combination is exploited by using linguistic information available in the language generation module for the computation of prosody. This allows us to achieve a better prosodic output quality than can be achieved in a plain text-to-speech system. For language generation in D2S, the use of syntactically enriched templates is guided by knowledge of the discourse context, while for speech generation pre-recorded phrases are combined in a prosodically sophisticated manner. This combination of techniques makes it possible to create linguistically sound but efficient systems with high quality language and speech output.	2001-09-30			spoken dialogue	LGM	D2S
Bateman-etal01-dart, Bateman-etal98-inlgw, Reichenberger-etal95-acm, Reichenberger-etal95-ave	Bateman, Alexa, Teich, Kamps, Reichenberger, Kleinz, Rondhuis	1994	1996	English	Dart-bio	Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus	Automatic generation of pages combining textual artist bibliographies and timeline graphs concerning the Bauhaus. Producing formatted pages in response to selections of artists made by the user with a graphical information retrieval interface.</p><p>Generation was performed using the KOMET generation system. An example page generated from a very large knowledge base compiled from the Dictionary of Art at that time is:</p><p><img src=../images/pic1-layout.gif width=700 height=525></p>	2000-06-03	SFG		biographies, art history, layout and text	KOMET	Dart-bio
Mueller90	Mueller	1983	1988	English	Daydreamer generator	A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought	A recursive-descent generator for reporting stream of thought. The source code of the program can be found <a href=http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/src/dd_gen.cl>here</a>.	2001-12-05		http://www.panix.com/~erik/programs/daydreamer/dd.htm			Daydreamer generator
Sgouros99	Bailey, Mellish, Ritchie, Sgouros	1997	1999	English	DEFACTO	DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories.	DEFACT (DEsign Framework for interACTive stOry systems) an interactive system for generating stories. It seeks to develop and test a prototype system which incorporates Artificial Intelligence techniques into interactive, multi-media story generation and presentation, in order to create a richer, and therefore more satisfying, experience for its user/s.	2000-06-03		http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/daidb/infweb/people/homes/paulba/defacto/	stories		DEFACTO
Sprenger93, Horacek93	Müller, Sprenger, Horacek	1990	1994	German	DIAMOD	KADS-based expert system explanation	KADS-based expert system explanation	2000-06-03			explanation		DIAMOD
WendholtNovak93	Novak, Wendholt	1993	1993	German	DING	incremental generation	incremental generation	2000-06-03					DING
NirenburgNirenburg88-coling, Nirenburg-etal89	Nirenburg	1987	1988	English	DIOGENES	generation for machine-translation	generation for machine-translation	2000-01-01					DIOGENES
Uszkoreit-etal94, Bus:Dec:Dia:97	Uszkoreit, Busemann	1994	1998	German	DISCO	An appointment scheduling agent using natural language	An appointment scheduling agent using natural language	2000-06-20			appointments		DISCO
Seligman91-phd	Seligman	1985	1991	English	Discourser	Structured discourse	System developed in a dissertation that presents two components. First: An inheritance-based grammar which represents syntactic and semantic structures as well as the mapping relations between these as frames. The approach to sentence generation features the merging of structures via inheritance and the tracking of expressive choices using 'multiple worlds'. Second: new semantic/pragmatic representations for paragraph-length discourses, and expression procedures based upon them. Discourse relations are discovered via judgements of synonomy, and are arranged in lattices (rather than exclusively in hierarchies). A small set of network traversal strategies permits the repeated application of the sentence generator to generate paragraphs expressing the whole net. A facility for expressing 'situational formulas' adds a pragmatic component to the system.	2001-09-26	inheritance grammar				Discourser
Gruber-etal95	Gruber, Vemuri, Rice	1992	1996	English	DME-HTW	A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections	A demonstration of 'virtual documents', generated on demand in response to the user's selections	2000-06-03		http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/top-level.html			DME-HTW
HoughtonPearson88	Houghton, Pearson	1988	1988	English	DORIS	planning dialogues (vocal output)	planning dialogues (vocal output)	2000-01-01					DORIS
Drafter95	Scott, Hartley, Power, Paris, Vander Linden, Evans	1995	1995	English, French	Drafter-I	helps technical authors write instruction documents	helps technical authors write instruction documents	2000-06-03	SFG		instructions	KPML	Drafter-I
ScottEvans98, Power-etal98	Scott, Evans, Power	1998	2000	English, French, Italian	Drafter-II	multilingual generation of instructions	multilingual generation of instructions	2000-06-03			instructions		Drafter-II
Deemter:Odijk:97, vanDeemter97	van Deemter, Leermakers, Odijk	1994	1997	English	DYD	generates a spoken monologue describing a selected music composition and its recording	DYD (Dial Your Disc) is an interactive system that supports browsing through a large music database (Mozart compositions); each time a track is selected, it generates a spoken monologue describing the composition and its recording	2000-06-03			music		DYD
Geldof98, GeldofVelde97-ewnlg, GeldofVelde97-aaai, GeldofVandeVelde97	Geldof, van de Velde	1997	1997	English	Ecran	generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests	generates descriptions of movies, using a model of the user's interests	2000-06-03	templates	http://arti.vub.ac.be/AAAI97/ecran.html	movie description		Ecran
Cawsey90	Cawsey	1990	1990	English	EDGE	plan-based generation of explanatory discourse	plan-based generation of explanatory discourse	2000-01-01		http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/AAAI.ps	explanation		EDGE
Claassen92	Claassen	1992	1992	English	Edward	Refering expressions in a multimedia environment	Refering expressions in a multimedia environment	2000-06-20					Edward
MooreIJCAI89, EES-87	Moore, Swartout, Paris	1986	1990	English	EES	generation of explanations	generation of explanations	2000-01-01	SFG		explanation	Penman	EES
Poller-etal96, PollerHeisterkamp96	Poller	1993	1996	German, English	EFFENDI	Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions for train inquiries	Efficient Formulation of Dialogue Contributions: development and implementation of an efficient How-to-Say component for the generation of system utterances of a speech dialogue system for train inquiries. Extends the TAG-GEN generator developed within the WIP system	2000-06-03	TAG		train inquiries	TAG-GEN	EFFENDI
Weizenbaum66	Weizenbaum	1966	1966	English	ELIZA	simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist	simulation of a dialog with a psychotherapist	2000-01-01			psychiatry		ELIZA
	<i>unclaimed</i>				ELU	Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation	Patr-II based MT, analysis and generation	2000-06-03					ELU
Dale90-dale, Dale89	Dale	1988	1990	English	EPICURE	generation of cooking recipes	generation of cooking recipes	2000-01-01			recipes		EPICURE
Clippinger	Clippinger	1977	1977	English	ERMA	simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)	simulation of performance errors (dialog with a psychiatrist)	2000-01-01			psychiatry		ERMA
CaldwellKorelsky94	Caldwell, Korelsky	1994	1994	English	EXCLASS	generation of job descriptions	generation of job descriptions	2000-01-01	MTM		job descriptions		EXCLASS
WhiteCaldwell98	White, Caldwell	1998	1998	English	Exemplars	dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning	dynamic HTML page generation on the basis of a classification hierarchy for text planning	2000-06-03					Exemplars
Chester76	Chester	1976	1976	English	Expound	translates formal poofs into English	translates formal poofs into English	2000-06-20			formal proofs		Expound
BangaloreRambow2000, Bangalore-etal2000-learning, Bangalore-etal2000-evaluation, BangaloreRambow2000-corpus	Bangalore, Rambow	2000	2002	English	FERGUS	Flexible Empiricist/Rationalist Generation Using Syntax	Extends statistically guided generation using n-grams with a tree-based statistical model as well as a traditional tree-based syntactic grammar based on the wide coverage XTAG grammar	2002-11-17	statistical		independent		FERGUS
Ward94, Ward92	Ward	1992	1992	English	FIG	connectionist generator	connectionist generator	2000-01-01		http://www.sanpo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~nigel/clg.html			FIG
MeunierDanlos98	Meunier, Danlos	1998	1998	French, English	Flaubert	multilingual generator	multilingual generator	2000-06-03	TAG				Flaubert
Reiter90-dale, MarksReiter90, Reiter90, Reiter91-ci	Reiter	1990	1990	English	FN	avoiding false implicatures	avoiding false implicatures	2001-09-05					FN
Goldberg-etal94, Bourbeau-etal90-coling, Goldberg-etal94-ieee	Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère, Driedger	1989	2000	English, French	FoG	FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports.	FoG (Forecast Generator) provides bilingual generation of operational weather forecast reports. The first operational forecast produced by FoG was issued on Feb.27, 1992.	2000-01-01	MTM		weather		FoG
EndrissKlabunde2000	Endriss, Klabunde	2000	2000	German	FOGS	generates narratives with a focus background structure	The system (acronym for "focus generation system") generates renarratives with a focus background structure (more specifically, the single sentences are annotated with prosodic features to indicate which element functions as bearer of the respective focal accent).	2000-06-20			stories		FOGS
Contant86, Contant:1985	Contant	1985	1986	French	FRANA	French version of ANA	French version of ANA	2000-01-01			stock market	ANA	FRANA
Emele86, Emele87-gwai, HeidMomma87	Emele, Heid, Momma	1986	1987	German	FREGE	object-oriented front-end generator	object-oriented front-end generator	2000-06-03					FREGE
ElhadadRobin92, Elhadad93-fuf, ElhadadRobin96	Elhadad	1990	ongoing	independent, English, Spanish, Hebrew	FUF	implementation of Functional Unification Grammar	implementation of Functional Unification Grammar	2000-01-01	FUF	http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm	independent		FUF
Peyragrosse:1993	Peyragrosse	1993	1993	??	GASPAR	Paraphrase of SQL queries	Paraphrase of SQL queries	2002-09-20			DB queries		GASPAR
Etchegoyhen98	Etchegoyhen	1998	1998	English	GBgen	GB-based generator	GB-based generator	2000-06-03	GB				GBgen
Adachi97	Adachi	1997	1997		GCD	cooking definitions	cooking definitions	2000-06-03			recipes		GCD
Mitkov90-geo	Mitkov	1990	1990	Bulgarian	GECO	production of geometrical descriptions	production of geometrical descriptions	2000-01-01			geometry		GECO
Henschel-etal02-konvens, Henschel02-gem-manual	Delin, Bateman, Henschel, Allen	1998	2002	English	GeM	multimodal generation	GeM (Genre and Multimodality) investigated the relationship between multimodal document genres and their realization in text, layout and diagrams. As part of this work a prototype page generation system was developed based on XML, XSLT and the GeM project multimodal annotation scheme. The prototype concentrates specifically on the controlled generation of the layout (including placing of text and graphics, titles, and font selections) adopted on the page, making this sensitive to generic constraints holding for the multimodal document type; the generation of the language elements included is not in focus. The generic constraints are derived from the corpus analysis done within the GeM project and are represented following the GeM annotation scheme. <P>Two examples of generated pages from the prototype are the following, the first from the genre of bird field guides and the second from the genre of instruction manuals.<P> <table><tr><td><img src=../images/gem-bird-konvens.gif ></td><td><img src=../images/gem-pegasys-konvens.gif > </td></tr></table>	2002-09-28	SFG	http://purl.org/net/gem	layout and text		GeM
Conklin:1987	Conklin	1983	1987	English	GENARO	description of pictures	description of pictures	2000-01-01	TAG		picture description		GENARO
Glass-etal94	Glass, Seneff, Polifroni	1994	1994	English	GENESIS	multilingual spoken instructions	multilingual spoken instructions	2000-06-03			instructions		GENESIS
Fawcett90-nlgw5, FawcettTucker90-coling	Fawcett, Tucker	1990	1994	English	GENESYS	the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system	the large systemic functional grammar component of the Communal system	2000-01-01	SFG				GENESYS
Shieber88-coling	Shieber	1987	1988	English	GeneSys	Experimental generation	Experimental generation	2002-05-02					GeneSys
deCarolis-etal96, deCarolis-etal97	de Carolis, de Rosis, Pizzutilo, Grasso, Rossiello, Berry, Gillie	1996	1997	Italian	GeNet	dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user	dynamic hypermedia generation the medical domain and tailored to the user	2000-06-03			medical		GeNet
Teunissen97	Teunissen	1997	1997	English	GENIUSS	generator based on universal semantic syntax	generator based on universal semantic syntax	2000-06-03					GENIUSS
TomitaNyberg88	Tomita, Nyberg	1988	1988	English?	GenKit			2001-06-01					GenKit
Maybury89	Maybury	1989	1989	English	GENNY	use of RST relations for producing coherent texts	use of RST relations for producing coherent texts	2000-01-01					GENNY
Kehl86	Kehl	1986	1986	German	GEOTEX	description of geometrical configurations	description of geometrical configurations	2000-01-01			geometry		GEOTEX
Kehl89	Kehl	1989	1989	English, German	GEOTEX-E	bilingual version of Geotex	bilingual version of Geotex	2000-06-03			geometry	GEOTEX	GEOTEX-E
Pemberton89	Pemberton	1989	1989	English	GESTER	story generation	story generation	2000-01-01			stories		GESTER
Marchant-etal96	Marchant, Mellish, Cerbah, Levine	1995	1996	English	GhostWriter	generation assisting human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals	a demonstration of how plan-based modelling and NLG can be used to assist human technical authors in the production of aircraft manuals	2000-06-03		http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~johnl/ghostwriter/	manuals		GhostWriter
Williams2004-nlg, Williams02-connectives, WilliamsReiter03	Williams	2000	2003	English	GIRL	Microplanning discourse-level choices for people with poor literacy	System for generating appropriate texts for people with different reading levels	2006-03-09		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/phd.html	Personalised basic skills summary reports		GIRL
gistgenerator	Swartout	1983	1983	English	GIST	explanation of the results of a medical expert system	explanation of the results of a medical expert system	2000-01-01			medical		GIST-medical
NotStock94, ParisScott94-inlgw, PowerCavallotto96-gist, PianesiPianta94-gist, VanderLindenScott95-ijcai, Not96-mercatali, Pemberton-etal94, HartleyParis97-MT, Bateman-etal94-ecai, Delin-etal96, MatiasekTrost96, MatiasekBuchberger95	Cavallotto, Magnini, Lavid, Matiasek, Not, Paris, Pianesi, Pianta, Power, Scott, Stock, Trost, Vander Linden	1994	1996	English, German, Italian	GIST	generates instructions for filling in tax forms	The GIST project addresses the construction of a multilingual generation system for texts describing administrative procedures (e.g., how to apply for a social security facility, what to do in order to get visas, etc.) starting from language independent specifications. We considered three languages: English, German and Italian. The application domain of the developed prototype is represented by instructions on how to fill out pension forms. <P>A longer set of references is available <A HREF=http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist/gist-bibliography.html> here</A>.	2000-09-18	SFG, FUF, GB	http://ecate.itc.it:1025/projects/gist.html	tax forms		GIST-tax
Kantrowitz92	Kantrowitz, Bates	1992	1992	English	GLINDA	narration and intercharacter communication	narration and intercharacter communication	2000-01-01					GLINDA
Klabbers-etal98, TheuneKlabbers98-inlg	Klabbers, Odijk, de Pijper, Theune	1996	1995	Dutch	GoalGetter	GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data	GoalGetter generates spoken summaries of football (soccer) matches on the basis of tabular data	2000-06-03		http://iris19.ipo.tue.nl:9000/index.html	football		GoalGetter
Iordanskaja-etal88-coling	Iordanskaja et al.	1988	1988	English	GOSSIP	implementation of the meaning-text theory, praphrase	An implementation of the meaning-text theory, producing paraphrase	2000-01-01					GOSSIP
Rich79	Rich	1979	1979	English	GRUNDY	user modelling via stereotypes	user modelling via stereotypes	2000-06-20			user modelling		GRUNDY
Langkilde:2000	Langkilde	2000	2000	English	Halogen	Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation	Statistical generation from interlinguas using a packed forest intermediate representation	2000-06-03		http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html			Halogen
wahlster-ijcai, Wahlster78, Hoeppner-etal83, Hoeppner84	Wahlster et al.	1978	1983	German	HAM-ANS	(HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System)	(HAMburg Application-oriented Natural-language System) An interactive system where the determination of the adequate level of a response in dialogue interactions played a central role.	2000-01-01					HAM-ANS
jameson80, vonHahn-etal80, Wahlster78	Jameson, Hoeppner, von Hahn, Wahlster	1980	1980	German	HAM-RPM	hotel manager	hotel manager	2000-06-03			reservations		HAM-RPM
DiMarco-etal95, WannerHovy96, DiMarco-etal97	DiMarco, Hovy, Hirst, Wanner	1995	1998	English	HealthDoc	generation of medical information	generation of medical information	2000-06-03	SFG		medical	KPML	HealthDoc
Gailly88-hermes, Gailly89-phd, Gailly88-quantifier	Gailly	1988	1990	French	HERMES	processing of quantifier scoping	processing of quantifier scoping	2000-01-01					HERMES
Kaplan-etal93	Kaplan, Fenwick, Chen	1993	1993	English	HIPERFLEX	navigating hypertext	navigating hypertext	2000-06-20					HIPERFLEX
Benelli-etal99	Benelli, Bianchi, Marti, Not, Sennati, Mellish, O'Donnell	1998	2001	English	HIPS	developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces	The HIPS project aims at developing new interaction paradigms for navigating physical spaces. The objective of the project is to enrich the "user experience" of a city by overlapping a further dimension with the physical space: contextual and personalised information on the human environment. The project was originally designed to include NLG elements.	2001-11-03		http://marconi.ltt.dii.unisi.it/progetti/HIPS/	spatial relationships		HIPS
Cross92-lexis, Cross92-thesis	Cross	1994	1994	English	Horace	generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation	generation of water-cycle texts as an experiment in register-based generation	2000-06-03	SFG		physics		Horace
NetzerElhadad98-hebrew	Netzer, Elhadad	1997	1998	Hebrew	HUGG	A syntactic realization component for Hebrew	A syntactic realization component for Hebrew, where the form of the input is intended to be as similar as possible to that for FUF/SURGE for English. The places where this does not appear possible suggest interesting places of linguistic contrast, as well as raising questions about the possible modularities involved in the generation task.	2002-10-12	FUF			FUF	HUGG
BontchevaWilks01-IJCAI, BontchevaWilks99, Bontcheva01-um, Bontcheva01-impact, Bontcheva02-diss	Bontcheva	1997	2001	English	Hylite+	Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. Architecture based on a new recursive pipeline model.	Web-based system that generates adaptive hypertext explanations using a generic user modelling framework. <P>The goal of our dynamic hypertext generation system, HYLITE+, is to produce encyclopaedia-style explanations of domain terminology. The corpus analysis of online encyclopaedia and previous empirical studies have shown the positive effect of additional information -- e.g., definition of key vocabulary, less-technical content, supply of background information and illustrations -- on the subjects' reading comprehension and reading behaviour. On the other hand, hypertext usability studies have shown that people read 25 per cent slower on the screen, so hypertext needs to be concise with formatting, that facilitates skimming. Our empirical studies have shown that users prefer different additional information depending on the chosen formatting and desired explanation length.<P>The majority of existing language generation systems have a pipeline architecture which offers efficient sequential execution of modules, but does not allow decisions about text content to be revised in later stages. However, in some cases choosing appropriate content can depend on text length and formatting, which in a pipeline architecture are determined after content planning is completed. Unlike pipelines, interleaved and revisionbased architectures can deal with such dependencies but tend to be more expensive computationally. Since our system needs to generate acceptable hypertext explanations reliably and quickly, the pipeline architecture was modified instead to allow additional content to be requested in later stages of the generation process if necessary. in such an architecture it is not possible to take into account text formatting and length (which are determined towards the end) when choosing the text content (which happens in the beginning).<P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/hylite-arch.gif>	2002-10-12		http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~kalina			Hylite+
Springer-etal91	Springer, Buta, Wolf	1991	1991	English	ICG	composition of business letters	composition of business letters	2000-06-20			business letters		ICG
McCoy-etal96-call	McCoy, Pennington, Suri	1996	1996	English	ICICLE	teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people	teaches the syntax of written English to deaf people	2000-06-03			teaching syntax		ICICLE
Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-inlg, Bouayad2000-lrec, Bouayad-Agha-etal2000-idj, Bouayad-Agha99, Power2000-coling, Power2000-itri, Power-etal99-englw	Power, Bouayad-Agha, Scott	1997	2000	English	ICONOCLAST	Combining layout and linguistic constraints	In the ICONOCLAST project, we developed a framework for integrating constraints on the style and layout of the output documents in an NLG system. By interacting with the system, authors are able to determine the optimal set of constraints whose interaction will lead to the production of documents in the desired style and layout.	2000-09-18		http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/iconoclast/	layout and text, patient information leaflets		ICONOCLAST
RuthPeroutka93, Peroutka-etal98	Ruth, Peroutka	1993	1998	English	ICWF	Interactive Computer Worded Forecast	(Interactive Computer Worded Forecast) further development of the IFPS system (in which it might now be incorporated?)	2000-06-20			weather	IFPS	ICWF
Reiter-etal95, Reiter-etal92, ReiterMellish93	Reiter et al	1992	1992	English	IDAS	generation of on-line help documentation	generation of on-line help documentation	2001-09-05		http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/chrism/idas.html	documentation		IDAS
HallerShapiro96	Haller, Shapiro	1996	1996	English	IDP	discourse planner	discourse planner	2000-06-03					IDP
Glahn70	Glahn, Peroutka, Ruth	1970	2000	English	IFPS	Weather forecast report generator (template-based)	Weather forecast report generator (template-based) "Interactive Forecast Preparation System". Early weather report generation still on the point of being deployed commercially. Also led on to the ICWF system (now incorporated?) .IFPS is in the template-based category, much of it written in Fortran. Does not claim an AI-basis, but must do some kind of text planning/organisation.	2000-06-20		http://www.nws.noaa.gov/tdl/icwf/ifp.htm	weather		IFPS
Rubinoff2000, Rubinoff92	Rubinoff	1992	1999	English	IGEN	Weather forecasts	Weather forecasts	2000-01-01			weather		IGEN
ODonnell-etal01, ODonnell-etal2000-inlg, Oberlander-etal97, Dale-etal97, Milosavljevic99-phd, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Hitzeman-etal97, Mellish-etal98-opportunism	Oberlander, Mellish, O'Donnell, Knott	1995	1998	English	ILEX	a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue	ILEX is a system for generating labels for items in an electronic museum or retail catalogue, in such a way as to reflect the interest of the user and also opportunistically to further certain educational goals. Developed in cooperation with the National Museums of Scotland, Interactive Information and VIS Interactive Media.<P>The current version of the system, Ilex2.0, produces textual descriptions of objects in a museum gallery. The user is presented with a set of objects, and chooses objects to be described by clicking, as in a conventional hypertext. When an object is selected, a description is produced on-line, which is tailored to the user and the communicative context.<P>An online demonstration is available <A href=http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/museum.cgi>here</A>.	2002-09-15		http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex	museums	WAG	ILEX
	Bates, Ingria	1981	1981	English	ILIAD	CALL for transformational grammar	CALL for transformational grammar	2000-01-01			teaching syntax		ILIAD
Vanderlinden-etal92, VanderLinden93-thesis	Vander Linden	1992	1992	English	IMAGENE	instructions for operating telephones	instructions for operating telephones	2000-01-01	SFG		instructions	Penman	IMAGENE
Jameson87-book	Jameson	1987	1987	English	IMP	tailoring the content by taking the user into account	tailoring the content by taking the user into account	2000-01-01			user modelling		IMP
Rehm99	Rehm	1998	1999	German	IPaGe	Incremental Parallell Generator	Generates descriptions of a construction kit on the basis of conceptual structures. Generation is incremental.	2002-04-15			description		IPaGe
de-Smedt90	de Smedt	1990	1990	Dutch	IPF	parallel-incremental sentence generation	parallel-incremental sentence generation	2000-01-01					IPF
Kempen79	Kempen, Hoenkamp	1979	1979	Dutch	IPG	simulation of human, incremental sentence production	simulation of human, incremental sentence production	2000-01-01					IPG
Colineau-etal02, Paris-etal01-anlpw, Paris-etal01-hci, Lu-etal99, Paris-etal98-adcs, Paris-etal00-impacts	Paris, Vander Linden, Lu	1999	2002	English	ISOLDE	automatic generation of software instructions	The Integrated Software and On-Line Documentation Environment (ISOLDE) is a novel, integrated software environment developed by the IIT group at CSIRO with Calvin College in the United States, and is partially funded by the US Office of Naval Research.<P>ISOLDE is providing the opportunity to streamline the software production and software documentation process, while facilitating the development of a usable, easily upgraded application. Inherent in the design is the ability to re-use software in upgrades or to totally new generation applications, with dynamically updated documentation and interaction models to match the changes. Automatic and semi-automatic task modelling forms an additional important area of work within this project. The system has been evaluated. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/isolde-Archit2.gif>	2000-06-03	SFG	http://www.cmis.csiro.au/iit/Projects/Isolde/index.htm	instructions		ISOLDE
BinstedRitchie94, BinsteadRitchie96	Binsted, Ritchie	1994	1996	English	JAPE	JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.	JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine) creates riddles using a rule-based system derived from humour theory.	2000-06-03			jokes		JAPE
RambowKorelsky92	Rambow, Korelsky	1992	1992	English	JOYCE	generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems	generates texts about software components and their security on the basis of a specifications for secure, distributed software systems	2000-06-03			software		JOYCE
Mauldin:1984	Mauldin	1984	1984	English	KAFKA	sentence generation from a semantic network	sentence generation from a semantic network	2000-01-01					KAFKA
ClineNutter94	Cline	1994	1994	English	KALOS	Knowledge-based generation with revision	Knowledge-based generation with revision	2000-01-01					KALOS
Appelt85-AI, Appelt88-plan	Appelt	1983	1985	English	KAMP	modeling of the user's beliefs and goals	modeling of the user's beliefs and goals	2000-01-01					KAMP
MannMoore81	Mann, Moore	1981	1981	English	KDS	generation of paragraphs	generation of paragraphs	2000-01-01					KDS
Jacobs87-nlgw	Jacobs	1987	1987	English	KING	help system for UNIX	help system for UNIX	2000-01-01			online help		KING
??	Kiss B.V.	1995	1999	Dutch, English, German, French	KISS-Lexicalizer	generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models	generation of natural language descriptions of OO-models	2000-10-01	FG?		DB and OO descriptions		KISS-Lexicalizer
Peters93-kleist, Peters-etal91	Peters, Rutz, Siegel, Novak, Hoeppner	1991	1993	German, Japanese	Kleist	multilingual generation of route descriptions	multilingual generation of route descriptions	2000-06-03	LFG		route descriptions		Kleist
LesterPorter97	Lester, Porter	1997	1997	English	KNIGHT	explains complex biological phenomena	explains complex biological phenomena	2000-06-03			biology		KNIGHT
BatemanTeich95, Alexa-etal94-sant, Alexa-etal96-ercim, Teich99-dis, Teich-etal96, Degand96-enlgw	Bateman, Teich, Maier, Wanner, Henschel, Degand	1991	1996	English, German, Dutch	KOMET	Multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar	multilingual generation with systemic functional grammar	2000-01-01	SFG			KPML	KOMET
Bateman97-jle, Bateman-etal99-aai, Bateman-etal91-ijcai, BatemanSharoff98	Bateman, Matthiessen, Zeng	1993	ongoing	English, German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Czech, Russian, Bulgarian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, independent	KPML	large-scale multilingual generation and development environment	The KPML system is an ongoing development drawing on over a decade of experience in large-scale grammar development work for natural language generation (NLG). It is currently maintained at the University of Bremen, Faculty of Linguistics and Literature. The system is a graphically-based development environment for the construction, maintenance, and use of large-scale grammars written with the framework of Systemic-Functional Linguistics.<P> KPML offers a robust, mature platform for large-scale grammar engineering that is particularly oriented to multilingual grammar development and generation.Grammars have been developed using KPML for a variety of languages including English, German, Dutch, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Bulgarian, and Czech. Many of these grammars are freely available for further research and development work within the NLG community. The English grammar is the very large Nigel grammar under development since the early 1980s in the Penman project at USC/ISI, Los Angeles. <P> A variety of configurations of KPML are available, suitable for use both by absolute beginners in a teaching environment and by large-scale grammar work. The variations are summarised on the main KPML page. KPML is written in ANSI Common Lisp, with the graphical interface in the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). The source code may be compiled and installed in full using commercial Common Lisp products supporting Common Lisp and CLIM under Unix and Windows. There are also standalone executable images available for Windows systems that may be downloaded and used without compilation and without requiring an additional Lisp software licence.	2000-06-03	SFG	http://purl.org/net/kpml	independent	Penman	KPML
Iordanskaja-etal92	Iordanskaja et al.	1992	1992	English, French	LFS	generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market	generates summaries of statistical data in the domain of labour market	2000-06-03	MTM		labor market		LFS
Klabbers-etal98	Klabbers, Theune, Krahmer	1997	2000	Dutch, English	LGM	The generation module of D2S	The generation module of D2S	2001-11-02	TAG		spoken dialogue		LGM
Novak91, DobesNovak91	Novak, Dobes	1991	1991	German, English	LILOG	large-scale NLP system with a generation component	large-scale NLP system with a generation component	2000-06-03					LILOG
Copestake02	Copestake	1996	ongoing	independent	LKB	General workbench for typed feature grammar formalisms, including a tactical generation component	The LKB system is a grammar and lexicon development environment for use with constraint-based linguistic formalisms. The LKB software is distributed by the LinGO initiative, a loosely-organized consortium of research groups working on unification-based grammars and processing schemes. The download page for the LKB system and other available LinGO software and grammars is http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp. <P>The LinGO English Resource Grammar (with associated lexicons and so on) may be downloaded from http://lingo.stanford.edu/ftp as erg.tgz. Note that it requires at least 250 MBytes of RAM to run with the LKB. No documentation for the ERG is available at this time (other than the source file comments). <P>The LKB system includes a tactical generation capability.<P>The LKB system is Open Source and there is no registration process.	2002-04-28		http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~aac/lkb.html			LKB
Block91	Block, Gehrke, Hunze, Schachtl, Schmid, Zünkler	1990	1993	German	LKP	the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG	the Linguistic Kernel Processor (LKP) offers parsing and generating in TUG	2000-06-03		http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/lkp.html	independent		LKP
Smith-etal94	Garigliano, Smith, Morgan	1994	1994	English	Lolita	general NLP including generation	general NLP including generation	2000-06-03			independent		Lolita
McKeown-etal97-magic	McKeown, Feiner, Jordan, Dalal, Pan, Shaw, Zhou, Chen, Concepcion	1996	1997	English	MAGIC	Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data	MAGIC (Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care data) is a real-time multimedia presentation system in the medical domain which generates concise and fluent spoken reports by incorporating prosody modeling for speech and advance linguistic constructions such as right-node raising and ellipsis.	2000-06-03	FUF		medical	FUF	MAGIC
Goldberg-etal88	Goldberg, Kittredge, Polguère	1988	1988	English	MARWORDS	Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).	Marine weather forecast report generator (another precursor to FoG).	2000-06-20			weather		MARWORDS
Buchanan-etal92	Buchanan, Moore, Foresythe, Banks, Ohlsson	1992	1992	English	MIGRAINE	health explanations	health explanations	2000-06-20			medical		MIGRAINE
Tanaka-Ishii-etal98	Tanaka-Ishii, Hasida, Noda	1998	1998	English, French, Japanese	MIKE	automatic soccer commentary system	MIKE is an automatic commentary system that generates a commentary of a simulated soccer game in English, French and Japanese	2000-06-20			soccer		MIKE
Frenger98	Murray	1998	1998	English	Mind.Forth	Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.	Verbal output of a general artificial intelligence.	2001-09-05		http://sourceforge.net/projects/mind/			Mind.Forth
Turner94	Turner	1984	1993	English	MINSTREL	A story generator	A story generator	2001-12-05			story generation		MINSTREL
Callaway-etal98, Towns-etal98, Daniel-etal99	Callaway, Daniel, Lester, Bares, Towns	1998	2000	English, Spanish	ml-CINESPEAK	employs both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations	A multilingual generation component within a learning environment employing both natural language and generated 3D-graphical visualisations and animations	2001-06-01	FUF		learning	FUF	ml-CINESPEAK
Yao-etal98	Yao, Zhang, Wang	1998	1998	Chinese	MLWFA	multilingual weather forecast generation	multilingual weather forecast generation	2000-06-03			weather		MLWFA
Lavoie-etal97, Lavoie-etal96	Lavoie, Rambow, Reiter	1997	1997	English	ModelExplainer	produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models	produces textual descriptions of object-oriented software models	2001-09-05		http://www.cogentex.com/research/modex/index.shtml	software		ModelExplainer
Stede99-book, Stede98-cl, Stede96-enlgw, Stede96-phd	Stede	1996	1996	English, German	MOOSE	multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization	multilingual paraphrases from a KL-ONE-representation; domain: technical manuals, emphasis on lexicalization	2000-06-20			manuals	Penman, KPML	MOOSE
Androutsopoulos-etal01, Dimitromanolaki-etal01, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg, Isard-etal2003	Androutsopoulos, Kokkinaki, Dimitromanolaki, Calder, Oberlander, Not , O'Donnell	2001	2003	English, Greek, Italian, Spanish	M-PIRO	Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments.	Development of technology for allowing museums to generate automatically textual or spoken descriptions of exhibits for collections across the Web or in virtual reality environments. M-PIRO stands for "multilingual personalised information objects".	2002-09-15	SFG	http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/mpiro/	museums		M-PIRO
Spyns-etal97	Spyns, Deprez, Van Tichelen, Van Coile	1995	1998	English	MTS	A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems	A message-to-speech system for traffic message control systems	2001-11-10			spoken dialogue		MTS
Zeng95-pacling, Matthiessen-etal95, Zeng93, Zeng96-phd	Zeng	1993	1995	English, Chinese	MulTex	multilingual generation of news reports	multilingual generation of news reports	2000-06-03	SFG		news		MulTex
Coch98-multimeteo, Coch98-inlg, Coch-etal99, Coch99-gat	Coch, Chevreau	1998	1999	English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch	Multimeteo	in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts	in-use (interactive and automatic) generation of weather forecasts. URL of the operational site is <A href = http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html>http://www.inm.es/wwi/MultiMeteo/Multimeteo.html</A>.	2000-06-03		http://cordis.europa.eu/data/MSS_PROJ_FP4_FR/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq25780200595ndDOCeq6ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm	weather		Multimeteo
McDonald80, Meteer-etal87	McDonald, Meteer	1975	1990	English	MUMBLE	surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)	surface generator (MUMBLE-86 being portable)	2000-01-01			independent		MUMBLE
Novak:1986, Novak:1988-book, Novak:1987, NeumannNovak86	Novak	1985	1987	German	NAOS	generation of coherent scene descriptions	generation of coherent scene descriptions	2000-01-01			scene description		NAOS
Becker-etal92	Strobel	1992	1992	German	NAUDA	sentence generation in the context of database interfaces	sentence generation in the context of database interfaces	2000-06-03		http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/nauda.html			NAUDA
KnightHatzivassiloglou95, LangkildeKnight98	Knight, Hatzivassiloglou, Langkilde	1995	1995	English	Nitrogen	Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model	Statistical generation from interlinguas using a lattice intermediate representation and bigram statistical model	2000-06-03		http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/projects/nlg-publications.html			Nitrogen
FroelichRiet97, Froelich98	Frölich	1995	1998	English	NLG(db)	Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language	Generation of NL descriptions from information maintained in a conceptual database modelling language	2000-06-20	SFG			KPML	NLG-DB
RubinoffFainLehman94	Rubinoff, Lehman	1994	1994	English	NL-Soar	generation within the general AI system SOAR	generation within the general AI system SOAR	2000-06-03					NL-Soar
Jablonski88	Jablonski et al.	1988	1990	German	NUGGET	text generation from a linguistic basis	text generation from a linguistic basis	2000-01-01					NUGGET
Aguado-etal98, GalindoAguado01	Aguado, Gómez-Pérez, Bateman	1997	1999	Spanish	Ontogeneration	generation of database and ontology definition descriptions	generation of database and ontology definition descriptions	2000-06-03	SFG		ontology	KPML	Ontogeneration
deRosis-etal99	de Rosis, Grasso, Berry	1991	1999	English	OPADE	a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts	a 'watch-dog' decision support system for medical care containing a generation component for instructional texts	2000-06-03			medical		OPADE
Cohen78, Cohen81	Cohen	1978	1981	English	OSCAR	speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)	speech act planning and planning of the message (no linguistic output)	2000-01-01					OSCAR
vanZanten-etal98, Nederhof-etal97	van Noord, Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sima'an, Bonnema	1996	2000	Dutch	OVIS	A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)	A dialogue system for providing information about public transportation (OVIS: Openbar Vervoer Informatie System)	2001-11-02			spoken dialogue		OVIS
Swartout77	Swartout	1977	1977	English	OWL	Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English	Generates explanations of how program produced advice by translating code to English	2000-06-03			online help		OWL
Fiedler01-ijcai, Fiedler01-ijcar, Fiedler01-phd, Fiedler99	Fiedler	2000	ongoing	English	P.rex	an interactive, user-adaptive proof explanation system	P.rex is an interactive proof explanation system that adapts its explanations to the user and flexibly reacts to his questions or requests.<P><H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex/figures/architecture.jpg> <P>As a generic system, P.rex can be connected to different theorem provers, namely by means of the formal language TWEGA for specifying proofs and mathematical theories. Mathematical theories are organized in a hierarchical knowledge base. Each theory in it may contain, for example, axioms, definitions, and theorems along with proofs. A proof of a theorem can be represented hierarchically in TWEGA such that the various levels of abstraction are made explicit. <P>The central component of the system is the dialog planner. It is implemented in ACT-R, a goal-directed production system that aims to model human cognition. In ACT-R, declarative and procedural representations of knowledge are explicitly separated into the declarative memory and the procedural production rule base. The plan operators of the dialog planner are defined in terms of productions and the discourse plan is represented in the declarative memory. <P>The dialog plan is passed on through the sentence planner to the surface realizer. Currently, we use a derivate of PROVERB's sentence planner to plan the internal structure of the sentences, which are then realized by the surface realizer TAG-GEN. <P> The uttered sentences are finally displayed on the user interface. It also allows the user to enter remarks, requests and questions anytime. An analyzer receives the user's interactions and passes them on to the dialog planner. In the current stage, we use a simplistic analyzer that understands a small set of predefined interactions.	2002-04-28		http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~prex	proofs	PROVERB, TAG-GEN	P.rex
Finney-etal:1987	de Finney et al.	1987	1987	French	PARDA	generation of arguments	System for the generation of arguments.	2000-01-01			arguments		PARDA
Ebert-etal96, Porzel-etal2002	Ebert, Jansche, Klabunde, Porzel	1996	1996	German	PAROLE	generates addressee-oriented spatial descriptions	(partner-oriented linguistic explicating): The system generates spatial descriptions. It is an example for cognitive modeling, because the choice which point of view the system should take to determine spatial directions is based on several empirical studies on addressee-orientation in speaking. Furthermore, the system generates certain hypotheses on viewpoint-taking if some features of the addressee (like his/her position within the spatial environment, his cognitive competence etc.) are known.	2000-06-20			spatial descriptions		PAROLE
Colby75	Colby	1975	1975	English	Parry	simulation of paranoid processes	simulation of paranoid processes	2000-06-20			psychiatry		Parry
Sheremetyeva-etal96, SheremetyevaNirenburg96	Sheremetyeva, Nirenburg	1995	1998	English	Patent Claim Expert	generates patent claims	generates patent claims concerning devices on the basis of knowledge elicitation where the user selects objects and relations from an ontology	2000-06-03			patents		Patent Claim Expert
Granville83	Granville	1983	1983	English	PAUL	generation of coherent texts	generation of coherent texts	2000-01-01					PAUL
Hovy88-book, Hovy87-JPrag	Hovy	1986	1988	English	PAULINE	pragmatically motivated text planning	pragmatically motivated text planning	2000-01-01					PAULINE
Moore89-thesis, MooreSwartout90-catalina	Moore	1989	1994	English	PEA	generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language	generates a system's dialogue contributions teaching a student about a programming language	2000-06-03	SFG		tutoring	Penman	PEA
Milosavljevic99-phd, MilosavljevicDale96, Dale-etal98, MilosavljevicOberlander98, Milosavljevic97, Milosavljevic-etal96	Milosavljevic, Dale	1996	1996	English	Peba-II	produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links	Peba-II is an on-line animal encyclopedia which produces descriptions and comparisons of animals as world wide web pages. The Peba system contains information about hundreds of animals, but it has more information about Australian Monotremes (the Echidna and Platypus) and Marsupials (such as the Kangaroo, Koala and Wombat). There is also a lot of information on the cat family (Lion, Cheetah, Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard etc), and lots of other mammals like the Alligator, Porcupines (American and African), Elephants (African and Indian), Rabbit, Baboon, Gorilla, Plains Zebra, Goat, Sheep, and so on.<P>The system produces descriptions and comparisons of animals by using underlying representation of information, similar to a database. The web pages you are given do not exist on the server, but are dynamically created as and when you ask for information. Because the descriptions are created by a system, the system can adapt the descriptions to your particular knowledge or experience. The system thus produces web pages that describe or compare animals, with embedded hypertext links.	2001-08-04		http://www.dynamicmultimedia.com.au/peba/	animal comparisons		Peba-II
Bullock94-msc	Bullock	1994	1994	English	Pen&Pad Reporter	Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system	Describes a NLG scheme for use with the Pen&Pad patient care workstation system, devised by the Medical Informatics Group at the University of Manchester. The system produces texts describing the contents of the medical records.	2000-06-20			medical		Pen&Pad Reporter
MatthiessenBateman91, MannMatthiessen85-benson, Hovy-etal92-nlgw, Hovy93-AI, Matthiessen90-coling, MannMatthiessen83, Kasper89-spl, Matthiessen88-inquiries	Mann, Matthiessen, Hovy, Kasper, Bateman, Whitney, Albano, Poulton, O'Donnell	1981	1992	English	PENMAN	Portable systemic generator for domain-independent large-scale text generation	Penman was the major text generation project established by William C. Mann in the early 1980s. Within this project were developed resources such as the very large Nigel grammar of English and several approaches to text planning that came to define some of the standard approaches in the field.	2000-01-01	SFG				PENMAN
Finkler97-phdbook	Finkler	1997	1997	German	PERFECTION	Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language	Performing Self-Corrections During Incremental Generation of Natural Language	2000-06-20					PERFECTION
Jacobs85	Jacobs	1985	1985	English	PHRED	multilingual generator	multilingual generator	2000-01-01					PHRED
Beale96	Beale	1996	1996	English	Picard	sentence generation	sentence generation	2000-06-03					Picard
Binsted-etal95, Cawsey-etal96-ecai, Cawsey-etal95-dagstuhl	Cawsey, Binsted, Bental, Jones, Carter, Grasso	1993	1998	English	PIGLIT	personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records	PIGLIT (personalized patient education): a system for generating personalized hypertext explanations of on-line patient medical records so as to help patients understand them	2000-06-03		http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/pigtext.html	medical		PIGLIT
KreyssNovak90	Kreyss, Novak	1990	1990	German	PIT	text planning	text planning	2000-01-01					PIT
McKeown-etal94-plandoc	McKeown, Kukich, Shaw	1994	1994	English	PLANDOC	summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network	summary generation reporting changes in a telephone network	2000-01-01	FUF		telecom	FUF	PLANDOC
Waltz, Waltz76-PLANES	Waltz, Finin, Green, Conrad, Goodman, Hadden	1975	1978	English	PLANES	database access and retrieval	database access and retrieval	2000-06-20					PLANES
	Neumann, van Noord	1994	1994	German, Dutch	PlayMoBild	bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences	bidirectional linguistic deduction, parsing and generation of single sentences	2000-06-03		http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/parsers/playmobild.html			PlayMoBild
Beurer91, Zadrozny93	Beurer	1990	1993	English	PLNLP	general NLP including generation	general NLP including generation	2000-06-03			independent		PLNLP
Emele-etal90-coling	Momma, Zajac, Emele	1990	1992	English, German	Polygloss	typed-unification-based generation	Typed-unification-based generation system	2000-06-03	TFS		independent		Polygloss
FinklerNeumann89, Finkler89	Finkler, Neumann	1989	1989	German	POPEL-HOW	incremental sentence generation	incremental sentence generation	2000-01-01					POPEL-HOW
Reithinger91, Reithinger87-gwai	Reithinger	1987	1991	German	POPEL-WHAT	incremental sentence generation	incremental sentence generation	2000-01-01					POPEL-WHAT
FascianoLapalme2000, FascianoLapalme96	Fasciano, Lapalme	1996	1996	French	PostGraphe	combined text and graphics generation	combined text and graphics generation	2000-06-03					PostGraphe
Dale-etal98-realities, Milosavljevic-etal98-highway	Green, Dale, Williams	1998	1998	English	Power	another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects	Another virtual museum system dynamically generating descriptions of museum objects. Original prototype based on Peba-II. Final system closely resembling ILEX in output although more like Peba in architecture.	2000-06-03	template	http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/~peba/Power/system.html	museums	Peba-II	Power
Andre-etal98-iui, Andre-etal93-ppp	André, Müller, Rist	1993	1996	English, German	PPP	creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics	creates an animated character which explains to a user how to perform various tasks, using a mixture of text, speech and graphics	2000-06-03	TAG		instructions		PPP
Gulla96, Gulla93, GullaWillumsen93, Gulla-etal91	Gulla	1991	1994	English	PPP	An explanation generation facility for knowledge validation in computer-aided software engineering	A system that uses rhetorical strategies for the generation of explanation of dynamic and other information within a CASE (computer-assisted software engineering) system, all collectively called PPP.	2001-09-18	FG		CASE models		PPP-case
Jameson-etal94	Jameson	1994	1994	German	PRACMA	dialogue system with user modelling	dialogue system with user modelling	2000-06-20					PRACMA
Andre95-book	André	1995	1995	German	PREPLAN	plan-based multimedia generation	plan-based multimedia generation	2000-01-01	TAG				PREPLAN
Lavoie98	Lavoie, Rambow	1998	1998	English	Presentor	A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations	A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations	2000-06-03					Presentor
GagnonLapalme96	Gagnon, Lapalme	1995	1995	French	PRETEXTE	generation of temporal expressions	generation of temporal expressions	2000-01-01	SFG				PRETEXTE
Dik96, Dik92	Dik	1990	1996	English, French, Dutch	ProfGlot	sentence generation with Functional Grammar	sentence generation with Functional Grammar	2000-06-03	FG				ProfGlot
WhiteCaldwell98	Caldwell	1997	1999	English	Project Reporter	generates dynamic web-based project status reports	generates dynamic web-based project status reports from files created with Microsoft Project or other compatible project management software. Reports feature hyperlinked textual descriptions of project elements, as well as coordinated multimodal display with an interactive GANNT chart applet. Commercially available over the web since 3/99.	2000-06-03		http://www.cogentex.com/products/reporter/	Commercial		Project Reporter
Adorni87	Adorni	1987	1987	English	Promethius	sentence generation	sentence generation	2000-06-03					Promethius
MillerRennels88	Miller, Rennels	1988	1988	English	PROSENET			2000-01-01					PROSENET
Nicolov-etal96, NicolovMellish99-englw, Nicolov-etal97-ranlp	Nicolov et al.	1995	1999	English	PROTECTOR	flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs	flexible generation of sentences from conceptual graphs	2000-01-01	DTG				PROTECTOR
Davey78	Davey	1978	1978	English	PROTEUS	generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE	generation of comments when playing TIC-TAC-TOE	2000-01-01	SFG		game commentary		PROTEUS
HuangFiedler97, HuangFiedler96	Fiedler, Huang	1996	2000	English	PROVERB	natural language presention of machine-found proofs	PROVERB is a system presenting machine-found proofs in natural language. It is embedded in the interactive proof development environment OMEGA. Settled between automated theorem proving (ATP) and natural language generation (NLG), PROVERB uses techniques of both these fields. In order to present proofs in a way as they can be found in mathematical textbooks, PROVERB first transforms and abstracts resolution proofs or natural deduction proofs to so-called assertion level proofs, which abstract from the basic calculus inference rules. Here, most justifications are in terms of the application of a definition, a lemma, or a theorem, which are collectively called assertions. Assertion level proofs are then verbalized in English using NLG techniques. First, a macroplanner determines the order and content of the information to be conveyed. Then, a microplanner plans the internal structure of the paragraphs and sentences. Finally, the surface sentences are produced by the system TAG-GEN. Furthermore, PROVERB allows for the automatic creation of a LaTeX document from the English proof.	2002-04-28		http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~afiedler/	formal proofs	TAG-GEN	PROVERB
Lehnert78-book	Lehnert	1977	1978	English	QUALM	goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)	goal sensitive elaboration of a response (the depth depending on the nature of the question)	2000-01-01					QUALM
Cahill-etal00-rags, Cahill-etal01, RAGS-intro-01, Cahill-etal99, rags99	Mellish, Scott, Evans, Doran, Tipper, Cahill, Paiva, Reape	1997	1999	independent	RAGS	aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems	aims to develop a generic architecture for applied NLG systems	2001-11-03		http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/rags/			RAGS
Kittredge-etal86-coling	Kittredge et al.	1986	1986	French, English	RAREAS	generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)	generation of weather forecast reports (a precursor to FoG)	2000-01-01	MTM		weather		RAREAS
LavoieRambow97-realpro	Lavoie, Rambow	1997	1997	English	RealPro	a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory	a syntactic realisation system based on meaning-text theory	2000-06-03	MTM		independent		RealPro
Codd, Codd77	Codd	1976	1977	English	RENDEZVOUS	database query formulation system	database query formulation system	2000-06-20			DB		RENDEZVOUS
Cahill-etal01	Cahill, Evans, Paiva, Scott, Power, Carroll, van Deemter	1999	2000	English	RICHES	Instructional texts for patients	Generates instructional texts for using different medicine delivery methods from rhetorical plans	2001-09-18			instructions		RICHES
Claassen97	Claassen	1996	1997	Dutch	ROIS	Medical domain generation	medical domain generation	2001-09-18	segment grammar		medical		ROIS
McCoy86	McCoy	1985	1986	English	ROMPER	correction and anticipation of wrong inferences	correction and anticipation of wrong inferences	2000-01-01					ROMPER
Harvey98	Harvey, Carberry	1998	1998	English	RTPI	integration and aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques	RTPI (Rule-based Text Plan Integrator): integration, aggregation of RST-style trees for generating medical critiques	2000-06-03		http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9805010	medical		RTPI
RothHefley93	Roth, Hefley	1993	1995	English	SAGE	multimodal explanations	multimodal explanations	2000-06-03			explanation	FUF	SAGE
Sibun91, Sibun91-phd	Sibun	1991	1991	English	Salix	generates extended texts in domains including house layouts and family relations.	Salix incrementally generates extended texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter, in several domains including house layouts and family relations. The code still works.	2000-06-03			house layouts		Salix
SCHOLAR	Carbonell et al.	1973	1973	English	SCHOLAR	natural language interface for teaching geography	natural language interface for teaching geography	2000-01-01			teaching geography		SCHOLAR
Verret-etal99	Vigneux, Marcoux, Verret	1991	2000	French, English	Scribe	Weather forecast report generator (template-based).	Weather forecast report generator (template-based). The system is deployed across Canada, but its acceptance and use is regionally dependent (same could be said for FoG).	2000-06-20		http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/cmc/bibliotheque/PREVISIONS/f_9_2.htm	weather		Scribe
AlexanderssonPoller98-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000-inlg, AlexanderssonPoller2000, Reithinger-etal2000	Alexandersson, Engel, Kipp, Poller, Reithinger	1997	2000	English, German	Script generator of Verbmobil	Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues	Generation of summaries and minutes for spoken multilingual negotiation dialogues	2000-09-18		http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de/~janal	summary		Script generator of Verbmobil
Roesner88	Rösner	1986	1987	German	SEMSYN	summaries about the labor market	summaries about the labor market	2000-01-01			labor market		SEMSYN
Roesner87	Rösner	1987	1987	German	SemTex	Automated newsagency	Automated newsagency	2000-06-03			news	SEMSYN	SemTex
Busemann95-sereal	Busemann	1995	1995	German	SeReal			2000-06-20					SeReal
Winograd72	Winograd	1972	1972	English	SHRDLU	description of a microworld (cubes, blocks)	The pioneer system capable of answering questions and moving objects within a microworld consisting of variously coloured cubes, blocks, pyramids, and so on. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in an interactive English dialog. The system contains a parser, a recognition grammar of English, programs for semantic analysis, and a general problem solving system. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carrying them out. From the generation perspective the interest of the system lies in its dialog capabilities, particularly, for example, the ability to initiate clarification dialogs when references were not clear. Knowledge in the system is represented in the form of procedures, rather than tables of rules or lists of patterns. The system showed natural language, planning and actions working together for the first time in a complete system and would still give some current systems a run for their money! <P>A 'recreation' of SHRDLU has now been prepared by the <A HREF=http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/shrdlu.html>Semaphore corporation</A>.	2002-11-23		http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/shrdlu/	spatial relationships		SHRDLU
Dilley-etal92	Dilley, Thiel, Tissen, Bateman	1992	1992	English	SIC!	integrated multimodal interaction to information systems	integrated multimodal interaction to information systems	2000-06-03	SFG			Penman	SIC!
Driedger-etal2000	Driedger	1999	1999	English, French	Siren	Marine weather forecast report generator	Marine weather forecast report generator	2000-06-20			weather		Siren
Patten88-book, Patten86	Patten	1984	1986	English	SLANG	use of systemic grammars for NLG	use of systemic grammars for NLG	2000-01-01	SFG				SLANG
Wahlster2006, Wahlster01, Wahlster2003-fusion	Wahlster et al.	2000	2006	German	SmartKom	A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology.	A project to develop a multimodal, multimedia, self-explanatory, user-adaptive interface for the dialogic interaction of humans and technology. This should include substantial presentation design components, involving natural language as one of several output modalities. <H2>Architecture</H2> <P><IMG SRC=http://smartkom.dfki.de/image/archi_eng.gif>	2008-01-10		http://smartkom.dfki.de/eng/start_en.html			SmartKom
Herzog:1989, Andre-etal88-soccer	Herzog, André, Rist, Bosch	1987	1989	German	SOCCER	generation of soccer reports	generation of soccer reports	2000-01-01			soccer		SOCCER
Hitzeman-etal99	Hitzeman, Oberlander, Taylor	1997	1999	English	SOLE	the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.	the project aims to develop and evaluate a rhetorically-oriented interface between a natural language generation system and a speech synthesis system.	2000-06-03		http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sole.html			SOLE
Teich-etal97-specom, Grote-etal96, Grote-etal97-speak, HagenStein96, Speak-description98, Stein98-speakeval	Bateman, Stein, Hagen, Teich, Grote, Thiel	1995	1996	German	SPEAK!	spoken language generation for supporting database access	spoken language generation for supporting database access	2000-06-03	SFG		metadialog	KPML	SPEAK!
Kosseim-etal96, KosseimLapalme2000	Kosseim, Lapalme	1995	1995	French	SPIN	planning of instructional texts	planning of instructional texts	2000-01-01			instructions		SPIN
Pollack:1986	Pollack	1986	1986	English	SPIRIT	determination of the adequacy of information	determination of the adequacy of information	2000-01-01					SPIRIT
Meteer92-anlp, Meteer90-catalina	Meteer	1990	1992	English	SPOKESMAN	producing texts by revising	producing texts by revising	2000-01-01	TAG			MUMBLE	SPOKESMAN
StoneDoran97, StoneDoran96, Stone-etal2000	Stone, Doran	1997	ongoing	English	SPUD	sentence planning using descriptions	sentence planning using descriptions	2000-06-03	TAG	http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mdstone/nlg.html			SPUD
ReiterDale2000	Dale et al.	1999	1999	English	StockReporter	produces descriptions of stock market data	produces descriptions of stock market data: StockReporter takes numeric data that describes the performance of a particular stock produces from this data, given an user-specified Reporting Period, a textual summary that describes how the stock performed over that reporting period.	2000-06-03		http://www.mri.mq.edu.au/stockreporter/	stock market		StockReporter
Reiter-etal03-ai, Lennox:bmj01, Reiter-etal97-content, Reiter-etal99, Reiter:cl00, Reiter:nlg00, Reiter:acl01, Reiter-etal97-ewnlg, ReiterOsman97	Reiter, Robertson, Osman, Lennox	1997	2001	English	STOP	Generates personalized smoking-cessation letters	The STOP (Smoking Termination with cOmputerised Personalisation) system generates personalized smoking-cessation letters. The aims of the project are: <UL><LI>To develop a computer system for generating tailored letters to help people stop smoking<LI> To research knowledge acquisition (KA) techniques to acquire text-planning and sentence-planning rules from domain experts <LI>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the computer generated letters in a general practice setting<LI>To evaluate the cost effectiveness of this brief smoking cessation intervention</UL>The system evaluation has now been completed.<P>An online demo of the system can be reached <A href=http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop/onlineQ.htm>here.</A>	2001-09-05		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/stop	medical, smoking cessation		STOP
CallawayLester95, CallawayLester97, Callaway01, Callaway00-phd, CallawayLester01-ijcai, CallawayLester01-cogsci	Callaway, Lester	1994	2001	English, Spanish	StoryBook	Multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain	StoryBook produces multi-page narratives in the Little Red Riding Hood domain at the deep structure level using the FUF/SURGE surface realizer. It follows a standard pipelined architecture for generating English and (to a lesser extent) Spanish. The English component includes revision, a discourse history, and limited lexical choice. StoryBook underwent a comprehensive evaluation in March 2000.	2001-09-26	FUF	http://ecate.itc.it:1024/callaway/	little red-riding hood	FUF, SURGE	StoryBook
Robin96, Robin94-phd, Robin93	Robin, McKeown	1993	1996	English	STREAK	revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games	revision-based generation of summaries of baseball games	2000-01-01	FUF		baseball	FUF	STREAK
SaggionLapalme2000	Lapalme, Saggion	1999	2000	English	Summum	Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English	Generates indicative and informative abstracts in English	2000-06-20			abstracting		Summum
Sripada-etal01-ka, Sripada-etal01-weather, Yu-etal2002-gas, Yu-etal01-sumtime, ReiterSripada2002-inlg, Sripada-etal2002-corpus, ReiterSripada-fc-cl, Sripada-etal2002-weather, Sripada:enlg01, ReiterSripada-2004-inlg, Reiter2007-data-to-text	Reiter, Sripada, Yu, Hunter	2001	ongoing	English	SumTime	English summary descriptions of time-series data sets	Our goal is to develop technology for producing English summary descriptions of a time-series data set. Currently there are many visualisation tools for time-series data, but techniques for producing textual descriptions of time-series data are much less developed. ... <P>From a natural-language generation perspective, we expect to focus on lexicalisation and user-modelling. For example, we need to write rules which determine when a particular data set can be described as "rising"; prototype or exemplar models of word meaning may be useful here. We also need to define user models which allow us to decide what information should be communicated in a space-limited text, given the huge number of things that could be said about a particular data set. This should be a very exciting project for anyone interested in the challenge of generating good English texts from non-linguistic input data.<P>To take a concrete example, consider the following extract from a (real-life) weather report: <blockquote>Saturday will be yet another generally dull day with early morning mist or fog and mainly cloudy skies being prevalent. There will be the odd bright spell here and there, but it will feel rather damp with patches of mainly light rain to be found across many parts, especially the west and south.</blockquote> This was produced by a human forecaster from an underlying data set (generated by numerical modelling and prediction techniques) which gave predictions for meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover at various altitudes, at regular intervals for various points in the area of interest. The underlined phrases are some of the places where the human forecaster has used short textual summaries to describe this complex data. Our goal is to be able to perform similar types of summarisation in a computer system. That is, for example, to take raw data on cloud cover and solar flux over course of a day, and from this produce a phrase such as odd bright spell here and there. This involves research in both time-series analysis (to detect patterns and phenomena in the data) and natural-language generation (to decide how to best describe these patterns and phenomena in language).	2002-10-12		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/sumtime	weather, gas turbines		SumTime
YoudMcGlashan92	McGlashan	1990	1992	English	SUNDIAL	spoken language dialogue system	spoken language dialogue system	2000-06-20			spoken dialogue		SUNDIAL
Kraus02, Hueske-Kraus2003	Kraus	2002	ongoing	German	SUREGEN-2	Medical document generation	A system for the generation of medical documents such as findings, surgical reports or referral letters. SUREGEN-2 uses a hybrid approach, combining canned text phrases (with variables) and bottom up generation. It includes<UL><LI>a (simple, though sufficient) surface generator<LI> a predefined, rudimentary but open ontology for medicine<LI> mechanisms for conceptual and sentence aggregation<LI> a mechanism for referring expressions<LI> a feature for the quite frequent (in medicine) enumerative phrases<LI> a module for generation based on semantic functions (recurring semantic constellations)<LI>a simple mechanism for dealing with synonymity, antonymity and cohyponyms, mainly used for aggregation</UL><P>A standalone demo version of the system is available for download <A HREF=http://www.suregen.de/ftp/standalone1.zip>here</A>. The demo requires some facility with Common Lisp. The system will be used within a larger application context and will be in 'part of a larger enterprise which will be in routine use in our hospital by DEC 2002' (Dirk Kraus, email, 4.Nov.02).	2008-04-18		http://www.suregen.de	medical		SUREGEN-2
ElhadadRobin96	Elhadad, Robin	1994	1998	English	SURGE	the English grammar used with FUF	the English grammar used with FUF	2000-06-03	FUF	http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm	independent	FUF	SURGE
Luckhardt83	Luckhardt	1983	1983	English, French, Dutch	Susy	MT system with some attention to generation	MT system with some attention to generation	2000-06-03					Susy
Busemann88, Busemann:1987	Busemann	1986	1988	German	SUTRA	surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system	surface generator of HAM-ANS dialog system	2000-01-01	GPSG		reservations		SUTRA
Zock89	Zock	1989	1991	French	SWIM	CALL system for learning to speak French	CALL system for learning to speak French	2000-01-01			teaching French		SWIM
Nogier91	Nogier	1991	1991	French	SYLAE	sentence generation from conceptual graphs	sentence generation from conceptual graphs	2000-01-01					SYLAE
Abb-etal93, Abb-etal96-synphonics, Guenter-etal95	Abb, Günther, Herweg, Lebeth, Maienborn, Schopp	1993	1996	German	Synphonics	Spoken dialogue contribution generation	Spoken dialogue contribution generation	2000-06-03			spoken dialogue		Synphonics
Harbusch-etal91	Finkler, Harbusch, Kilger	1990	1993	German, English	TAG-GEN	syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme	syntactic generator exploiting an incremental and parallel processing scheme; used in WIP and EFFENDI	2000-06-03	TAG	http://www.dfki.de/lt/registry/generation/tag-gen.html			TAG-GEN
Paris93, Cecile-user-CL88, CECILE-STRATEGIES	Paris	1985	1988	English	TAILOR	tailoring the text to the user's knowledge	tailoring the text to the user's knowledge	2000-01-01	FUG		user modelling		TAILOR
talespin, Meehan80	Meehan	1977	1977	English	TALE-SPIN	planning and generation of fables	planning and generation of fables	2000-01-01			stories		TALE-SPIN
RoesnerStede94-coling, RoesnerStede92-techdoc-pub	Rösner, Stede, Grote	1992	1992	German	TECHDOC	multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance	multilingual instructions for automobile maintenance	2000-01-01	SFG		instructions	Penman, SEMSYN	TECHDOC
Appelt82-acl	Appelt	1980	1982	English	TELEGRAM	planning for generation	planning for generation	2000-06-20					TELEGRAM
Klenner91	Klenner	1991	1991	German	TELOS	temporal connective generation	temporal connective generation	2001-09-20			temporal connectives		TELOS
Schilder93	Schilder	1993	1993	German	TEMPLOG	temporal connective generation	temporal connective generation	2000-06-03			temporal connectives		TEMPLOG
Bus-Hor:97	Busemann, Horacek	1997	1998	German, French, English, Portuguese	TEMSIS	provides environmental information	provides environmental information	2000-06-03	Template	http://www.dfki.de/service/nlg-demo	environment	TG/2	TEMSIS
Bunt87	Bunt	1987	1987	English	TENDUM	generating with pragmatic information	generating with pragmatic information	2000-06-20					TENDUM
MillerRennels88	Miller, Rennels	1988	1988	English	TEXNET	generation of clinical summaries	generation of clinical summaries	2001-09-17			medical		TEXNET
??	Maybury	??	??	English	TEXPLAN	??	??	2000-06-20					TEXPLAN
McKeown82-ACL	McKeown	1980	1985	English	TEXT	use of schemata for determining content & text structure	use of schemata for determining content and text structure	2000-01-01					TEXT
Buchin99	Buchin, Schmerl	1998	1999	German	TextPro			2001-01-01	Template				TextPro
Busemann96, Busemann98-bremen, Busemann99, Wein96	Busemann	1998	ongoing	independent	TG/2	shallow generation component using generalized templates	TG/2 stands for a new generation of template-based generators. The system is organized as a classical production system, separating the generation rules from their interpreter. Generation rules are defined as condition-action pairs. They can represent not only templates but also context-free grammar rules, using category symbols. Integrating these rule types into a single formalism allows for a shallow modelling of language where this proves sufficient, or for more fine-grained models whenever necessary. The interpreter consists of the standard three-step processing cycle: determine the set of applicable rules, select one from this set, and execute it. The TG/2 system is used in the generators TEMSIS and COSMA. <P><H3>Architecture</H3><IMG SRC=../images/tg2-e.gif><P>	2001-09-06	Template	http://www.dfki.de/~busemann/more-tg2.html	independent		TG/2
EdgarPelletier93	Edgar, Pelletier	1993	1993	English	THINKER	explanation of natural deduction proofs	explanation of natural deduction proofs	2000-06-20			formal proofs		THINKER
Mueller98	Mueller	1994	2000	English, French	ThoughtTreasure generator	Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined	Generates any ThoughtTreasure assertion for which appropriate lexical entries are defined. Under development since 1994, ThoughtTreasure is a comprehensive platform for natural language processing (English and French) and commonsense reasoning. ThoughtTreasure contains a database of 25, 000 concepts organized into a hierarchy. For example, <tt>Evian</tt> is a type of <tt>flat-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>drinking-water</tt>, which is a type of <tt>beverage</tt>, which is a type of <tt>food</tt>, and so on. <p> Each concept has one or more English and French approximate synonyms, for a total of 55, 000 words and phrases. For example, associated with the <tt>food</tt> concept are the English words <em>food</em> and <em>foodstuffs</em> and the French words <em>aliment</em> and <em>nourriture</em> (and others). <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 50, 000 assertions about concepts, such as: a <tt>green-pea</tt> is a <tt>seed-vegetable</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is <tt>green</tt>, a <tt>green-pea</tt> is part of a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt>, and a <tt>pod-of-peas</tt> is found in a typical grocery store. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains about 100 scripts, or computer-understandable descriptions of typical activities such as going to a restaurant or birthday party. <p> ThoughtTreasure contains 70, 000 lines of C code implementing: <ul> <li> text agents for recognizing words, phrases, names, and phone numbers, <li> mechanisms for learning new words, <li> a syntactic parser, <li> a natural language generator, <li> a semantic parser for producing a surface-level understanding of a sentence, <li> an anaphoric parser for resolving pronouns, <li> planning agents for achieving goals on behalf of simulated actors, and <li> understanding agents for producing a more detailed understanding of a discourse. </ul> <P>The ThoughtTreasure system was developed by Erik Mueller under the guide of the company Signiform. Signiform was founded in 1997; it shut down business in 2000.	2001-12-05		http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/tt.htm			ThoughtTreasure
Paris-etal01-um, Lu-etal2000-tiddler		1999	ongoing	English	Tiddler	Personalized travel guides	Tiddler is a prototype system for delivering tailored information to users. Tiddler combines structured information from databases with text from existing web pages to deliver information tailored both to the user and the delivery medium. <P> The information is tailored for delivery to a full-featured web browser or a hand held device like a personal organiser. As screen size decreases, there is a need to reformat information while preserving meaning and clarity. Tiddler is designed to automate this process. Tiddler technology is applicable in any situation where tailoring of information from diverse sources is required to deliver value-added services to customers	2001-08-31	Template	http://www.ted.cmis.csiro.au/proj/Tiddler/	tourism		Tiddler
Cawsey-etal2000	Cawsey, Bental, Jones	1999	1999	English	TIGGER	Time-based Explanation Generation includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.	TIGGER (Time-based Explanation Generation Gives Explanatory Relevance) is an extension over PIGLIT that includes an explicit psychological model of patients' information needs.	2000-06-20		http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~diana/piglit/nlgtalk.html	medical	PIGLIT	TIGGER
		2001	2002	English	TOPCAT	Produces descriptions of malt whiskies	Produces descriptions of malt whiskies using the same technology as the ILEX museum explorer	2002-10-13		http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ilex/demos/whisky/Web/	whisky	ILEX	TOPCAT
Webber-etal97	Webber, Carberry, Clarke, Gertner, Harvey, Rymon, Washington	1996	1999	English	TraumGen	Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems	Communication of information in clinical environments and for medical support systems	2001-11-02			medical		TraumGen
Somers-etal97-tree	Somers	1997	1997	English, Greek	TREE	multilingual generation of job advertisements	multilingual generation of job advertisements	2000-06-03			job adverts		TREE
DorrOlsen96, DorrGaasterland94	Dorr, Olsen, Gaasterland	1992	1996	English, Spanish	Unitran	MT system with some attention to generation	MT system with some attention to generation	2000-06-03	LCS				Unitran
???	Schütz, Becker	1996	ongoing?	EU	UNL	An international cooperation to provide information on the internet in the languages of the members of the United Nations	The UNL project is a large scale international cooperation with the goal to provide information on the internet in all national languages of the members of the United Nations. The United Nations University (UNU) in Tokyo which leads the project has developed a single representation language ``Universal Networking Language (UNL). Source language specific analysis components will automatically transfer texts into a UNL representation from which target language specific generation components can generate text in all languages. These generation components will be available as plug-ins for WWW-browsers. This approach reduces the enormous translation task to a one-time analysis into a UNL document and the subsequent utilization of a generator for the selected target language.	2000-06-03		http://www.dfki.de/services/NLG/IUI-generation/unl-e.html			UNL
MaierReithinger95, Reithinger-etal95, Maier-etal97-clarif, Alexandersson-etal97-vm197, Alexandersson-etal98-vm226	Maier, Reithinger	1995	1998	German	VERBMOBIL:dialog	dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system	dialogue management within the Verbmobil translation system	2000-06-20					Verbmobil-dialog
Buchberger-etal91-dialog	Buchberger	1991	1991	German	VIE-DU	dialogue generation	dialogue generation	2000-06-20					VIE-DU
BuchbergerHoracek88	Buchberger, Horacek	1984	1988	German	VIE-GEN	sentence generation from a semantic network	sentence generation from a semantic network	2000-01-01					VIE-GEN
Dalianis95-anldb	Dalianis	1995	1995	English	VINST	database retrieval result aggregation	database retrieval result aggregation	2000-06-03					VINST
HerzogWazinski94, Herzog:1989, Herzog-etal96, Herzog-etal98, Wahlster89-words, Herzog-etal93-vitra-conf, HerzogRist88	Herzog, Blocher, Gapp, Stopp, Wahlster, André, Rist, Nagel, Enkelmann, Zimmermann, Wazinski	1989	1999	German	VITRA	Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions	Generation of dynamically changing scene descriptions. VITRA: Visual Translator	2002-01-04	TAG				VITRA
??	Finkler	1993	1996	English	VM-GECO	VerbMobil Generation Components (I)	The generation task is solved by two modules. The microplanner decides about syntactic structures and word choice using constraint-satisfaction techniques. The syntactic generator uses a declarative grammar to produce a syntactically correct utterance. The generator's output is an (annotated) English utterance which is handed over to the speech synthesis component for articulation. The input to VM-GECO is a sequence of semantic representations for utterances in the target language. They have been produced by the transfer component of the VERBMOBIL system by mapping semantic representations for German or Japanese input utterances onto semantic structures for English.	2001-09-13	HPSG, TAG	http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/geco-sol-e			VM-GECO
??	Finkler	1997	2000	German, English, Japanese	VM-GECO-II	VerbMobil Generation Components (II)	The generation component VM-GECO-II is based on declarative knowledge sources, such that the processing mechanisms can be used for several target languages. Just as in VM-GECO-I, the principle of off-line preprocessing is used to guarantee the consistency of knowledge sources of several generation components as well as to increase efficiency during on-line processing. For each target language an HPSG is used as basis for syntactic generation and is preprocessed off-line into a TAG.	2001-09-13	HPSG, TAG	http://www.dfki.de/pas/f2w.cgi?iuic/vmII-e	appointments		VM-GECO-II
FinklerKilger95, Becker-etal98	Becker, Finkler, Karbusch, Kilger	1995	1995	German	VM-GEM	German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental	German surface generator for the Verbmobil project; incremental	2000-06-03	TAG				VM-GEM
ODonnell95-wag, ODonnell94	O'Donnell	1990	1994	English	WAG	a system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis	A system for developing and using systemic grammars for generation and analysis. The Sentence Generation component of this system generates single sentences from a semantic input. This semantic input could be supplied by a human user. Alternatively, the semantic input can be generated as the output of a multi-sentential text generation system, allowing such a system to use the WAG system as its realisation component. The sentence generator can thus be treated a black-box unit. Taking this approach, the designer of the multi-sentential generation system can focus on multi-sentential concerns without worrying about sentential issues.	2000-06-03	SFG	http://www.wagsoft.com/wag.html	independent		WAG
Sigurd-etal92-weathra	Sigurd, Willners, Eeg-Olofsson, Johansson	1992	1992	Swedish, English	Weathra	Weather forecast report generator	Weather forecast report generator	2000-06-20			weather		Weathra
Inui-etal92	Inui et al.	1992	1992	Japanese	WEIVER	revision-based architecture	revision-based architecture	2000-01-01					WEIVER
Andre-etal93	Wahlster et al.	1993	1993	German	WIP	multimodal generation, instructions for technical products	multimodal generation, instructions for technical products	2000-01-01	TAG		instructions		WIP
Horacek93, Horacek-etal88-wisber	Horacek, Sprenger	1988	1993	German	WISBER			2000-06-03					WISBER
Zuckerman90	Zukerman	1991	1991	English	WISHFUL	content planning for teaching algebra	content planning for teaching algebra	2000-01-01			teaching algebra		WISHFUL
ZuckermanMcConachy95	Zuckerman, McConachy	1995	1995	English	WISHFULL-II	explanation generation	explanation generation	2000-06-20			explanation		WISHFULL-II
PowerScott98, Power99-enlgw, Power99-eacl, Scott99-ijcai, Piwek-etal99, Kibble-etal99, Power-etal98, Scott-etal98, vanDeemterPower98	Power, Evans	1998	ongoing	English	WYSIWYM	What you see is what you meant': knowledge-editing with natural language generation	WYSIWYM aims to allow domain experts to encode their knowledge directly, by interacting with a feedback text, generated by the system, which presents the knowledge defined so far and the options for extending or revising it. Previous knowledge editors have provided a graphical interface so that users can interact with diagrams rather than writing code; WYSIWYM takes a step further, exploiting automatic text generation so that the user interacts with an ordinary natural language document rather than a relatively unfamiliar diagram.<P>The acronym means `What You See Is What You Meant'. The feedback text presented to the user (What You See) reveals the knowledge that has been encoded during the interaction so far (What You Meant). Documentation of knowledge bases becomes automatic, since the system is designed to produce a description in natural language of any knowledge base in any state of completion. The only limitation is that the knowledge base must conform to an ontology which from the user's point of view is fixed. If this ontology proves insufficient, it must be extended by a programmer; the user cannot add new concepts because the system would lack the linguistic resources to express them.	2000-09-18		http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/projects/WYSIWYM/wysiwym.html	knowledge editing		WYSIWYM
PiantaTovena99, Pianesi-etal99	Pianta, Tovena, Pianesi	1997	1999	Italian	XIG	generates sentences from an interlingua content representation in the application area of tourist information.	C-STAR II generator producing sentences from an interlingua content representation (Cstar Interchange Format): target of Cstar project is to build a speech-to-speech translation system able to deal with spontaneous speech in the application area of tourist information.	2000-06-03		http://ecate.itc.it:1024/projects/cstar/	tourist info		XIG
Swartout81	Swartout	1981	1981	English	XPLAIN			2000-06-03					XPLAIN
Reithinger87, Allgayer-etal89-xtra	Reithinger, Allgayer, Harbusch, Kobsa	1986	1990	German	XTRA	Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities	Natural-Language Access System to Expert Systems incorporating generation functionalities	2000-06-20					XTRA
Stenzhorn2002-nlpxml, Stenzhorn2002-diplom	Stenzhorn	2002	ongoing	independent	XtraGen	Template-based generation with XML and Java interfaces	XtraGen is a recently developed commercial software system for the flexible, real-time generation of natural language via sophisticated templates that can be easily integrated into real-world, industrial application environments through its open XML- and Java-based implementation and interfaces. A new library also allows to incorporate XtraGen in Java Server Pages directly with simple tags and no additional programming code. The actual generation kernel is founded in the fundamental ideas employed by TG/2 and other advanced template-based systems but incorporates a completely new and independent object-oriented design and implementation.	2003-09-11	template	http://www.dfki.de/~holger/xtragen.html		TG/2	XtraGen
Channarukul99, McRoy-etal2000, McRoy-etal99	McRoy, Channarukul, Ali	1999	2000	English	YAG	YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system	YAG is a real-time, general-purpose, template-based generation system	2000-06-20		http://tigger.cs.uwm.edu/~nlkrrg			YAG
Gabriel88	Gabriel	1988	1988	English	YH	simulation of conscious processes of writing	simulation of conscious processes of writing	2000-01-01			simulation		YH
VealeConway94	Veale, Conway	1994	1994	Sign	Zardoz	an English to Sign-Language Translation System	an English to Sign-Language Translation System	2000-06-20					Zardoz
Jung-etal89	Jung, Kresse, Reithinger, Schäfer	1989	1989	German	ZORA			2000-06-20					ZORA
BoyerLapalme85	Boyer, Lapalme	1985	1985	French		generation of paraphrases	generation of paraphrases	2000-01-01					BoyerLapalme
Carroll:1980-teaching	Carroll	1980	1980	English		CALL system for teaching English	CALL system for teaching English	2000-01-01			teaching English		Carroll
Cerbah92-coling, Cerbah92-ecai, Cerbah91, Cerbah92-avignon	Cerbah	1991	1992	French		Causal explanation generation	Causal explanation generation	2001-11-22					Cerbah
Danlos87, Danlos87-kempen	Danlos	1985	1988	French, English		use of discourse grammar	use of discourse grammar	2000-01-01					Danlos
deRoeckLowden86	de Roeck, Lowden	1985	1986	English		generation of paraphrases	generation of paraphrases	2000-06-03					deRoeck
Fournier91	Fournier	1991	1991	French		A meaning-text text generator	A meaning-text text generator	2001-11-22	MTM				Fournier
Fraczak-etal98-subway, Lizogat2000, Fraczak98-phd, Fraczak-etal98-taln, FraczakLapalme99	Fraczak, Lapalme	1996	1998	French		Generation of subway directions	Generation of subway directions	2002-02-04			directions		Fraczak, Lapalme
Friedman69	Friedman	1969	1969	English		testbed for transformational grammar	testbed for transformational grammar	2000-01-01					Friedman
GreenCarberry99-cl, GreenCarberry99, GreenCarberry95	Green, Carberry	1994	1994	English		built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures	The system generates indirect answers to Yes-No questions in English and was built to model the generation and interpretation of conversational implicatures	2000-06-20			conversational implicature, indirect answers, answers to Yes-No questions		Green, Carberry
HakkaniOflazer98, Hakkani-etal96	Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli	1995	1998	Turkish		Experimental generation	Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages	2002-09-29	FUF				Hakkani, Oflazer, Cicekli
???	Harper et al.	1969	1969	English		random paragraph generation	random paragraph generation	2000-01-01					Harper-etal
Herskovits73	Herskovitz	1973	1973	French		semantic-based generation	semantic-based generation	2002-02-04					Herskovitz
Hoffman94, Hoffman95	Hoffman	1994	1994	Turkish		Experimental generation	Experimental generation focusing on the word order problem of 'free-word order' languages	2002-09-29					Hoffman
Ishizaki1983, Ishizaki88	Ishizaki	1983	1988	Japanese		generation of reports about terrorrist crimes	generation of reports about terrorrist crimes	2000-01-01			news		Ishizaki
Kalita89, KalitaShastri87, KalitaShende88	Kalita, Shastri, Shende	1987	1989	English		natural language reports in an office environment	natural language reports in an office environment	2000-06-20			business reports		Kalita, Shastri, Shende
Klein65	Klein	1965	1965	English		story generator	story generator	2000-01-01			stories		Klein-stories
KleinSimmons63	Klein	1963	1963	English		coherent discourse generation	coherent discourse generation	2000-06-03					Klein-coherence
Klein65-style	Klein	1965	1965	English		Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts	Multiple paraphrases of the same input texts using the same set of dependency/Phrase-Structure rules with variant settings of rule probabilities for syntax and pronoun usage.	2000-06-03			paraphrase		Klein-para
Klein-etal79, Klein-etal73	Klein	1973	1973	English		program for generating murder mysteries on the basis of simulation data	The output texts were the output of a simulation program for generating murder mysteries in a relational calculus semantic notation. The logic included some 1st order logical quantification strategies. The output of each time frame of the simulation was sent to a generator that used semantic/syntactic production rules. The outputs described the events in the simulations as as they were taking place.	2000-06-03			murder mysteries		Klein-mysteries
Klein-etal74, Klein-etal77, Klein-etal76	Klein	1974	1977	English		An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale	An exact model of V. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, formulated in and generated by the Meta-symbolic Simulation system. Program listing included, with comments that references to page numbers in Propp's book. Also contains myth texts derived from a model of the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss', THE RAW AND THE COOKED. <P><B>Comments from the author</B><BR> The English version of the Propp model appeared first as the UWCS Technical Report in 1974. The 1974 Tech Report version is exactly the same as the one that appeared in the 1977 book. <P>For historical reasons, the 1974 tech report is significant-- in December 1974, I mailed a copy to Claude Lévi-Strauss, whom I had never met. This led to his obtaining a visiting post for me in Paris at L'Ecole des hautes études en Science Sociale in 1976-- to work on modelling the thought processes he used in producing Mythologiques.<P> A revised French version of the paper, with a revised Propp model and an revised model for generating the 'double twist' transformation in the "Three Part Inventions" chapter of Levi-Strauss' The Raw & the Cooked was published in 1976. Parts of this French version are in English: a. the full set of rules for the Propp model are listed, with explanatory comments in English. b. the texts of the generated Russian tales are in English.	2000-09-26			stories		Klein
Kreyss94-phd	Kreyss	1994	1994	German		content planning (PhD)	content planning (PhD)	2000-06-20					Kreyss
Kukich:1987	Kukich	1987	1987	English		connectionist-based sentence generation	connectionist-based sentence generation	2000-01-01					Kukich
MeleroFont-Llitjos2001	Melero, Font-Llitjos	2000	ongoing	Spanish		Part of Microsoft's NLP effort	Part of Microsoft's NLP effort	2001-06-01	PLNLP				Melero, Font-Llitjos
Mellish:1986, MellishEvans89	Mellish, Evans	1987	1987	English		text generation from plans	text generation from plans	2000-01-01					Mellish, Evans
Memmi79	Memmi	1979	1979	French		phrase generation (PhD)	phrase generation (PhD)	2000-06-20					Memmi
Meunier97-phd	Meunier	1997	1997	French		TAG-based generation (PhD)	TAG-based generation (PhD)	2000-06-20	TAG				Meunier
Moghrabi:1980	Moghrabi	1980	1980	French		generation of cooking recipes	generation of cooking recipes	2000-01-01			recipes		Moghrabi
Mooney93, Mooney-etal91	Mooney	1991	1993	English		macro structure of explanation texts	macro structure of explanation texts	2000-06-20			explanation		Mooney
Namer89, Namer90	Namer	1990	1990	French, Italian		generation of summaries of Verdi's operas	generation of summaries of Verdi's operas	2000-01-01			music		Namer
OhRudnicky2000	Oh, Rudnicky	2000	2000	English		English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems	English Corpus-based stochastic generation for spoken dialog systems	2000-06-20	stochastic	http://fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu/Communicator/papers/			Oh, Rudnicky
ACLShapiro, Shapiro82-ajcl	Shapiro	1975	1982	English		generation from semantic networks	generation from semantic networks	2000-06-03					Shapiro
SimmonsSLOCUM	Simmons, Slocum	1972	1972	English		sentence generation by using an ATN	sentence generation by using an ATN	2000-01-01					Simmons, Slocum
Simonin:1987	Simonin	1985	1987	French		optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries	optimization, i.e. restructuring of plans in order to describe the economic situation of different countries	2000-01-01			economics		Simonin
Karkaletsis-etal98, Spyropoulos-etal96	Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis	1995	1999	Greek		automatic generation of software messages	automatic generation of software messages	2000-06-03			online help		Spyropoulos, Karkaletsis
Tait85	Tait	1985	1985	English		An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation	An English Generator for a Case-Labelled Dependency Representation	2000-06-03					Tait
Wagner-etal99, Wagner-etal97-aime, Wagner-etal94, Wagner-etal95, Wagner-etal95-iccs, Rassinoux-etal98	Wagner, Solomon, Baud, Michel, Juge, Rector, Scherrer, Rassinoux	1994	1999	English, French		Medical domain generation	medical domain generation on the basis of the large-scale GALEN medical ontology, including both term and procedure generation	2001-09-18			medical		Wagner-med
Wanner97-phd	Wanner	1993	1997	German		lexical resources for generation (PhD)	lexical resources for generation (PhD)	2000-06-20					Wanner
Wilcock93-msc	Wilcock	1993	1993	English		generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user	A demonstration protoype of an interactive generation system, in which inquiries concerning factors needed in the generation of complex English modal and auxiliary verb groups are presented in Japanese to a Japanese user. The necessary factors are used as an SFG network of choices, and the inquiries are based on felicity conditions for the appropriateness of the choices. The prototype system can be used for iterative revision of the generated sentences. This suggests an approach to knowledge-based post-editing.	2000-06-20	SFG	http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/kit/2001s/ctl310gen/GW-MScThesis/thesis.html	interactive MT		Wilcock
Wong75	Wong	1975	1975	English		sentence generation from a semantic network	sentence generation from a semantic network	2000-01-01					Wong
Yang92, Yang98	Yang	1992	1998	Chinese		systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese	systemic-functional oriented tactical generation of Chinese	2000-06-20					Yang
Yngve61-random	Yngve	1961	1961	English		random generation with a generative grammar	random generation with a generative grammar	2000-01-01					Yngve
Murray2002-mind	Murray	2002	2002	English	Mind-1.1	Concept-based generation system comprising a miniature Mind	Tutorial AI in JavaScript for Microsoft Internet Explorer	2002-12-21		http://mind.sourceforge.net/jsaimind.html	software tutorial	Mind.Forth	Mind
Lareau2002	Lareau	2002	2002	French	Sentence Garden	A generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory	Sentence Garden is an experimental prototype generator of paraphrases based on Igor Mel'cuk's Meaning-Text Theory. The system is language-independent in theory, although only a fragment of description of a French lexicon and grammar has been developed for it so far. The lexicon it uses is the DiCo, a Meaning-Text dictionary that is developed at the U. of Montreal by Mel'cuk and Polguère.	2002-12-22	MTM	http://www.fas.umontreal.ca/ling/olst/lareau	paraphrase		SenGarden
Habash00-oxygen, Habash2001, Habash-etal-2001, HabashDorr2001	Habash	1999	2002	independent	OxyGen	A language independent Linearization Engine	A language independent Linearization Engine. OxyGen takes an input expression in the form of the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) developed for the <a href=Nitrogen.htm > Nitrogen </a> generator and works out a linear ordering for the specified lexical items. The output of the linearization process is a word lattice. A language (oxyL) is specified for writing linearization rules. The linearization process is hybrid, combining symbolic and statistical information. The system has been used in machine translation efforts such as <a href=http://hanne.umiacs.umd.edu:11111/chinmt/ >ChinMT</a> and others from Bonnie Dorr.	2002-12-22					Oxygen
Brun-etal2000-inlg, Dyetman-etal00-mda, BrunDymetman02-mda	Xerox: DCM (Document Content Models) at XRCE (Xerox Research Center Europe)	2002	ongoing	English, French, German	MDA	Multilingual Document Authoring system	MDA (Multilingual Document Authoring) is an interactive natural language generation system which uses a unification grammar formalism for the specification of well-formedness conditions both on the semantics and on the surface realization of documents. The MDA project provides interactive tools, such as context-aware menus, for assisting monolingual writers in the production of multilingual documents. The author's choices have language-independent meanings (example: choosing between a solution and an emulsion in a drug description document), which are automatically rendered in any of the languages known to the system, along with their grammatical consequences on the surrounding text. Although the author is not explicitly following standards, the text produced by the system is implicitly controlled both:<UL><LI> Syntactically: the choice of the standard term for expressing a given notion is under system control, as is the choice between grammatical variants (such as active/passive sentences) for expressing a given information;</LI><LI>Semantically: the consequences of a choice somewhere are reflected across the whole document, the author cannot forget to provide some information that the system requires, dependencies between semantic parameters such as gender and pregnancy can be described.</LI></UL>	2003-01-19		http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/dcm	patient information leaflets		MDA
	Ceusters	1994	1996	English, Dutch, French	Anthem	Generation of medical diagnoses	The aim of the ANTHEM (Advanced Natural Language Interface for Multilingual Text Generation) project was to have ready in September 1996 an API for medical systems able to generate out of medical diagnosis sublanguage statements in French or Dutch, language independent representations of the utterances that will generate translations of the original input in Dutch, French or German, and to perform automatic encoding following the ICD-10 classification rules. A second aim of ANTHEM was to use the same sublanguage approach for the analysis of standardised medical diagnosis expressions such as those used in international classification systems in order to facilitate cross-mapping to other systems and a smooth transition from older to new versions.<P> ANTHEM undertook testing of the final prototypes in a real world environment. Validation of the prototypes were carried out from a threefold perspective: linguistically (by testing the performance of the various subsystems with respect to automatic encoding and translation), technically (by assessing the flexibility with which the APIs can be integrated in existing healthcare applications) and operationally (by allowing end-users to comment on the overall user-friendliness and practical performance of the system).	2003-01-19	CAT-2	http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/detail.php?acronym=ANTHEM	healthcare, medical diagnoses		Anthem
Axelrod2000	Axelrod	2000	2000	English		IBM Flight Information System	IBM Flight Information System	2003-05-01			flight information		IBMflight
Roh-etal01	Roh, Kang, Lee	2001	2001	Korean	XEplainer	Generation from a database for homeshopping sites	Generation from a database for homeshopping sites	2003-05-01			homeshopping		XEplainer
Striegnitz2000, GardentThater01	Striegnitz, Gardent	2000	2001	English	InDiGen	Integrated generation from declarative grammar-semantics-goal specifications	The goal of this project is to develop an integrated approach to discourse and sentence planning which captures the interaction of discourse marker selection, ellipsis, and discourse structure. This project will focus on (a) empirical investigations and the formalization of the corresponding linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, and (b) the declarative modelling and implementation of those constraints by means of first order logic theorem proving and expressive concurrent constraint languages. <P> The system has an <B>online demo</B> at <A HREF=http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen/demo/>here</A>.	2003-05-04	LTAG	http://www.coli.uni-sb.de/cl/projects/indigen.html	general	SPUD	InDiGen
Ratnaparkhi01	Ratnaparkhi	2001	2001	English		Air travel reservation dialogue system	Explores a surface generation framework that allows a dynamic word re-ordering in the context of a conversational system. The system attempts to duplicate the use of "word re-ordering" in order to maximize their communicative effectiveness. The surface NLG module expresses new information differently from old information. The input to the system consists of attribute-value pairs, some mandatory, some optional. Generation is a carried out by a hybrid statistical and grammar-based process.	2003-06-01	hybrid		air travel		Ratnaparkhi
WilksBy2003	Wilks, By, Lee, Ballim	2000	ongoing	English	ViewGen	ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling being implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext as part of this overall project.	ViewGen (Viewpoint Generation) is an approach to dialogue understanding and belief modelling implemented in a suite of programs. It includes natural language generation for hypertext and builds on a particular philosophical position concerning discourse and belief. <p> <strong>Extract from website: </strong> NLG systems often represent user-related information into a separate knowledge source, i.e., a user model. Typically, a user model will track some of user's beliefs, goals, interests, differences between a user's and system's beliefs, and nested beliefs (i.e., an agent's beliefs about other agent's beliefs). In our view, what is needed is an independent, powerful agent modelling component which can be used to support both understanding and generation. The advantage of using such a component is that potentially it could be reused between application domains and also between generators. Therefore we are now attempting to integrate ViewGen into a hypertext generation system. From that perspective, an important advantage of ViewGen is its account for common knowledge (i.e., default ascription) and stereotypes, as this will allow the modelling of different classes of users and tasks and the use of the most relevant one(s). In addition, the topic environments will restrict the search for relevant information to be included in the generated text.	2003-09-07		http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/viewgen/	hypertext		ViewGen
DorrGaasterland02	Dorr, Gaasterland	2001	2002	English	CONGEN	ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect	ConGen (CONnective GENerator): translation of expressions involving tense and aspect. The system takes time-stamped dependency trees and derives appropriate temporal connectives. It is assumed to be embedded within a full generation system.	2003-10-29			MT		ConGen
schnell02-umset-konzep-sprac	Schnell	2001	2002	German	Demosthenes	Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation.	Generates spoken monologues on different vine grapes (Riesling, Pinot noir, ...) and their respective wines. Main focus is on prosody generation. The system is a concept-to-speech generation system containing stages adapted from Levelt's model of language production. Modules are present for all the major stages of language production and output containing fine-grained information about prosodic features is produced as final result. The system is implemented in Haskell and can produce output suitable for a variety of speech synthesis components.	2003-11-16			wine descriptions		ex-Demosthenes
Gamon-etal02, Corston-Oliver-etal02, Smets-etal02	Gamon, Ringger, Corston-Oliver, Moore	2001	ongoing	German, French, English	Amalgam	Amalgam is a sentence realization component based on data-driven, machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.	Amalgam is a novel system developed in the Natural Language Processing group at Microsoft Research for sentence realization during natural language generation. Sentence realization is the process of generating (“realizing”) a fluent sentence from a semantic representation. From the outset, the goal of the Amalgam project has been to build a sentence realization system in a data-driven fashion using machine learning techniques. Amalgam accepts as input a logical form graph capturing the meaning of a sentence. Amalgam transforms the logical form into a fully articulated tree structure from which an output sentence is read.To date, we have implemented Amalgam for both German and French, with English in the works.<H3>Example of Amalgam input</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-input.jpg><H3>Example of Amalgam structural output</H3><IMG SRC=../images/amalgam-output.jpg>	2003-11-16	machine learning	http://research.microsoft.com/nlp/Projects/AmalgamProject.aspx	technical manuals		Amalgam
Piwek03-mnlg	Piwek	2003	2003	English	MNLG	NMLG: Multimodal Natural Language Generation module	NECA MNLG is a fully implemented Multimodal Natural Language Generation module. The MNLG is deployed as part of the NECA system which generates dialogues be-tween animated agents. The generation module supports the seamless integration of full grammar rules, templates and canned text. The generator takes input which allows for the specification of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic constraints on the output. <P>The input is processed in a pipeline that consists of the following modules in this order: <UL> <LI>A DIALOGUE PLANNER, which produces an abstract description of the dialogue (the dialogue plan). <LI>A MULTI-MODAL NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERA-TOR which specifies linguistic and non-linguistic real-izations for the dialogue acts in the dialogue plan. <LI>A SPEECH SYNTHESIS MODULE, which adds infor-mation for Speech. <LI>A GESTURE ASSIGNMENT MODULE, which controls the temporal coordination of gestures and speech. <UL>	2003-11-17	mixed		animated interfaces		MNLG
Dale-etal2005-routes, Dale-etal2003-coral, Dale-etal2002-coral, Geldof2003-enlgw, GeldofDale-2002	Dale, Geldof, Prost	2001	2003	English	Coral	Automatic generation of navigational route descriptions	Route directions have been the subject of extensive research in various areas, including cognitive science, psychology, artificial intelligence and natural language generation. Our primary perspective is that of natural language generation. Thus our aim is to investigate in how far natural language generation technology can improve the efficiency of automatically generated route descriptions. The current technological context allows for information delivery in the physical context of usage via mobile devices. This is particularly relevant for instructional discourse, such as route descriptions.	2008-04-12		http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~coral/index.html	route descriptions		Coral
KranzdorfGrefahn92-itex	Kranzdorf, Grefahn	1992	1992	German	ITEX	A hybrid approach to text planning	A hybrid approach to text planning that investigates the flexible relationship between macrostructure and microstructure. Surface generation is done with an LFG-based generator.	2004-12-18	hybrid		medical	LFG-f	ITEX
DoerreMomma87-gwai, MommaDoerre87	Dörre, Momma	1987	1987	German		Generation from LFG f-structures	A method for generating sentences from LFG f-structures	2004-12-18	LFG		general		LFG-f
reitter04-mug, Reitter-etal2004-ui	Reitter	2003	ongoing	independent	MUG	Multimodal functional unification generation	When grammar-based techniques for natural language generation (and analysis alike) find their way into collaborative projects or actual application, big grammars tend to become hard to extend and debug. The MUG system represents a new tool set with a graphical debugging environment for functional unification grammars, which is designed to help grammar developers inspect the results of their work. The particular formalism supported is Multimodal Functional Unification Grammar, which is similar to Functional Unification Grammars, but supports several coordinated modes, such as voice prompts or structural and/or language-based screen displays. For each input description, the grammar can generate a range of coherent realization variants, which are ranked by a scoring function in order to optimize the output towards situational and device-related factors.	2004-12-18	FUG	http://www.reitter-it-media.de/compling/mug/index.html	general		MUG
Benamara-2004-inlg	Benamara	2004	2004	English, French	WEBCOOP	Logic-based model for question answering	A logic-based model for the accurate generation of intensional responses within a co-operative question-answering framework. Generation is template-based.	2004-12-19	template		transportation		WEBCOOP
Carroll-etal2000	Carroll, Nicolov, Smets, Shaumyan, Weir	2000	2003	English	LEXSYS	A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar	A wide-coverage lexicalized grammar	2004-12-19	TAG		general		LEXSYS
Stede2002-coling, ChiarcosStede-2004-inlg	Stede, Chiarcos	2003	ongoing	English, German	Polibox	Hypertext generator	Hypertext generator	2004-12-19					Polibox
Habash-2004-inlg	Habash	2004	2004	English	EXERGE	EXpansivE Rich Generation for English	EXpansivE Rich Generation for English using statistical methods and an N-gram language model	2004-12-19	n-grams				Exerge
MarciniakStrube-2004-inlg	Marciniak, Strube	2003	2004	English		Generator for route descriptions	Generation of route descriptions by apply automatic learning techniques to drive a TAG-based generation system. The training corpus is for route descriptions.	2004-12-19	TAG		route descriptions		Marciniak
PaivaEvans-2004-inlg	Paiva, Evans	2004	2004	English		Stylistic control for generation	System that derives stylistic control for generation from a corpus analysis of a range of language varieties that will be covered. The corpus analysis follows factorial analysis (Biber) and applies a correlation technique to ensure that generated texts are situated appropriately within the space of possibilities.	2004-12-19	LEXSYS, RICHES		medical		Paiva-style
PanShaw-2004-inlg	Pan, Shaw	2004	2004	English	SEGUE	Hybrid case-based surface generation	Hybrid case-based surface generation	2004-12-19			general		SEGUE
Foster-2004-inlg, White-2004-inlg	Foster, White, Moore	2004	2004	English	COMIC	COnversational Multimodal Interaction with Computers	Multimodal dialogue system that adds a spoken-language dialogue interface to a CAD-like application used in bathroom sales situations to help clients redesign their rooms. Input to the system includes speech, handwriting and pen gestures; the output combines synthesized speech, a 'talking head' avatar and control of teh underlying application.	2004-12-19	CCG	http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/	interior design		COMIC
Klarner-2004-inlg	Klarner	2004	2004	English	HYPERBUG	A hybrid NLG system for generating dialogue: 'Hybrid pragmatically embedded realization with bottom-up generation'	Mixes shallow and deep generation for dialogue generation. Currently used in three domains: home audio-visual management, model train control, and B2B e-procurement.	2004-12-19					HYPERBUG
Claassens2005-ola	Claassens	2004	2005	English	OLA	English Question/Answer (Q&A) system, template-based and not very sophisticated, but the open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases.	This English Question/Answer (QA) system is template-based and is not very sophisticated. However, this open source NLG system can be used in many practical and online cases. <P>Till now, this QA system can be used to answer questions that are related to rids. This domain has a very restricted lexicon. Therefore, it is an easy domain in which such a system can be applied to. <P>O.L.A. is developed in Linux environment in AWK programming code (see website). The gaps of the randomly chosen template sentences are filled with usage of external data. Furthermore, an example of an avatar will be generated (form: emoticon).	2005-03-03		http://pi0959.uvt.nl/s883247/acklin.html			OLA
Carenini2001-gea, CareniniMoore2000	Carenini	2000	2002	English	GEA	Generator of Evaluative Arguments (GEA): GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments.	GEA is a fully-implemented, complete and modular NLG system for generating user tailored evaluative arguments. GEA covers all aspects of generating evaluative arguments from selecting and organizing the content of the argument, to expressing the selected content into natural language. For content selection and organization, GEA applies an argumentation strategy based on guidelines from argumentation theory. For expressing the content into natural language, GEA relies on a set of techniques that extend and integrate previous work in computational linguistics on micro-planning and realizing evaluative arguments. Finally, a quantitative model of user preferences expressed as an additive multiattribute value function (AMVF) is the key knowledge source used by GEA in tailoring the content, organization and phrasing of the generated arguments to its users.	2005-05-21		http://www.cs.ubc.ca/%7Ecarenini/THESIS/gea.html	arguments		GEA
AbellaKender99	Abella, Kender	1999	1999	English		Spatial language generation	Generating sentences from images employing spatial relations	2005-09-15			scene descriptions		Abella
Boyd98	Boyd	1998	1998	English	TREND	Time-series description	Time-series description	2005-09-15			time-series		TREND
Karamanis-etal2004, Karamanis2003, Karamanis-etal-2004-inlg	Karamanis	2002	2004	English	SEEC	System for Evaluating Entity Coherence	A text structuring module for NLG that implements a search-oriented, corpus-based methodology for evaluating metrics of entity coherence based on different vers ions of Centering Theory.Various permutations of input expressions are evaluated with respect to the corpus-derived metrics.	2005-09-27			text structuring		SEEC
CziferszkyWinter2002	Cziferszky, Winter	2002	2002	German		Route description generation	Route description generation	2005-09-27			route descriptions		CziferszkyWinter
WilliamsReiter2005-enlg, WilliamsReiter2005-ijcai, WilliamsReiter2005-selrules, WilliamsReiter2004-errors, Reiter-etal2005-sgai	Williams, Reiter	2003	2005	English	SkillSum	Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy	Planning content, structure, discourse-level and lexical choices for people with poor literacy and numeracy	2006-03-09		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~swilliam/skillsum/	Personalised basic skills summary reports		SkillSum
Szilas2007	Szilas	2007	2007	English	IDtension	System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama	System implementing many aspects of narrative theory in order to support interactive drama. The narrative planning and realisation is intended to be medium-independent; early version of the system produces text descriptions by template generation.	2007-09-15	templates		narrative		IDtension
Levison-etal2001, LessardLevison95, LevisonLessard96, LevisonLessard92	Lessard, Levison	1986	ongoing	English, French	VINCI	VINCI is a natural language generation environment used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour.	<P>VINCI is a natural language generation environment under development for the past 20-odd years. It has been used since 1986 for language learning and testing, subject testing, and modelling of diverse linguistic phenomena ranging from word-formation, to narrative structure, to generation of verbal humour. Most research has been done in French or English, but the system was designed to be multilingual and some work has been done in other languages as well.<P>The system includes a variety of features, including:<UL><LI>a semantic metalanguage which is not language-specific</LI><LI>lexical preselection mechanisms which allow initial choice of lexical items in some natural language and inheritance of traits from these items in subsequent syntactic development</LI><LI>a system of attributes which provides the 'glue' between semantics, syntax, morphology and lexicon; attributes may be partially ordered, compounded, and deconstructed</LI><LI>a syntactic mechanism based on a context-free grammar with attribute attachment, which allows inheritance, guarded syntax rules allowing for conditional development of child nodes, and transformations of syntax trees</LI><LI>lexical representation based on syntactic and semantic attributes, morphological traits, orthography, phonology, and frequency; also included are lexical pointer mechanisms to permit representation of relations such as hyponymy, synonymy, etc.</LI><LI>morphology rules based on attribute values, orthography, phonology, and preceding and following context</LI><LI>lexical transformation devices which permit the synthesis by rule of sets of derived or compound words, either statically or dynamically</LI><LI>error analysis mechanisms which take some user input and compare it to some set of rule-governed candidate parses at the phonological, phonographic, orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels.</LI></UL><P>VINCI is embedded in an editing environment (IVI) which provides for easy modification of language specifications, including template-based editing of lexical records. IVI also permits the use of driver programs written in C or some other language. The program is written in C and runs under Solaris, Linux, and Windows (using Cygwin). It is freely available from the project website, which also contains documentation on the system, sample language descriptions, and references to the papers and articles to which the project has given rise.	2007-09-15		http://www.cs.queensu.ca/CompLing/	CALL		VINCI
CheongYoung2006	Cheong, Young	2005	2006	English	Suspenser	A framework for narrative generation	Suspenser, a computational model of narrative generation that takes as input a given story world and constructs a narrative structure intended to evoke the desirable level of suspense from the reader at a specific moment in the story.	2008-01-12			narrative		Suspenser
KamalMellish-2004-inlg	Kamal, Mellish	2004	2004	English	STAGE	Generating using an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS)	The STylistics-Aware GEnerator (STAGE) system brings together systemic-functional linguistic resources and established an AI search mechanism. The generator uses systemic networks tranlsated into a particular form in order to generate nature language texts that can build on the ATMS in order to incorporate surface constraints.	2008-01-16	SFG		general		STAGE
Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text	Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada	2007	ongoing	English	BabyTalk	BabyTalk is developing computerised tools to summarise and interpret data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).	BabyTalk is investigating ways of summarising and presenting patient information to medical professionals and family members. Our focus is on data in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.	2008-04-18		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/babytalk	medical		BabyTalk
Reiter-etal2005-words, Sripada-etal2003-mousam	Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Sripada, Davy	2005	ongoing	English	SumTime-Mousam	Weather Forecast System	Data-to-Text architecture for marine weather reports	2008-04-18			weather	SumTime	SumTime-Mousam
Portet-etal2007, Reiter2007-data-to-text	Portet, Reiter, Hunter, Sripada	2005	2007	English	SumTime-Neonate	Medical Care Reports	Data-to-Text architecture for medical reports: see also BabyTalk	2008-04-18			medicine	SumTime	SumTime-Neonate
Yu-etal2005	Reiter, Yu, Hunter, Mellish	2005	2005	English	SumTime-Turbine	System for generating textual summaries of sensor data from a gas turbine	Data-to-Text architecture for sensor data from a gas turbine	2008-04-18			industrial	SumTime	SumTime-Turbine
Gupta-etal2007, Gupta-etal2007-ENLG, Gupta-etal2008	Gupta, Walker, Romano	2007	2008	English	POLLy	POliteness in Language Learning	The system contains a generalised mechanism for generating utterances and dialogues, drawing on a sociolinguistics theory of politeness. It combines a Spoken Language Generator (using full NLG techniques) with an AI planner to model linguistic politeness in collaborative task oriented dialogue with the ultimate goal of providing a stimulating environment and a fun way for learning politeness in English as a Second Language (ESL). <P>Dialogues are demonstrated within Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) capable of dialogues with human ESL learners, interacting with them using spoken language to practice politeness in role play situations.<P><IMG src=../images/polly.jpg>	2008-06-14			ESL		Polly
MariesseWalker2007, MariesseWalker2008	Mairesse, Walker	2005	2008	English	PERSONAGE	Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits.	Personage is a full natural language generator that can convey various personality traits by controlling parameters derived from the psychology literature. Personage-PE---an extension of Personage---uses statistical models trained on human judgements to predict the optimal parameters given target personality scores along the Big Five dimensions of personality. <p>A Java real-time demo is available at <a href=http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html>http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html</a>	2008-04-18		http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~farm2/personage/personage.html	Affect		PERSONAGE
AllmanBeale2006	Allman, Beale, Denton	1993	2008	English, Korean, Jula, Kewa	TBTA	The Bible Translator's Assistant	The Bible Translator's Assistant is a multilingual natural language generator based on linguistic universals and typologies. This project is intended to generate rough drafts of the Bible and many community development articles in the world's 3000+ minority languages. Experiments indicate that these rough drafts quadruple the productivity of experienced mother tongue translators. (<a href=../images/tbta-allman2008.pdf>Cached unpublished paper</a>)	2008-06-14	UG	http://www.thebibletranslatorsassistant.com/	translation		TBTA
Dalianis99-volvex	Dalianis	1996	1999	English	VOLVEX	Validation Of Specifications by Natural Language Generation for VOLVO expressed in STEP/EXPRESS	STEP Application Protocols (APs) are often very large and complicated general descriptions of different domains mainly within the manufacturing industry. STEP AP's are expressed in the EXPRESS language which is a static modeling language of Entity-Relationship type. Users of STEP AP have often large problems to understand the whole AP and therefore they need a tool which helps them to validate the STEP AP. The tool we are proposing is a natural language English paraphraser of the STEP AP. The VOLVEX system supports automatically building a domain lexicon from one STEP AP and with this lexicon automatically translate one arbitrary STEP AP EXPRESS file into a Prolog based format to be used by a Natural Language Generator called ASTROGEN. The translation from EXPRESS format to EXPRESS Prolog format and the construction of the domain lexicon is carried out by a set of Perl programs.	2008-12-10		http://people.dsv.su.se/~hercules/papers/volvexhandbook.html	formal specifications	ASTROGEN	VOLVEX
Turner-etal2008, Turner-etal2007	Turner, Sripada, Reiter, Davy	2006	2009	English	RoadSafe	Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing	A project for "Automatically Generating Advisory Text for Road Maintenance Vehicle Routing". The RoadSafe project is intended to<UL><LI>use Knowledge Aquisition techniques to understand how humans write textual instructions for road maintenance vehicle routing.</LI><LI>produce a system capable of automatically evaluating a region's geographical data combined with the weather forecast for 10000s of points in that region to provide textual routing and de-icer spread rate instructions</LI><LI>utilise Aerospace and Marine International's expert forecasters in order to post-edit generated advisory texts and therefore improve the performance of the system. </LI></UL>	2009-01-24		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~rturner/RoadSafe/	geodata		RoadSafe
Belz2007	Belz	2006	2009	English	pCRU	Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports	Probabilistic Generation of Weather Reports	2009-01-24	statistical		weather		pCRU
GalanisAndroutsopoulos2007	Galanis, Androutsopoulos	2006	2008	English, Greek	NaturalOWL	Description of concepts defined in OWL ontologies		2009-01-24		http://pages.cs.aueb.gr/nlp/software.html			NaturalOWL
Reiter2007-data-to-text	Reiter	2007	2009	General	SimpleNLG	A simple Java-based generation framework	A simple Java-based generation framework. SimpleNLG is a relatively simple Natural Language Generation realiser, with a Java API. It has less grammatical coverage than many other realisers, but it does not require in-depth knowledge of a syntactic theory to use. The core of the package is the realiser, lexicon, and features packages	2009-01-24		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ereiter/simplenlg/	general		SimpleNLG
ThomasSripada2007	Thomas, Sripada, Reiter	2006	2009	English	Atlas.txt	Making geo-referenced data available via natural language generation	The Atlas.txt project aims to produce textual summaries of geo-referenced data which can be read out via a screenreader. Such data are often communicated via maps are so are inaccessible to the visually impaired population.	2009-01-24		http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~ssripada/atlas/	geodata	SimpleNLG	Atlastxt