List of NLP/CL courses

This page lists university courses that contain substantial content in Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics, and is derived from a survey sponsored by the Association for Computational Linguistics. Courses are categorized by level (undergraduate, graduate, or both) and programming language. The final column gives the year when the information was confirmed to be accurate. (Entries more than five years old, and entries with broken hyperlinks, may be culled.)

Country	Institution	Course Name	Level	Languages	Row Updated
Australia	Macquarie University	Introduction to Natural Language Processing	Both	Prolog	2006
Australia	Macquarie University	Document Processing and the Semantic Web	Undergraduate	Python	2006
Australia	Macquarie University	Spoken Language Dialogue Systems	Undergraduate	Prolog	2006
Australia	University of Melbourne	Human Language Technology	Undergraduate	Python	2006
Australia	University of Melbourne	Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Python	2006
Australia	University of Sydney	Statistical Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Python	2003
Austria	University of Vienna	Wissensbasierte Sprachverarbeitung	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Belarus	Grodno State University	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate		2003
Belgium	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven)	Text Based Information Retrieval	Both	Java, C, MATLAB	2006
Belgium	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven)	Natural Language Processing	Master	Perl	2010
Belgium	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven)	Linguistic Theories and Artificial Intelligence	Master		2010
Belgium	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven)	Computerlinguïstiek	Undergraduate	Perl	2010
Belgium	University of Antwerp	Computational Linguistics	Master	Python	2016
Belgium	University of Antwerp	Computational Models of Language Understanding	Master	Python	2016
Belgium	University of Antwerp	Commputational Psycholinguistics	Master		2016
Brazil	Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina	Lingüística Computacional	Graduate	Perl Prolog	2003
Brazil	Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina	Lingüística Computacional I/II	Undergraduate	Perl Prolog	2003
Brazil	Universidade Federal de São Carlos	Topics on Informatics (Introduction on NLP)	Graduate	C C++ Prolog	2003
Brazil	Universidade de São Paulo (ICMC-São Carlos)	Topics on NLP I	Graduate		2012
Brazil	Universidade de São Paulo (ICMC-São Carlos)	Topics on NLP II	Graduate		2012
Brazil	Universidade de São Paulo (ICMC-São Carlos)	Introduction to NLP	Graduate		2012
Brazil	Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)	Tecnologias da Linguagem Humana	Undergraduate	Prolog	2005
Brazil	Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)	Processamento Automático de Línguas Naturais	Graduate	Prolog	2005
Canada	Concordia University	Statistical Language Processing	Graduate	Java C++ Perl	2006
Canada	Simon Fraser University	Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Perl	2005
Canada	Simon Fraser University	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Perl	2006
Canada	Simon Fraser University	Statistical Learning of Natural Language	Graduate		2003
Canada	Université de Montréal	Grammaires formelles	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Canada	Université de Montréal	Indexation et condensation automatiques	Graduate		2003
Canada	Université de Montréal	Morphologie computationnelle	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Canada	Université. de Montréal	Syntaxe computationnelle	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Canada	University of Alberta	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Perl	2006
Canada	University of Montreal	Computational Linguistics	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Canada	University of Ottawa	Statistical Techniques for Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Perl Java	2004
Canada	University of Ottawa	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Prolog Perl	2006
Canada	University of Toronto	Computational Linguistics	Both	C++	2006
Canada	University of Toronto	Natural Language Computing	Both	Python	2008
Canada	University of Toronto	Advanced computational linguistics	Graduate		2006
CHINA	Nanjing Normal University	Statistical Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C++	2007
CHINA	Nanjing University	Machine Translation	Graduate		2006
Costa Rica	Universidad de Costa Rica	Tecnologías y producción textual I	Undergraduate		2003
Costa Rica	Universidad de Costa Rica	Tecnologías y producción textual	Graduate		2003
Czech Republic	Charles University	Statistical methods in NLP	Both	Perl	2003
Czech Republic	Silesian University	(BROKEN LINK) Natural Language Processing I/II	Undergraduate		2003
Denmark	Copenhagen University	Language Processing	Graduate	Python	2014
Denmark	University of Southern Denmark, Odense	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Both	Prolog	2003
Estonia	University of Tartu	Computational Models in Language Understanding	Both	C++	2003
Estonia	University of Tartu	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Both	Prolog	2003
Estonia	University of Tartu	Mathematics for Computational Linguists II	Undergraduate		2003
Finland	Helsinki University of Technology	Special Course in Language Technology	Graduate		2006
Finland	Helsinki University of Technology	Statistical and Adaptive Natural Language Processing	Both		2006
Germany	Saarland University	Grammar Formalisms	Undergraduate		2003
Germany	Saarland University	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate		2003
Germany	Saarland University	Concurrent constraint programming for natural language processing	Both	Mozart Oz	2003
Germany	Universität Tübingen	Computational Linguistics 1: Parsing	Undergraduate	Java	2003
Germany	University of Bremen	Introduction to Natural Language Generation	Undergraduate	Lisp	2003
Germany	University of Bremen	Einführung in die Computerlinguistik	Undergraduate		2006
Germany	University of Bremen	Einführung in die Grammatikentwicklung	Both		2006
Germany	University of Dusseldorf	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate		2003
Germany	University of Heidelberg	Parsing	Graduate	C Java Perl	2003
Greece	Athens University of Economics and Business	Artificial Intelligence	Undergraduate	C++ Java Prolog	2010
Greece	Athens University of Economics and Business	Language Technology	Graduate	C++ Java Prolog	2010
Greece	Athens University of Economics and Business	Logic and Artificial Intelligence	Graduate	C++ Java Prolog	2010
India	Assam University	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C C++	2003
India	Banasthali University	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Perl Java Prolog Python	2009
India	Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate Graduate	Java LISP Prolog Perl	2005
India	Indian Institute of Science Bangalore	Natural Language Understanding	Both		2015
India	Indian Institute of Science Bangalore	Topics in Large-scale Knowledge Harvesting	Graduate		2014
India	Indian Institute of Technology Bombay	Natural Language Processing	both	Java Perl Prolog	2004
India	International Institute of Information Technology IIIT Hyderabad	Natural Language Processing	both	Perl Python Java	2001
India	International Institute of Information Technology IIIT Hyderabad	Applications to Natural Language Processing	both	Perl Python Java	2001
Iran	University of Tehran	Intelligent Information Retrieval	both		2008
Iran	University of Tehran	Natural Language Processing	both		2008
Ireland	Dublin City University	Computational Linguistics 2	Undergraduate	Java Perl	2003
Ireland	Dublin City University	Computational Linguistics I	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Israel	University of Haifa	Computational Linguistics	Both		2006
Italy	University of Bologna	Linguistica Computazionale	Both		2003
Italy	Universita' di Padova	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C++ Perl	2003
Italy	University of Siena	Linguistica Computazionale	Both	C Java PHP	2006
Japan	Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology	Natural Language Processing I	Graduate	C Perl	1998
Japan	Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology	Natural Language Processing II	Graduate	C Perl	2001
Japan	Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology	Methodology for Knowledge Discovery	Graduate	C Perl	2003
Japan	Yamagata University	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate		2003
Japan	Yamaguchi University	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate		2003
Korea	Postech	Machine Learning for NLP	Graduate	C C++	2003
Korea	Postech, Korea	Statistical Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C C++	2003
Malta	University of Malta	BSc in Human Language Technology	undergraduate	python	2016
Malta	University of Malta	MSc in Language and Computation	MSc	python	2016
Mexico	National Polytechnic Institute	Computational linguistics	Both	Perl, C++	2010
Mexico	National Polytechnic Institute	Information Retrieval	Both	Perl, C++	2010
New Zealand	University of Otago	Computational linguistics	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Norway	University of Trondheim	Natural Language Interfaces	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Poland	Warsaw University	Computational Syntax	Undergraduate	Prolog	2007
Poland	Warsaw University	Linguistic Engineering - Constructions	Both	Perl, Python, etc.	2007
Poland	Warsaw University	Linguistic Engineering - Words	Both	Perl, Python, etc.	2007
Portugal	University of Lisbon	Natural Language Processing	Both	Prolog	2003
Portugal	University of Lisbon	Interaction in Natural Language	Both	C Java Perl Prolog Python	2003
Portugal	University of Lisbon	Quantitative Language Nodelling	Both	Java Perl Prolog Python	2003
Romania	University A.I. Cuza, Iasi	Introduction to Computational Linguistics, Corpus Linguistics	Graduate	C C++ Java Lisp Perl	2003
Slovenia	University of Ljubljana	Besedilo in računalnik	Undergraduate		2003
Singapore	National University of Singapore	Natural Language Processing	Both		2012
Spain	University of the Basque Country and Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea	Hizkuntzaren Azterketa eta Prozesamendua (Analysis and Processing of Language)	Graduate	Perl	2008
Spain	University of the Basque Country	Lengoaia Naturalaren Prozesamendua (Natural Language Processing)	Undergraduate	Lisp Prolog Python	2008
Spain	Universidad Complutense de Madrid	Lingüística Computacional	Undergraduate	Lisp Prolog	2003
Spain	Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona	Tecnologies de la parla (Speech Technologies)	Graduate		2006
Spain	Universidad Autónoma de Madrid	Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural	Graduate		2006
Spain	Universidade da Coruña	Lenguajes Naturales	Undergraduate	Java C Python	2009
Sri Lanka	University of Colombo School of Computing	Natural Language Processing	Both	Prolog, Python	2009
Sweden	Göteborg University	Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Java Prolog Python Oz Perl	2006
Sweden	Linköping University	Språkteknologi (Language technology)	Undergraduate	Java Lisp Perl	2003
Sweden	Linköping University	Språkteknologiska system (Language Engineering Systems)	Undergraduate	Java Lisp	2003
Sweden	Lunds tekniska högskola	Language processing and computational linguistics	Undergraduate	Perl Prolog	2006
Sweden	Swedish National Graduate School of Language Technology	Ph.D. Courses in Language Technology	Graduate		2006
Sweden	Uppsala University	Language Technology	Undergraduate	Java Prolog Python	2006
Sweden	Växjö University	Language Technology	Undergraduate		2006
Switzerland	Swiss Federal Institute of Technology	Pattern Recognition	Undergraduate	C++ Perl	2003
Switzerland	University of Zurich	Programming Techniques in Computational Linguistics II	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Switzerland	University of Zurich	Programming Techniques in Computational Linguistics I	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Switzerland	University of Zurich	Discourse Analysis	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Switzerland	University of Zurich	Introduction to Computational Linguisticss	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Switzerland	University of Zurich	AI Methods in Computational Linguistics	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Switzerland	University of Zurich	Methods of Semantic Analysis	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
Switzerland	Zurich University	Statistical Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate		2003
Taiwan	National Chengchi University	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	student choice	2006
Taiwan	National Taiwan University	Information Retrieval and Extraction	Both	Student Choice	2006
Taiwan	National Taiwan University	Natural Language Processing	Both	Student Choice	2006
Taiwan	National Tsing Hua University	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Foxpro	2006
Taiwan	National Tsing Hua University	Natural Language Processing Lab	Graduate	Foxpro	2006
Taiwan	The Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica	Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing	Graduate		2005
Thailand	Chulalongkorn University	Computational Linguistics I	Graduate	Perl Prolog	2003
Turkey	Middle East Technical University	computational linguistics I	Graduate	Prolog	2003
Turkey	Middle East Technical University	cognitive aspects of NLP	Graduate	C Java Lisp Prolog	2003
UK	Imperial College	Introduction to Language Engineering	Graduate		2003
UK	Loughborough University	(BROKEN LINK) Natural Language and Speech Systems	Undergraduate		2003
UK	University of Birmingham	Natural Language Processing 1	Undergraduate	Prolog	2006
UK	University of Birmingham	Natural Language Processing and Applications	Both		2006
UK	University of Birmingham	Natural Language Processing 2	Both		2006
UK	University of Brighton	(BROKEN LINK) MSc in Lexical Computing and Lexicography	Graduate	Awk Perl	2003
UK	University of Brighton	Lexical Computing and Lexicography	Graduate	Perl	2003
UK	University of Cambridge	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate		2010
UK	University of Cambridge	MPhil in Advanced Computer Science	Graduate		2010
UK	University of Edinburgh	M.Sc. in Speech and Language Processing	Graduate	Java Perl Prolog Python	2003
UK	University of Essex	Computatiuonal Linguistics 1	Graduate	Prolog	2003
UK	University of Essex	Prolog I	Graduate	Prolog	2003
UK	University of Essex	Computational Linguistics II	Graduate	Prolog	2003
UK	University of Essex	Prolog II	Graduate	Prolog	2003
UK	University of Essex	Advanced Natural Language Engineering	Graduate	Java Perl	2003
UK	University of Leeds	Natural Language Processing	Both	C++ Java Perl Prolog	2003
UK	University of Leeds	Computers and the Translator	Undergraduate		2003
UK	University of Leeds	Principles and Applications of MT	Graduate		2003
UK	University of Sheffield	M.Sc. Human Language Technology	Postgraduate		2006
UK	University of Sheffield	Language Engineering: Information Extraction	Both		2006
UK	University of Sheffield	Natural Language Processing	Both	Python	2014
UK	University of Sheffield	Text Processing	Both	Python	2014
UK	University of Sussex	Natural Language Processing	Both	Prolog Java	2006
UK	University of Ulster	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate		2003
USA	Arizona State University	(BROKEN LINK) Introduction to Natural Language Processing	Both	Java Prolog	2003
USA	Brandeis University	MA and PhD programs in Computational Linguistics	Both	Python, Lisp, Java	2010
USA	Brigham Young University	Statistical Natural Language Processing	Both	Java	2005
USA	Brigham Young University	Text Mining	Graduate	Java	2007
USA	Brown University	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Both	Python	2006
USA	Brown University	Statistical Natural-Language Processing	Graduate		2003
USA	Carnegie Mellon University	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate	various	2008
USA	Carnegie Mellon University	Algorithms for Natural Language Processing	Graduate		2006
USA	Carnegie Mellon University	Grammars and Lexicons	Graduate	LISP	2006
USA	Carnegie Mellon University	Language and Statistics I	Graduate		2007
USA	Carnegie Mellon University	Language and Statistics II	Graduate		2007
USA	Carleton College	(BROKEN LINK) Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate	C++ Perl	2003
USA	Cornell University	Computation, Information, and Intelligence	Undergraduate		2008
USA	Cornell University	Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate		2013
USA	Cornell University	Information Retrieval	Undergraduate		2013
USA	Cornell University	Introduction to Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate		2014
USA	Cornell University	Advanced Language Technologies	Graduate		2012
USA	Cornell University	Natural Language Processing and Social Interaction	Graduate		2014
USA	Cornell University	Speech Synthesis by Rule	Graduate		2008
USA	Cornell University	Statistical Natural Language Processing: Models and Methods	Graduate		2010
USA	CUNY Graduate Center	(BROKEN LINK) Language Technology	Graduate	Perl	2003
USA	Emory University	Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Python	2016
USA	Emory University	Natural Language Processing	Both	Java, Python	2015
USA	Experfy	(https://www.experfy.com/training/courses/chinese-natural-language-processing-in-practice)
USA	Georgetown University	Introduction to Natural Language Processing	Both	Perl	2006
USA	Georgetown University	Computational Linguistics: Tools for Linguists	Both		2006
USA	Georgetown University	Seminar: Computational Linguisics	Graduate	Python	2006
USA	Georgetown University	Statistical NLP	Both	Python	2006
USA	Harvard University	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Both	Prolog	2006
USA	Hunter College CUNY	Language Technology	Undergraduate	C++	2003
USA	Johns Hopkins University	Natural Language Processing	Both	student choice	2006
USA	Johns Hopkins University	Information Extraction	Graduate		2006
USA	Johns Hopkins University	Seminar in Natural Language Processing	Graduate		2006
USA	Johns Hopkins University	Finite-State Methods in Natural Language Processing	Graduate		2003
USA	Johns Hopkins University	Statistical Language Learning	Graduate		2003
USA	Johns Hopkins University	Information Retrieval	Graduate		2010
USA	The Ohio State University	Foundations of Spoken Language Processing	Both	MATLAB student choice	2006
USA	The Ohio State University	Computational Linguistics	Both	Java	2006
USA	The Ohio State University	Symbolic Computational Linguistics	Both	Prolog	2003
USA	The Ohio State University	Data-Intensive Computational Linguistics	Both	Python	2003
USA	The Ohio State University	Computational Semantics	Both	Prolog	2006
USA	Purdue University	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C C++ Java Lisp Perl Python	2003
USA	Rutgers University	(BROKEN LINK) Natural Language Processing	Both	Java Perl Prolog	2003
USA	San Diego State University	Computational Corpus Linguistics	Both	Python	2006
USA	San Diego State University	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Both	Python	2006
USA	Smith College	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Lisp	2003
USA	Stanford University	Natural Language Processing	Both	Java	2006
USA	Stanford University	Introduction to Computer Speech and Language Processing	Undergraduate	Perl Python Java	2006
USA	Stanford University	Natural Language Understanding	Both		2006
USA	Stanford University	Human and Machine Translation	Both		2006
USA	Stanford University	Programming and Algorithms for NLP	Both		2006
USA	Stanford University	Finite-State Methods in NLP	Both		2006
USA	Stony Brook University	(BROKEN LINK) Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Graduate	Java Perl Prolog	2003
USA	SUNY Buffalo	Computational Linguistics	Both	Lisp Perl	2006
USA	SUNY Buffalo	Advanced Topics in Computational Linguistics	Graduate	Lisp	2006
USA	The University of Chicago	Statistical NLP	Graduate	Perl	2003
USA	University of California, Berkeley	Statistical NLP	Graduate	Java	2005
USA	University of California, San Diego	Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
USA	University of California, San Diego	Natural Language Processing in LISP	Graduate	Lisp	2003
USA	University of Colorado, Boulder	Advanced Computational Linguistics	Graduate		2007
USA	University of Colorado, Boulder	Computational Corpus Linguistics	Graduate	Python	2009
USA	University of Colorado, Boulder	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Python	2009
USA	University of Colorado, Boulder	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate		2000
USA	University of Colorado, Boulder	Speech Recognition and Synthesis	Graduate		2002
USA	University of Central Florida	Advanced Artificial Intelligence	Graduate	Lisp	2003
USA	University of Central Florida	Natural Language Understanding		Lisp Perl	2003
USA	University of Chicago	An Overview of Industrial Linguistics	Graduate	Perl	2003
USA	University of Georgia	Applied Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Python	2003
USA	University of Georgia	Natural Language Processing Techniques	Graduate	Prolog	2003
USA	University of Illinois - Chicago	Natural Language Processing	Both	C Java Lisp Perl	2003
USA	University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign	Introduction to Computational Linguisticss	Both		2006
USA	University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign	Machine Learning and Natural Language	Graduate		2005
USA	University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign	Machine Learning	Both		2005
USA	University of Maryland, College Park	(BROKEN LINK) Information Retrieval Systems	Graduate	C C++ Java	2003
USA	University of Maryland, College Park	Computational Linguistics I	Graduate	Perl	2006
USA	University of Maryland, College Park	Computational Linguistics II	Graduate	Perl	2006
USA	University of Maryland, College Park	Seminar in Computational Linguistics	Graduate		2004
USA	University of Michigan	Language and Information	Both		2004
USA	University of Michigan	Information Retrieval	Both		2005
USA	University of Michigan	Natural Language Processing	Both		2005
USA	University of Michigan	Advanced NLP/IR	Graduate		2006
USA	University of Minnesota, Duluth	Introduction to Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate	Perl	2003
USA	University of Minnesota, Duluth	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Perl	2003
USA	University of North Texas	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Perl	2006
USA	University of Pennsylvania	Introduction to Artificial Intelligence	Graduate		2003
USA	University of Pennsylvania	Advanced Topics in Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C++ Java Perl Python	2003
USA	University of Pennsylvania	Introduction to Artificial Intelligence	Undergraduate	Prolog	2003
USA	University of Pittsburgh	Natural Language Processing	Graduate		2003
USA	University of Rochester	Natural Language Processing	Both	Lisp	2006
USA	University of Rochester	Language, Parsing, and Complexity	Both		2006
USA	University of Rochester	Speech Recognition and Statistical Natural Language Processing	Both		2005
USA	University of Rochester	Seminar in AI: Statistical Machine Translation	Graduate		2004
USA	University of Southern California	Introduction to Natural Language Processing	Graduate		2003
USA	University of Southern California	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	C++ Java Lisp Perl	2003
USA	University of Southern California	Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing	Graduate		2006
USA	University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul MN	Information Retrieval	Graduate	C Java Perl Python	2003
USA	University of Texas at Austin	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Python	2006
USA	University of Texas at Austin	Natural Language Processing	Undergraduate	Python, Java	2008
USA	University of Texas at Austin	Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Java	2008
USA	University of Texas at Austin	Computational Linguistics I	Graduate	Python	2006, 2007, 2008
USA	University of Texas at Austin	Computational Linguistics II	Graduate	Python Java	2006, 2007
USA	University of Texas at Austin	Intro to working with corpora and programming	Both	Python	2006 2007
USA	University of Texas at El Paso	Statistical Approaches to Natural Language Processing	Both	Perl	2006
USA	University of Utah	Natural Language Processing	Both	C C++ Java Lisp Perl	2003
USA	University of Washington	Introduction to Computational Linguistics	Undergraduate	Perl	2006
USA	University of Washington	Shallow Methods in Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Python Java C++ Perl	2007
USA	University of Washington	Deep Processing Techniques for Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Python Java C++ Perl	2007
USA	University of Washington	Advanced Statistical Methods for Natural Language Processing	Graduate	Python Java C++ Perl	2008
USA	University of Washington	Systems/Applications	Graduate	Python Java C++ Perl	2008
USA	University of Washington	Knowledge Engineering for NLP	Graduate	tdl	2006
USA	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Intensive Computational Linguistics	Both	C++ Java	2003
USA	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Advanced Natural Language Processing	Graduate	student choice	2008