TOEFL Synonym Questions (State of the art)
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- Test of English as a Foreign Language
- 80 multiple-choice synonym questions
- introduced in Landauer and Dumais (1997)
- subsequently used by many other researchers
| Reference for algorithm | Reference for experiment | Type of algorithm | Percent correct | 95% confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resnik 1995 | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | hybrid | 20.31% | 12.89–31.83% |
| Leacock and Chodrow 1998 | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | lexicon-based | 21.88% | 13.91–33.21% |
| Lin 1998 | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | hybrid | 24.06% | 15.99–35.94% |
| Jiang and Conrath 1997 | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | hybrid | 25.00% | 15.99–35.94% |
| Landauer and Dumais 1997 | Landauer and Dumais 1997 | corpus-based | 64.38% | 52.90–74.80% |
| Average non-English US college applicant | Landauer and Dumais 1997 | human | 64.50% | 53.01–74.88% |
| Turney 2001 | Turney 2001 | corpus-based | 73.75% | 62.71–82.96% |
| Hirst and St.-Onge 1998 | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | lexicon-based | 77.91% | 68.17–87.11% |
| Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz 2003 | lexicon-based | 78.75% | 68.17–87.11% |
| Terra and Clarke 2003 | Terra and Clarke 2003 | corpus-based | 81.25% | 70.97–89.11% |
| Turney et al. 2003 | Turney et al. 2003 | hybrid | 97.50% | 91.26–99.70% |
- 95% confidence interval calculated using Binomial Exact Test